Located along theDouro River estuary in northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centers and its core was proclaimed aWorld Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, as the "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar". The historic area is also a National Monument of Portugal.[16] The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back to the 2nd century BC when it was an outpost of theRoman Empire. Its combinedCeltic-Latin name,Portus Cale,[17] has been referred to as the origin of the namePortugal, based ontransliteration and oral evolution from Latin.
Port wine, one of Portugal's most famous exports, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular thecellars ofVila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport, and export offortified wine.[18][19] Porto is onthe Portuguese Way path of theCamino de Santiago. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was electedThe Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.[20]
Before the Roman conquest, theGallaeci, aCeltic people, inhabited the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas.[21] Archaeological findings reveal that there were also human settlements at the mouth of theDouro River as early as the 8th century BC, which hints at aPhoenician trading settlement there.[22]
Under theRoman Empire, Porto developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade betweenOlissipona (the modernLisbon) andBracara Augusta (the modernBraga).[22] Porto was also important during theSuebian andVisigothic times, and a center for the expansion of Christianity during that period.[23]
Porto Cathedral, Sé do Porto, built in the 12th century, with Baroque and 20th-century modifications
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. Also from the port of Porto, in 1415, PrinceHenry the Navigator (son ofJohn I of Portugal) embarked on theconquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta, in northernMorocco.[30][31] This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the PortugueseAge of Discovery. The nickname that the people of Porto are known by began in those days; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to astripeiros (tripe peoples), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such astripe, were left behind for the citizens of Porto;tripe remains a culturally important dish in modern-day Porto.
By the 13th century, the wine produced in theDouro valley was already being transported to Porto inbarcos rabelos (flat sailing vessels). In 1703, theMethuen Treaty established trade relations and a military alliance between Portugal and England.[32] In 1717, the first English trading post was established in Porto. The production ofport wine then gradually passed into the hands of a few English firms. To counter this dominance, Prime MinisterMarquis of Pombal established a monopolistic Portuguese firm to receive all the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, which was almost a century ahead of a similar exercise in Bordeaux.[33] The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies onShrove Tuesday, burning down the buildings of this firm. The revolt became known as theRevolta dos Borrachos (revolt of the drunkards).[citation needed]
Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architectNicolau Nasoni designed abaroque church with a tower that became its architectural and visual icon: theTorre dos Clérigos (English: Clerics' Tower). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and its size and population increased.[citation needed]
Influenced by liberal revolutions occurring in Europe, theLiberal Revolution of 1820 started in Porto.[36] The revolutionaries demanded the return ofJohn VI of Portugal, who hadtransferred the Portuguese Court to the Portuguesecolony of Brazil since the French invasions of Portugal, it also demanded a constitutional monarchy to be set up in Portugal. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partly through the efforts of the liberal assembly of Porto (Junta do Porto). WhenMiguel I of Portugal took the Portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an anti-liberal, absolutist monarch.[37] A civil war (known as theLiberal Wars) was then fought from 1828 to 1834 between those supporting Constitutionalism, and those opposed to this change, keen on near-absolutism and led by D. Miguel. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo asiege of eighteen months between 1832 and 1833 by theabsolutist army.[38][39] Porto is also called "Cidade Invicta" (English: Unvanquished City) after successfully resisting theMiguelist siege. Afterthe abdication of King Miguel, the liberal constitution was re-established.
The collapsedPonte das Barcas was eventually replaced by thePonte D. Maria II. Known popularly asPonte Pênsil (suspended bridge), it was built between 1841 and 1843, with only its supporting pylons remaining today. ThePonte D. Maria, a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November 1877;[40] it was considered a feat ofwrought iron engineering and was designed byGustave Eiffel, notable forhis Parisian tower. The laterPonte Dom Luís I replaced the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil.[41] This last bridge was made by Theophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886.[42]
A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica) was established in 1762.[43] Astock exchange (Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910[44]) was also established in the city but was discontinued in 1910 following the implementation of the Republic, with the building being returned to the Association in 1911.[45]
Unrest by Republicans led to the31 January 1891 revolt in Porto, the first uprising against the Portuguese monarchy. This resulted ultimately in the overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the5 October 1910 revolution.[46][47][48]
On 19 January 1919, forces favorable to the restoration of the monarchy launched acounter-revolution in Porto known asMonarchy of the North.[49][50] During this time, Porto was the capital of the restored kingdom, as the movement was contained to the north. The monarchy was deposed less than a month later, which marked the final end to monarchy in Portugal.
