ThePratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major is an American 28-cylinder four-rowradialpistonaircraft engine designed and built duringWorld War II. At 4,362.5 cu in (71.5 L), it is the largest-displacement aviation piston engine to be mass-produced in the United States, and at 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) the most powerful. First run in 1944, it was the last of thePratt & WhitneyWasp family, and the culmination of its maker'spiston engine technology.
The war was over before it could power airplanes into combat. It powered many of the last generation of large piston-engined aircraft beforeturbojets, but was supplanted by equivalent (and superior) poweredturboprops (such as theAllison T56).
Its main rival was the twin-row, 18-cylinder, nearly 3,350 cu in (54.9 L) displacement, up to 3,700 hp (2,800 kW)Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone, first run some seven years earlier (May 1937).
The R-4360 was a 28-cylinder four-row air-cooled radial engine. Each row of seven air-cooled cylinders possessed a slight angular offset from the previous, forming a semi-helical arrangement to facilitate effective airflow cooling of the cylinder rows behind them, inspiring the engine's "corncob" nickname.[1] A mechanicalsupercharger geared at 6.374:1 ratio to engine speed provided forced induction, while thepropeller was geared at 0.375:1 so that the tips did not reach inefficientsupersonic speeds.
The engine was a technological challenge and the first product from Pratt and Whitney's new plant nearKansas City, Missouri.[2] The four-row configuration had severe thermal problems that decreased reliability, with an intensive maintenance regime involving frequent replacement of cylinders required.[citation needed] Large cooling flaps were required, which decreased aerodynamic efficiency, putting extra demands on engine power when cooling needs were greatest. Owing in large part to the maintenance requirements of the R-4360, all airplanes equipped with it were costly to operate and suffered decreased availability. Its commercial application in theBoeing Stratocruiser was unprofitable without government subsidy.[3] Abandonment of the Stratocruiser was almost immediate when jet aircraft became available, while aircraft with smaller powerplants such as theLockheed Constellation andDouglas DC-6 remained in service well into the jet era.
Engine displacement was 4,362.5 cu in (71.5 L), hence the model designation. Initial models developed 3,000 hp (2,200 kW), and later models 3,500 hp (2,600 kW). One model that used two largeturbochargers in addition to the supercharger delivered 4,300 horsepower (3,200 kW). Engines weighed 3,482–3,870 lb (1,579–1,755 kg), giving apower-to-weight ratio of 1.11 hp/lb (1.82 kW/kg).
Wasp Majors were produced between 1944 and 1955; 18,697 were built.
^abcdPape, Garry R.; Campbell, John M. (1995).Northrop Flying Wings : a history of Jack Northrop's visionary aircraft (1st ed.). Atglen: Schiffer Pub. pp. 116–193, 253.ISBN0887406890.
^ab"ENGINES ON DISPLAY".Combat Air Museum. Combat Air Museum. Retrieved18 February 2018.
^""Wasp Major" Engine".Hill Air Force Base. United States Air Force. 20 January 2007. Archived fromthe original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved18 February 2018.
^"R-4360 Wasp Major".Air Victory Museum. Air Victory Museum. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved18 February 2018.
Bridgman, Leonard, ed.Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–1952. London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd 1951.
Gunston, Bill (2006).World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day (5 ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton.ISBN0-7509-4479-X.
White, Graham (1995).Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International.ISBN1-56091-655-9.
White, Graham (2006).R-4360: Pratt & Whitney's Major Miracle. North Branch, Minn.: Specialty Press.ISBN1-58007-097-3.
.jpg)
