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Proto-Hlai language

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Reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages

Proto-Hlai
Reconstruction of	Hlai languages
Region	Hainan
Reconstructed ancestor	Proto-Kra–Dai

Proto-Hlai is thereconstructed ancestor of theHlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Wu (2000), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

Phonology

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Peter K. Norquest (2007) reconstructs 29 basic Proto-Hlai consonants (Norquest 2007:135), while Weera Ostapirat reconstructs only 19 proto-consonants (Ostapirat 2007:145).

Proto-Hlai Consonants
(Norquest 2007)
		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless				tɕ	k	ʔ
	voiceless aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	tʃʰ	tɕʰ	kʰ
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s
Fricative	voiced	C-β					ɦ
Nasal	voiceless	m̥	n̥		ɲ̊	ŋ̊
Nasal	voiced	C-m	C-n		C-ɲ	C-ŋ
Lateral	voiceless		ʰl
Lateral	voiced		C-l
Tap			ɾ
Trill			r
Approximant	voiceless	ʍ			ȷ̊
Approximant	voiced	ʋ

Norquest additionally reconstructs six onsets suggestingconsonant clusters:*pl,*fj,*lj,*ɾj,*tʃʰw,*ŋ̊w. Whether these were actual consonant clusters is not clear. The clusters with a glide as a second member may have beencoarticulated consonants:palatalized*fʲ,*lʲ,*ɾʲ,labialized*tʃʰʷ,*ŋ̊ʷ, while *pl may have arisen from a sesquisyllable *p-l.

Norquest also reconstructs six bisyllabic root shapes:

*Ci + glottal: *Ciʔ-, *Ciɦ-
*Cu + glottal: *Cuʔ-, *Cuɦ-
*Cu + rhotic: *Cuɾ-, *Cur-

Pretonic syllables are later lost in all Hlai languages, but in these six combinations, they trigger in some languages conditional developments of the tonic syllable's onset consonant, allowing them to be distinguished in reconstruction.

In Ostapirat's (2004) reconstruction, Proto-Hlai forms can be both monosyllabic and disyllabic. Some disyllabic forms have medial consonants beginning with three penultimate vowels (*u-, *i-, *a-; the last of which is default). Vowels can also combine with *-i or *-u to form diphthongs. Tones (*A, *B, *C, *D) are also reconstructed.

In the table below, Proto-Hlai consonants marked as green can occur at the end of syllables.

Proto-Hlai Consonants
(Ostapirat 2004)
		Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal or uvular
Nasal		m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p		t	c	k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b		d	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative				s
Approximant		w	ʋ	l	j
Trill				r			ʀ

Ostapirat (2004) reconstructs 5 vowels, which are /a, ə, i, ɨ, u/. Norquest reconstructs seven vowel qualities (Norquest 2007:238, 330).

Proto-Hlai Vowels
(Norquest 2007)
	Front	Central	Back
Close	iiː	ɯɯː	uuː
Mid	*eː	əəː	*o
Open		*aː

The short vowels*i,*ɯ,*u,*ə,*o and long*əː only appear in roots with a final consonant (Norquest 2007:330).

Sound changes

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For further information about the Pre-Hlai language as reconstructed by Norquest (2007), seeProto-Tai language § Proto-Southern Kra-Dai.

The transition fromPre-Hlai (the predecessor of the Proto-Hlai language ancestral to bothHlai andJiamao) to Proto-Hlai involved the following series of sound changes (Norquest 2007:308). (Order follows that of the table of contents – not intended to be sequential)

Elimination of Uvulars – loss of Pre-Hlai uvulars *q, *C-q, *C-ɢ
Intervocalic Lenition – -p- > -ʋ-, -t- > -ɾ-, -k- > -ɦ-, etc.
Initial Devoicing – loss of voiced fricatives, etc.
Vocalic Transfer – vowel in penultimate syllable moved to last syllable
Initial Aspiration
Monosyllabification – Pre-Hlai, which was sesquisyllabic, was reduced to monosyllabic forms in Proto-Hlai.
Stop and Fricative Affrication – ʈʰ > tʃʰ, cʰ > tɕʰ, etc.
Peripheral Vowel Raising – e(ːC) > i(ːC), o(ːC) > u(ːC), ɛː(C) > eː(C), ɔC > oC
Monophthongization – *ɯa(C) > *ɯə(C) > *ɯː(C), *oːy > *wiː > *iː

Or, in the sequential order given in Norquest (2007:416–417), which excludes monophthongization:

Intervocalic lenition
Elimination of uvulars
Peripheral vowel raising
Initial devoicing
Vocalic Transfer
Initial aspiration
Monosyllabification
Stop and fricative affrication

After evolving from Pre-Hlai, Proto-Hlai initials went through 4 main types of sound changes (Norquest 2007:66).