The historic center of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996.[51] The World Heritage Site is defined in two concentric zones; the "Protected area", and within it the "Classified area". The Classified area comprises the medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall.[52] In 2001, Porto, alongsideRotterdam, was theEuropean Capital of Culture for the entire year. For this event, several urban projects, from urban requalification to new infrastructures and public transportation, were put into practice.[53]
Many of the city's oldest houses are at risk of collapsing. The population in Porto municipality dropped by nearly 100,000 since the 1980s, but the number of permanent residents in the outskirts and satellite towns has grown strongly.[54]
Porto features awarm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen:Csb), with influences of anoceanic climate (Cfb), common in the north of theIberian Peninsula.[56] As a result, its climate shares many characteristics with the warm, dry Mediterranean climates of southern Europe and the wet marine west coast climates of the North Atlantic, providing it warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Cool and rainy days can, occasionally, interrupt the sunny weather. These occasional summer rainy periods may last a few days and are characterized by showers and cool temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F) in the afternoon. The annual precipitation is high and concentrated in the winter months, making Porto one of the wettest major cities of Europe. However, long periods with higher temperatures and sunny days are frequent even during the rainiest months.
Summers are typically sunny, with average temperatures between 16 and 26 °C (61 and 79 °F), but can rise to as high as 38 °C (100 °F) during occasional heat waves. During such heatwaves, thehumidity remains quite low. Nearby beaches are often windy and usually cooler than the urban areas. Summer average temperatures are a few degrees cooler than those expected in more continentally Mediterranean-influenced Portuguese cities because of the oceanic influence.
Winter temperatures typically range between 6 °C (43 °F) early in the morning and 15 °C (59 °F) in the afternoon, but rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. The weather is often rainy for long stretches, although prolonged sunny periods do occur.
Climate data for Porto (Fontainhas), elevation: 93 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1981–2007, sunshine & humidity 1961–1990
Rui Moreira (Independent) is the current mayor of Porto, having taken office on 22 October 2013, following the 2013 local elections. He was reelected in 2017 and 2021.[60]
The Portuguese partyIniciativa Liberal (IL), founded and headquartered in Porto, is the only Portuguese party represented inparliament which is headquartered outside of the Lisbon area.
Breaking down the population further shows that there is a higher percentage of women than men. Estimates from 2016 show that the population is 55% female, compared to 45% male.[10] The largest age group, according to 2016 estimates, is 60 to 69, followed by residents in the 50 to 59 demographic. The majority 93.7% of residents were born inPortugal. The city also has residents that were born inAngola, Brazil,Cape Verde, and countries across Europe.
Religion in the municipality of Porto(Census 2021)[63]
Porto hosts a popular Portuguese newspaper,Jornal de Notícias. The building where its offices are located (which has the same name as the newspaper) was at a time one of the tallest in the city (it has been superseded by a number of modern buildings which have been built since the 1990s).[citation needed]
Porto Editora, one of the biggest Portuguese publishers, is also located in Porto. Its dictionaries are among the most popular references used in the country, and the translations are very popular as well.
The economic relations between the city of Porto and the UpperDouro River have been documented since theMiddle Ages. However, they were greatly deepened in the modern age.[citation needed] Indeed,sumach, dry fruits andnuts and the Douroolive oils sustained prosperous exchanges between the region and Porto. From the riverside quays at the river mouth, these products were exported to other markets of theOld andNew World. However, the greatest lever to interregional trade relations resulted from the commercial dynamics of thePort wine (Vinho do Porto) agro-industry.[citation needed] It decidedly bolstered the complementary relationship between the large coastal urban centre, endowed with open doors to the sea, and a region with significant agricultural potential, especially in terms of the production of extremely high qualityfortified wines, known by the world-famous labelPort. The development of Porto was also closely connected with the left margin of River Douro inVila Nova de Gaia, where is located the amphitheater-shaped slope with the Port wine cellars.
