Project Daedalus (named afterDaedalus, theGreek mythological designer who crafted wings for human flight) was a study conducted between 1973 and 1978 by theBritish Interplanetary Society to design a plausibleuncrewedinterstellar probe.[1] Intended mainly as a scientific probe, the design criteria specified that the spacecraft had to use existing or near-future technology and had to be able to reach its destination within a human lifetime.Alan Bond led a team of scientists and engineers who proposed using afusion rocket to reachBarnard's Star 5.9light years away. The trip was estimated to take 50 years, but the design was required to be flexible enough that it could be sent to any other target star.
All the papers produced by the study are available in a BIS book,Project Daedalus: Demonstrating the Engineering Feasibility of Interstellar Travel.[2]
Daedalus would be constructed in Earth orbit and have an initial mass of 54,000tonnes including 50,000 tonnes of fuel and 500 tonnes of scientific payload. Daedalus was to be a two-stage spacecraft. The first stage would operate for two years, taking the spacecraft to 7.1% oflight speed (0.071c), and then after it was jettisoned, the second stage would fire for 1.8 years, taking the spacecraft up to about 12% of light speed (0.12c), before being shut down for a 46-year cruise period. Due to the extreme temperature range of operation required, from nearabsolute zero to 1600 K, theengine bells and support structure would be made ofmolybdenum alloyed withtitanium,zirconium, andcarbon, which retains strength even atcryogenic temperatures. A major stimulus for the project wasFriedwardt Winterberg'sinertial confinement fusion drive concept,[1][3] for which he received the Hermann Oberth gold medal award.[4]
This velocity is well beyond the capabilities ofchemical rockets or even the type ofnuclear pulse propulsion studied duringProject Orion. According to Dr.Tony Martin, controlled-fusion engine and thenuclear–electric systems have very lowthrust, equipment to convert nuclear energy into electrical has a large mass, which results in smallacceleration, which would take a century to achieve the desired speed; thermodynamic nuclear engines of theNERVA type require a great quantity of fuel,photon rockets have to generate power at a rate of 3×109 W per kg of vehicle mass and require mirrors withabsorptivity of less than 1 part in 106,interstellar ramjet's problems are tenuous interstellar medium with a density of about 1 atom/cm3, a large diameter funnel, and high power required for its electric field. Thus the only suitable propulsion method for the project wasthermonuclear pulse propulsion.[5][6][7]
Daedalus would be propelled by afusion rocket using pellets of adeuterium/helium-3 mix that would be ignited in the reaction chamber byinertial confinement usingelectron beams. The electron beam system would be powered by a set ofinduction coils trapping energy from theplasma exhaust stream. 250 pellets would be detonated per second, and the resulting plasma would be directed by amagnetic nozzle. The computed burn-up fraction for the fusion fuels was 0.175 and 0.133 producing exhaust velocities of 10,600 km/s and 9,210 km/s respectively. Due to scarcity of helium-3 on Earth, it was to be mined from the atmosphere ofJupiter by largehot-air balloon supported robotic factories over a 20-year period, or from a less distant source, such as theMoon.[8]
The second stage would have two 5-metreoptical telescopes and two 20-metreradio telescopes. About 25 years after launch these telescopes would begin examining the area around Barnard's Star to learn more about any accompanying planets. This information would be sent back to Earth, using the 40-metre diameter second stageengine bell as a communications dish, and targets of interest would be selected. Since the spacecraft would not decelerate, upon reaching Barnard's Star, Daedalus would carry 18 autonomous sub-probes that would be launched between 7.2 and 1.8 years before the main craft entered the target system. These sub-probes would be propelled bynuclear-poweredion drives and would carry cameras,spectrometers, and other sensory equipment. The sub-probes would fly past their targets, still travelling at 12% of the speed of light, and transmit their findings back to the Daedalus' second stage, mothership, for relay back to Earth.
The ship's payload bay containing its sub-probes, telescopes, and other equipment would be protected from theinterstellar medium during transit by aberyllium disc, up to 7 mm thick, weighing up to 50 tonnes. This erosion shield would be made from beryllium due to its lightness and high latent heat of vaporisation. Larger obstacles that might be encountered while passing through the target system would be dispersed by an artificially generated cloud of particles, ejected by support vehicles called dust bugs about 200 km ahead of the vehicle. The spacecraft would carry a number ofrobot wardens capable of autonomously repairing damage or malfunctions.
Overall length: 190 metres
Payload mass: 450 tonnes
| First stage: | Second stage: | |
| Empty mass: | 1,690 tonnes (at staging) | 980 tonnes (at cruise speed) |
| Propellant mass: | 46,000 tonnes | 4,000 tonnes |
| Engine burn time: | 2.05 years | 1.76 years |
| Thrust: | 7,540,000newtons | 663,000 newtons |
| Engine exhaust velocity: | 10,600,000 m/s | 9,210,000 m/s |
| Delta-V | 35,000,000 m/s (0.117c) | 13,000,000 m/s (0.0432c) |
A quantitative engineering analysis of aself-replicating variation on Project Daedalus was published in 1980 byRobert Freitas.[9] The non-replicating design was modified to include all subsystems necessary for self-replication. Use the probe to deliver a seed factory, with a mass of about 443 metric tons, to a distant site. Have the seed factory replicate many copies of itself on-site, to increase its total manufacturing capacity, then use the resulting automated industrial complex to construct probes, with a seed factory on board, over a 1,000-year period. Each REPRO would weigh over 10 million tons due to the extra fuel needed to decelerate from 12% oflightspeed.
Another possibility is to equip the Daedalus with amagnetic sail similar to the magnetic scoop on aBussard ramjet to use the destination starheliosphere as a brake, making carrying deceleration fuel unnecessary, allowing a much more in-depth study of the star system chosen.
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