Temporal compression – reduction of constituents in the syllable; most common
Gesture reduction
Onset fortition – change to initial aspiration, etc.
Systemic realignment – mergers, etc.

After the breakup of Proto-Hlai, the following sound changes occurred in various Hlai branches.

Devoicing
Registrogenesis – creation of tone registers (i.e., register splits); most likely influenced by HainaneseMin Chinese

The following table gives the reflexes of the onset consonants in the Hlai languages, as well as Norquest and Ostapirat's reconstructions:

Norquest	Ostapirat	Bouhin	Ha Em	Lauhut	Qi group			Cunhua	Nadouhua	Meifu group		Run group		Notes
Norquest	Ostapirat	Bouhin	Ha Em	Lauhut	Tongzha	Zandui	Baoting	Cunhua	Nadouhua	Changjiang	Moyfaw	Baisha	Yuanmen
*ɓ	*b	ɓ	ɓ	ɓ	ɓ			ɓ	ɓ	ɓ		ɓ
*ɗ	*d	ɗ	ɗ	ɗ	ɗ			ɗ, ts	ɗ	ɗ		ɗ
*tɕ	*ɟ	ts	ts	ts	ts			ts	ts	ts		ts	t
*k	*g	k	k	k	k			k	k	k		k
*pʰ	*p	pʰ	pʰ	pʰ	pʰ			pʰ	pʰ	pʰ		pʰ
*tʰ	*t	tʰ	tʰ	tʰ	tʰ			tʰ, tsʰ	tʰ	tʰ		tʰ
*kʰ	*k	kʰ	kʰ	kʰ	kʰ			kʰ	kʰ	kʰ		kʰ
*tɕʰ	*c	tsʰ	tsʰ	tsʰ	tsʰ			tsʰ	s	tsʰ		tsʰ
*tʃʰ	*C-t			tsʰ				h	h	tsʰ		tsʰ
*tʃʰw	*Cut			f				f	f	f		f	pfʰ
*f	*C-p	pʰ	f		f			f		f
*fj	*Cip	pʰ	f					s		s				A very rare correspondence set, with only one word ('tooth', *fjən) being reflected in both key languages, Cunhua and Changjiang.
*C-β	*Cup	p	f					f	f	kʷ	ɣ	f
*s	*s	t	t	t	t			tθ	f	s		tsʰ		*s > t is a late areal change, shared also by the only distantly relatedBe language.
*ɦ	*C-k	h	h	h	h			h	h	h		h
*m̥	*C-m	m	p	p	p ↓	pʰ ↓	p ↓	ɓ ↓	p ↓	p ↓	p	p	p ↓	In these correspondence sets, nasality is retained only in Bouhin. Norquest reconstructsprenasalized stops mb, nd, ɲɟ, ŋg as the proto-non-Bouhin intermediate stage.
*n̥	*C-n	n	t	t	t ↓	tʰ ↓	t ↓	ts ↓	t ↓	t ↓	t	t	t ↓
*ɲ̊	*C-ɲ	ɲ	ts	ts	ts ↓	tsʰ ↓	ts ↓	ts ↓	ts ↓	ts ↓	ts	ts	ts ↓
*ŋ̊	*C-ŋ	ŋ	k	k	k ↓	kʰ ↓	k ↓	k ↓	k ↓	k ↓	k	k	k ↓
*C-m	*m	m	m	m	m	m ↓	m	m	m	m		m	m ↓
*C-n	*n	n	n	n	n	n ↓	n	n	n	n		n	n ↓
*C-ɲ	*ɲ	ɲ	ɲ	ɲ	ɲ	n ↓	ɲ	ɲ	ŋʲ	ɲ		ɲ	ɲ ↓
*Ciɦ	*Cik	h	h	hʲ	z	z	hʲ	ɲ	ŋʲ	ɲ		ɲ	ɲ ↓	Withrhinoglottophilia in Cunhua through Run: Ciɦ > (Ci)ɦj > *ʔɲ.
*C-ŋ	*ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ ↓	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ		ŋ	ŋ ↓
*Cuŋ	*ŋw	ŋ	ŋ	ŋʷ	ŋʷ	ŋ ↓	ŋ, ŋʷ		ŋʷ				ɱ ↓
*Cuɦ	*Cuk	h	h	hʷ	gʷ	v	hʷ		ŋ, ŋʷ				ɱ ↓	Rhinoglottophilia in Cunhua through Run: Cuɦ > (Cu)ɦw > *ʔŋʷ.
*l̥	*C-l	ɗ	ɬ	ɬ	ɬ			tθ	l	ɬ		ɬ
*C-l	*l	l	l	l	l	l ↓	l	l	l	l		l	l ↓
*p-l	*p-l	l	l	pl	pl	p	pl	ɓ ↓, l ↓	pʲ ↓	p ↓	pl	pl
*ɾ	*C-r	r	r	r	r ↓	l ↓	l ↓	l ↓	l ↓	l ↓	r	r	r ↓
*r	*C-ʀ	r	g	g	g ↓	h ↓	h ↓	h ↓	ŋ ↓	g ↓	x	x	kʰ
*ʔ	*ʔ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ			ʔ	ʔ	ʔ		ʔ
*Ciʔ	*Ciʔ			ʔʲ	z	z	ʔʲ	z	ʔʲ	z		z		These onsets (as well as Ciɦ-, Cuɦ- above) showing characteristiccheshirization outside of Bouhin and Ha Em.
*Cuʔ	*Cuʔ			ʔʷ	gʷ	v	ʔʷ	v	ʔʷ	kʷ	ɣ	v
*Cur	*Cuʀ	r	g	gʷ	gʷ ↓	v ↓	hʷ ↓	v ↓	ŋ ↓, v ↓	kʷ	ɣ	v
*Cuɾ	*Cur	r	r	v	f ↓			v ↓	v ↓	kʷ	ɣ	f	f ↓
*ʋ	*C-ʋ	v	v	v	f ↓	v ↓	v	v ↓		v ↓	v	v	v ↓
*ʍ	*Vw			hʷ	v ↓			v
*ŋ̊w	*Vw			hʷ	v ↓			h ↓	ŋ ↓, v ↓
*ȷ̊	*Vj	z	z	z	z ↓	z ↓	z	z	z ↓	z ↓	z	z	z ↓
*lj	*il	z	z	z	ɬ ↓			l ↓	z ↓	z ↓	z	z	ts ↓	With lj > lʑ > *ɮ > ɬ in Qi (lowered tone still indicating earlier voicing).
*ɾj	*Cir	z	z	r	t ↓	tʰ ↓	t ↓	z ↓	l ↓	t ↓	t	t, ts	t, ts ↓

