| Galician–Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Galaic-Portuguese, Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician, Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician, Medieval Portuguese | |
| romanço, romançe, rimanço | |
| Native to | Kingdom of Galicia,County of Portugal |
| Region | NorthwesternIberia |
| Era | Attested 870 A.D.; by 1400 had split intoGalician,Fala, andPortuguese.[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
079 | |
| Glottolog | None |
 Spoken area of Galician–Portuguese in theKingdom of León around the 10th century, before the separation of the Galician and Portuguese languages. | |
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Galician–Portuguese (Galician:galego-portugués orgalaico-portugués;Portuguese:galego-português orgalaico-português), also known asOld Galician–Portuguese,Galaic-Portuguese,[2][3] or (in contexts focused on one of the modern languages)Old Galician,Old Portuguese,Medieval Galician orMedieval Portuguese, was aWest Iberian Romance language spoken in theMiddle Ages, in the northwest area of theIberian Peninsula. It is both theancestor language and historical period of development of modernGalician,Fala, andPortuguese languages which maintain high degree ofmutual intelligibility.
Galician–Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by theDouro River in the south, comprising Galicia and northern Portugal, but it was later extended south of the Douro by theReconquista.[4]
The term "Galician–Portuguese" also designates the matching subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages in Romance linguistics.
Galician–Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province ofGallaecia, from theVulgar Latin (common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of theRoman Empire. Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin, after a period of bilingualism, completely extinguished the native languages, leading to the evolution of a new variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features.[5][6]
Gallaecian andLusitanian influences were absorbed into the local Vulgar Latin dialect, which can be detected in some Galician–Portuguese words as well as in placenames ofCeltic andIberian origin.[7][8] In general, the more cultivated variety of Latin spoken by the Hispano-Roman elites in RomanHispania had a peculiar regional accent, referred to asHispano ore andagrestius pronuntians.[9] The more cultivated variety of Latin coexisted with the popular variety. It is assumed that thePre-Roman languages spoken by thenative people, each used in a different region of Roman Hispania, contributed to the development of several different dialects of Vulgar Latin and that these diverged increasingly over time, eventually evolving into the early Romance languages of Iberia.[citation needed]
An early form of Galician–Portuguese was already spoken in theKingdom of the Suebi and by the year 800 Galician–Portuguese had already become thevernacular of northwestern Iberia.[10] The first knownphonetic changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician–Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, theSuebi (411–585) andVisigoths (585–711).[10] And the Galician–Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive")[11] and thenasal vowels may have evolved under the influence of local Celtic languages[12][13] (as inOld French). The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in RomanGallaecia, but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries.[14]
The oldest known document to contain Galician–Portuguese words found in northern Portugal is called theDoação à Igreja de Sozello and dated to 870 but otherwise composed inLate/Medieval Latin.[15] Another document, from 882, also containing some Galician–Portuguese words is theCarta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa.[16] In fact, many Latin documents written in Portuguese territory contain Romance forms.[17] TheNotícia de fiadores, written in 1175, is thought by some to be the oldest known document written in Galician–Portuguese.[18]ThePacto dos irmãos Pais, discovered in 1999 (and possibly dating from before 1173), has been said to be even older, but despite the enthusiasm of some scholars, it has been shown that the documents are not really written in Galician–Portuguese but are in fact a mixture of Late Latin and Galician–Portuguese phonology, morphology and syntax.[19] TheNoticia de Torto, of uncertain date (c. 1214?), and theTestament of Afonso II [pt] (27 June 1214) are most certainly Galician–Portuguese.[18] The earliest poetic texts (but not the manuscripts in which they are found) date from c. 1195 to c. 1225. Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular.
In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by kingSilo of Asturias, dated to 775: it uses substrate words asarrogio andlagena, nowarroio 'stream' andlaxe 'stone', and presents also the elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants;[20] actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician–Portuguese contemporary language.[21] As for the oldest document written in Galician–Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated to 1231,[22] since theCharter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas, dated to 1228, is probably a slightly later translation of a Latin original.