South side of Douro, Vila Nova de Gaia
The city is very much the gateway to Portugal's northern region as well as the northern and western areas of Spain. Within a two-hour drive of Porto's airport, there are four Unesco World Heritage sites and popular Spanish tourist hotspots such as Santiago de Compostela.In a study concerningcompetitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, Porto was the worst-ranked. The study was made byMinho University economics researchers and was published inPúblico newspaper on 30 September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the study wereÉvora, Lisbon, andCoimbra.[65] Nevertheless, the validity of this study was questioned by some Porto notable figures (such as local politicians and businesspersons) who argued that the city proper does not function independently but in conurbation with other municipalities.[66] A 2007 ranking published inExpresso ranked Porto as the third best city to live in Portugal – tied withÉvora and belowGuimarães andLisbon.[67]
The Porto metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to €43.1 billion ($46.6 billion) and €24,075 ($25,989) per capita in 2023.[68][69][70]
The Ribeira area along the river Douro, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
Over the last few years, Porto has experienced significant tourism increases, which may be partly linked to theRyanair hub at Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport. Porto won the European Best Destination 2012, 2014 and 2017 awards.[20]
The city received 2.8 million overnight visitors and 1.4 million day trippers between January and November 2017, with 73% from other countries. Tourism revenue has been increasing by over 11%, according to a 2018 report.[71]
According to a February 2019 report, over 10% of economic activity in Porto is generated by tourism.[72] The hotel occupancy rate in 2017 was 77%.[73] A scholarly study published in June 2019 stated that "Porto is one of the fastest-growing European tourist destinations that has experiencedexponential growth in the demand for city-break tourists".[74]
The most popular tourist attractions in the city include the Porto Cathedral, Dom Luís I Bridge,Café Majestic,Livraria Lello and Jardins do Palácio de Cristal.[75]
The road system capacity is augmented by theVia de Cintura Interna or A20, an internal highway connected to several motorways and city exits, complementing theCircunvalação 4-lane peripheric road, which borders the north of the city and connects the eastern side of the city to the Atlantic shore. The city is connected to Valença (Viana do Castelo) by highway A28, to Estarreja (Aveiro) by the A29, toLisbon by the A1, toBragança by the A4 and toBraga by the A3. There is also an outer-ring road, the A41, that connects all the main cities around Porto, linking the city to other major metropolitan highways such as the A7, A11, A42, A43 and A44. Since 2011, a new highway, the A32, connects the metropolitan area toSão João da Madeira andOliveira de Azeméis.
Luís I Bridge, September 2019
TheDom Luís I Bridge (Ponte de Dom Luís I) is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. Built in 1886, its 172 metres (564 ft) span was then the longest of its type in the world. The top-level is used for the Porto Metro trains, with an option for pedestrians; the lower level carries traffic and pedestrians.[76]
During the 20th century, major bridges were built:Arrábida Bridge, which at its opening had the biggest concrete supporting arch in the world, and connects the north and south shores of the Douro on the west side of the city,S. João, to replaceD. Maria Pia andFreixo, a highway bridge on the east side of the city. The newest bridge isInfante Dom Henrique Bridge, finished in 2003. Two more bridges are said to be under designing stages and due to be built in the next 10 years, one on the Campo Alegre area, nearby the Faculty of Humanities and the Arts, and another one in the area known as the Massarelos valley.[citation needed]
Porto is often referred to asCidade das Pontes (City of the Bridges), besides its more traditional nicknames of "Cidade Invicta" (Unconquered/ Invincible City) and "Capital do Norte" (Capital of the North).
Porto is served byFrancisco de Sá Carneiro Airport which is located in Pedras Rubras, Moreira da Maia civil parish of the neighbouringMunicipality of Maia, some 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the north-west of the city centre. The airport underwent a massive programme of refurbishment due to theEuro 2004 football championships being partly hosted in the city. It is connected to central Porto by metro’s line E. By 2024, the airport served nearly 16 million passengers, being the 2nd busiest airport in Portugal and the37th busiest in Europe.[77]
Porto's main railway station isCampanhã railway station, located in the eastern part of the city and connected to the lines of Douro (Peso da Régua/Tua/Pocinho), Minho (Barcelos/Viana do Castelo/Valença) and centre of Portugal (on the main line toAveiro,Coimbra andLisbon).