The symbol ↓ indicates here a lowered tone on the following vowel in those Hlai languages where tone split has taken place; this normally occurs following earlier voiced consonants.

References

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Norquest, Peter K. 2007.A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
Norquest, Peter K. 2015.A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1
Ostapirat, Weera. 2004. "Proto-Hlai Sound System and Lexicons." InStudies on Sino-Tibetan Languages: Papers in Honor of Professor Hwang-cherng Gong on His Seventieth Birthday. Edited by Ying-chin Lin, Fang-min Hsu, Chun-chih Lee,Jackson T.-S. Sun, Hsiu-fang Yang, andDah-an Ho. Institute of Linguistics. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan: 121–175.
Matisoff, James. 1988. "Proto-Hlai initials and tones: a first approximation." InComparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Edited by Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics No. 86: 289–321.
Thurgood, Graham. 1991. "Proto-Hlai (Li): a look at the initials, tones, and finals." InKadai: Discussions in Kadai and SE Asian Linguistics III: 1–49.
Wu Anqi 吴安其. 2000. "Liyu guyin gouni 黎语古音构拟." InMinzu Yuwen 民族语文 2000(5): 1–13.

External links

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ABVD: Proto-Hlai word list

Kra–Dai languages

Kra

Gelao	Vandu A'ou Mulao Hagei Telue Qau

Kam–Sui

Biao

Biao

Lakkia

Lakkia

Hlai

Jiamao

Jiamao

Be–Jizhao

Tai
(Zhuang, etc.)

Northern

Central

Southwestern
(Thai)

Northwestern	Shan Tai Ya Tai Nuea Tai Long Tai Hongjin Khamti Tai Laing Phake Aiton Khamyang Ahom Turung
Lao–Phutai	Lao Phu Thai Isan Tai Yo (Nyaw) Lao Nyo Kaloeng
Chiang Saen	Thai (Siamese) Northern Thai Tai Daeng Tai Meuay Tai Dón Tai Hang Tong Tai Lue Yong Tai Dam Khün Phuan Thai Song Tày Tac
Southern	Southern Thai
(other)	Sapa Pa Di Tai Muong Vat Tai Thanh Tai Khang Kuan