Galician–Portuguese had a special cultural role in the literature of the Christian kingdoms ofCrown of Castile (Kingdoms of Castile,Leon andGalicia, part of the medieval NWIberian Peninsula) comparable to theCatalan language of theCrown of Aragon (Principality of Catalonia andKingdoms of Aragon,Valencia andMajorca, NE medieval Iberian Peninsula), or that ofOccitan in France and Italy during the same historical period. The main extant sources of Galician–Portugueselyric poetry are these:
The language was used for literary purposes from the final years of the 12th century to roughly the middle of the 14th century in what are now Spain and Portugal and was, almost without exception, the only language used for the composition of lyric poetry. Over 160 poets are recorded, among themBernal de Bonaval, Pero da Ponte, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, and Pedr' Amigo de Sevilha. The mainsecular poetic genres were thecantigas d'amor (male-voiced love lyric), thecantigas d'amigo (female-voiced love lyric) and thecantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer (including a variety of genres from personal invective to social satire, poetic parody and literary debate).[23]
All told, nearly 1,700 poems survive in these three genres, and there is a corpus of over 400cantigas de Santa Maria (narrative poems about miracles and hymns in honor of theHoly Virgin). TheCastilian kingAlfonso X composed hiscantigas de Santa Maria and hiscantigas de escárnio e maldizer in Galician–Portuguese, even though he usedCastilian for prose.
King Dinis of Portugal, who also contributed (with 137 extant texts, more than any other author) to the secular poetic genres, made the languageofficial in Portugal in 1290. Until then, Latin had been the official (written) language for royal documents; the spoken language did not have a name and was simply known aslingua vulgar[citation needed] until it was named "Portuguese" in King Dinis' reign. "Galician–Portuguese" andportuguês arcaico ("Old Portuguese") are modern terms for the common ancestor of modern Portuguese and modern Galician. Compared to the differences inAncient Greek dialects, the alleged differences between 13th-century Portuguese and Galician are trivial.
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| Galician–Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Galician Romance | |
| Geographic distribution | NorthwesternIberia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early forms | Old Latin
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | gali1263 (Galician Romance) |
As a result of political division, Galician–Portuguese lost its unity when theCounty of Portugalseparated from theKingdom of Leon to establish theKingdom of Portugal. TheGalician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths.
As Portugal's territory was extended southward during the Reconquista, the increasingly-distinctive Portuguese language was adopted by the people in those regions, supplanting the earlierArabic and other Romance/Latin languages that were spoken in these conquered areas during the Moorish era. Meanwhile, Galician was influenced by the neighbouring Leonese language, especially during the time of kingdoms of Leon and Leon-Castile, and in the 19th and 20th centuries, it has been influenced by Castilian. Two cities at the time of separation,Braga andPorto, were within the County of Portugal and have remained within Portugal. Further north, the cities ofLugo,A Coruña and the great medieval centre ofSantiago de Compostela remained within Galicia.
Galician was the main written language in Galicia until the 16th century, but later it was displaced byCastilian Spanish, which was the official language of theCrown of Castille. Galician slowly became mainly an oral language, preserved by the majority rural or "uneducated" population living in the villages and towns, and Castilian was taught as the "correct" language to the bilingual educated elite in the cities. During most of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, its written use was largely reduced to popular literature and theatre and private letters. From the 18th century onward grew the interest for the language by the studies of illustrious writers such asMartin Sarmiento, who studied the evolution of Galician from Latin and prepared the foundations for the first dictionary of Galician, José Cornide, and father Sobreira. In the 19th century a true literature in Galician emerged during theRexurdimento, followed by the appearance of journals and, in the 20th century, scientific publications. Because until comparatively recently, most Galicians lived in many small towns and villages in a relatively remote and mountainous land, the language changed very slowly and was only very slightly influenced from outside the region. That situation made Galician remain the vernacular of Galicia until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and its most spoken language till the early 21st century. Thedraft of the 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy considered an official status for (Modern) Galician in the region but it never came into force, as Galicia fell to Rebel control upon the early stages of theSpanish Civil War.
The linguistic classification of Galician and Portuguese is still discussed today. There are those among Galician independence groups who demand their reunification as well as Portuguese and Galicianphilologists who argue that both aredialects of a commonlanguage rather than two separate ones.
TheFala language, spoken in a small region of the Spanish autonomous community ofExtremadura, underwent a similar development to Galician.
