Principality of Hamamshen Համամշէն | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 790–1486[1] | |||||||||
| Capital | Hamamshen | ||||||||
| Common languages | Armenian | ||||||||
| Government | Principality | ||||||||
| Prince | |||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 790 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1486[1] | ||||||||
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ThePrincipality of Hamamshen (Homshetsi dialect:Համամշէն,Eshakhutatun Hamamshen) was a small principality established in about 790[2] byArmenians who fled theArab invasions of Armenia and the creation of the Muslim Arab-ruled state ofArminiya.
Prior to the 8th century, the entire region was populated byLaz and was part of theAbkhazia until the later part of the century when Prince Hamam, his father Prince Shapuh Amatuni and 12,000 of their subjects migrated North to theBlack Sea region in order to escape incoming Arab invasions ofVaspurakan, the land of their origin. They settled in the ruined city of Tambur and its surrounding villages. Prince Hamam rebuilt the city and named itHamamshen, meaning "Hamam's hamlet" inArmenian. It is north of the historic Armenian region ofTayk.
TheAmatuni dynasty became theNakharar of the principality and originated in theArtaz region inVaspurakan and specialized in agriculture and architectural engineering. the medieval line of princes recorded from the last prince David II. Were Arakel d.1400, David I d.1425, Vart d.1440, Veke d.1460.
As an indirect result of the fall of theEmpire of Trebizond in 1461 to the Ottomans and the breakup of a greater Christian power in the region: Between 1480 and 1486, the region was conquered by theOttoman Empire.[3]
The last prince of Hamamshen, Baron David II was exiled to Ispir by the Ottomans following the conquest of Trebizond. Khachkar (now Kaçkar), which was the centre of the principality was demolished by the Ottomans. Der Hovhannes Hamshentsi, d. 1497, was a prominent monk, philosopher, and orator during this time.[4]
After the fall of the principality, the Hamshentsi Armenians were scattered throughout the Black Sea region in the Trabzon Eyalet establishing communities in towns and villages from Samsun in the west to Hopa in the east. During Ottoman rule taxation and Islamization of the Laz people pressured some Hamshen communities to convert to Islam to have equality and avoid harassment from their Muslim neighbors, many others fled to remote regions in mountains and forests to avoid taxation and oppression, notably a man named Husep who led a group into Sera Dere to found the hidden village of Cevizlik where they remained hidden for 30 years.[5]
After several centuries, the nameHamamshen evolved intoHamshen in the Armenian language, andHemshin in the Turkish language. The Armenians of Hamamshen were cut off from the rest of the Armenian social and cultural world and developed their own distinct ethnic identity. Those who converted to Islam also lost their millet Armenian identity, were Ottomanized, and forgot their Armenian roots. Others, who remained Christian, retained their Armenian identity and later fled toAbkhazia under the Russian Empire
The foundation of Hamshen, in about AD 790, came at the end of almost a century in which the fortunes of Armenians in Armenia had steadily declined, a period and a process that culminated in the transformation of the political organization of Armenia, a transformation to which the foundation of Hamshen itself contributed.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[...] the principality of Hamshen must have lived through these centuries as a vassal of the larger powers surrounding it, such as the Bagratid Armenian kingdom, the Byzantine Empire, its successor the Empire of Trebizond, the Jalayirids, and [...]
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