Today Galician is the regional language of Galicia (sharing co-officiality with Spanish), and it is spoken by the majority of its population, but with a large decline of use and efficient knowledge among the younger generations, and the phonetics and lexicon of many occasional users is heavily influenced by Spanish. Portuguese continues to grow and, today, is the sixth most spoken language in the world.
| Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental/ Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ3 | ||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||
| Fricative | β1 | f | s | z | ʃ | ʒ2 | ||||||
| Affricates | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ2 | ||||||||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | ||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||||||
/s/ and/z/ wereapico-alveolar, and/ts/ and/dz/ werelamino-alveolar. Later, all the affricate sibilants became fricatives, with the apico-alveolar and lamino-alveolar sibilants remaining distinct for a time but eventually merging in most dialects. SeeHistory of Portuguese for more information.
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As far as it is known, Galician–Portuguese (from 11th to 16th centuries) had a 7-oral-vowel system/a,e,ɛ,i,o,ɔ,u/ (like in most of Romance languages), reduced to 5 vowels[ã,ẽ,ĩ,õ,ũ] when nasalized in contact with syllable-final nasal consonants/n,ŋ,ɲ/. The vowels/e–ɛ,o–ɔ/ were raised to/e,o/ in unstressed syllables, even in final syllables (like in modern Spanish); e.g.vento[ˈvẽnto],quente[ˈkẽnte].
However, the/a–ɐ/ distribution is still dubious and under discussion; some either stating that these two vowels were allophones and in complementary distribution (like in Spanish and Modern Galician, only treated as/a/):Alamanha[alaˈmaɲa],mannãa[maˈɲãŋa]; or stating they were not allophones and under distribution like in European Portuguese nowadays,Alemanha[ɐlɨˈmɐɲɐ],manhã[mɐˈɲɐ̃].[25]
Here is a sample of Galician-Portuguese lyric:
Proençaes soen mui ben trobar | Provençal [poets] tend to compose very well |
| —King Dinis of Portugal (1271–1325) |
There has been a sharing of folklore in the Galician–Portuguese region going back to prehistoric times. As the Galician–Portuguese language spread south with theReconquista, supplanting Mozarabic, this ancient sharing of folklore intensified. In 2005, the governments of Portugal and Spain jointly proposed that Galician–Portuguese oral traditions be made part of theMasterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The work of documenting and transmitting that common culture involves several universities and other organizations.
Galician–Portuguese folklore is rich in oral traditions. These include thecantigas ao desafio orregueifas, duels of improvised songs, many legends, stories, poems, romances, folk songs, sayings and riddles, and ways of speech that still retain a lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactic similarity.
Also part of the common heritage of oral traditions are the markets and festivals of patron saints and processions, religious celebrations such as themagosto,entroido orCorpus Christi, with ancient dances and tradition – like the one whereCoca thedragon fights withSaint George; and also traditional clothing and adornments, crafts and skills, work-tools, carved vegetable lanterns, superstitions, traditional knowledge about plants and animals. All these are part of a common heritage considered in danger of extinction as the traditional way of living is replaced by modern life, and the jargon of fisherman, the names of tools in traditional crafts, and the oral traditions which form part of celebrations are slowly forgotten.
A Galician–Portuguese "baixo-limiao" lect is spoken in several villages. In Galicia, it is spoken inEntrimo andLobios and in northern Portugal inTerras de Bouro (lands of theBuri) andCastro Laboreiro including the mountain town (county seat) of Soajo and surrounding villages.[26]
About the Galician–Portuguese languages
About Galician–Portuguese culture
Manuscripts containing Galician–Portuguese ('secular') lyric (cited from Cohen 2003 [see below undercritical editions]):
Manuscripts containing theCantigas de Santa Maria:
Critical editions of individual genres of Galician–Portuguese poetry (note that thecantigas d'amor are split between Michaëlis 1904 and Nunes 1932):
On the biography and chronology of the poets and the courts they frequented, the relation of these matters to the internal structure of the manuscript tradition, and myriad relevant questions in the field, please see:
For Galician–Portuguese prose, the reader might begin with:
There is no up-to-date historical grammar of medieval Galician–Portuguese. But see:
A recent work centered on Galician containing information on medieval Galician–Portuguese is:
Latin Lexica:
Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin:
On the early documents cited from the late 12th century, please see Ivo Castro,Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo. (Lisbon: Colibri, 2004), pp. 121–125 (with references).