From Campanhã station, bothlight rail andsuburban rail services connect to the city center. The maincentral station isSão Bento Station, which is itself a notable landmark in the heart of Porto. This station was built between 1900 and 1916, based on plans by architect José Marques da Silva. The large panels of azulejo tile were designed by Jorge Colaço; the murals represent moments in the country's history and rural scenes showing the people of various regions.[78]
Porto is connected withLisbon via high-speed trains,Alfa Pendular, that cover the distance in 2h 42min. The intercities take slightly more than 3 hours to cover the same distance. In addition, Porto is connected to the Spanish city ofVigo with theCelta train, running twice every day, a 2h 20min trip.[79]
Currently, the major network is thePorto Metro, alight rail system. Consequently, the Infante bridge was built for urban traffic, replacing the Dom Luís I, which was dedicated to the light rail on the second and higher of the bridge's two levels. Six lines are open: lines A (blue), B (red), C (green) and E (purple) all begin atEstádio do Dragão (home toFC Porto) and terminate at Senhor de Matosinhos,Póvoa de Varzim (viaVila do Conde),ISMAI (via Maia) and Francisco Sá Carneiro airport respectively. Line D (yellow) currently runs from Hospital S. João in the north to Vila d'Este on the southern side of the Douro river. Line F (orange), from Senhora da Hora (Matosinhos) to Fânzeres (Gondomar). The lines intersect at the centralTrindade station. Currently, the whole network spans 70 km (43 mi) using 85 stations,[80] thus being the biggesturban rail transit system in the country.
In 2019, Porto Metro transferred the management of theFunicular dos Guindais to Porto city hall.[81] Currently, expansion of the network is underway, with two lines under construction and abus rapid transit expected to open during 2025.
The city has an extensivebus network run by theSTCP (Sociedade dos Transportes Colectivos do Porto, or PortoPublic transport Society) which also operates lines in the neighbouring cities ofGaia, Maia, Matosinhos,Gondomar and Valongo. Other smaller companies connect such towns asPaços de Ferreira andSanto Tirso to the town center. In the past, the city also hadtrolleybuses.[82] A bus journey is 2.50 €, which must be paid in cash.
Atram network, of which only three lines remain one of them being a tourist line on the shores of the Douro, saw its construction begin on 12 September 1895, therefore being the first in theIberian Peninsula. The lines in operation all use vintage tramcars, so the service has become aheritage tramway. STCP also operates these routes as well as atram museum. The first line of the area's modern-tram, orlight rail system, namedMetro do Porto, opened for revenue service in January 2003[83] (after a brief period offree, introductory service in December 2002).
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Porto, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 47 minutes. About 6.5% of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 minutes, while 17.4% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 5% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[84]
In 2001, Porto shared the designationEuropean Culture Capital withRotterdam.[85] In the scope of these events, the construction of the major concert hall spaceCasa da Música, designed by the Dutch architectRem Koolhaas, was initiated and finished in 2005.
The first Portuguese moving pictures were taken in Porto by Aurélio da Paz dos Reis and shown there on 12 November 1896 in the Teatro do Príncipe Real do Porto, less than a year after the first public presentation byAuguste and Louis Lumière. The country's firstmovie studios Invicta Filmes was also erected in Porto in 1917 and was open from 1918 to 1927 in the area of Carvalhido.Manoel de Oliveira, a Portuguese film director and the oldest director in the world to be active until his death in 2015, was from Porto.Fantasporto is an international film festival organized in Porto every year. TheDCEU filmThe Suicide Squad (2021) written and directed byJames Gunn based on aSuicide Squad story, shows the city twice in the movie, in which shows usDaniela Melchior a Portuguese actress, who portraysRatcatcher 2 in which the character is the heart of the film, aPortuguese version ofRatcatcher.[86]
Porto houses the largest synagogue in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the largest in Europe –Kadoorie Synagogue, inaugurated in 1938.[citation needed]
Porto's most popular event is St. John (São João Festival) on the night of 23–24 June.[89] In this season it's a tradition to have a vase with bush basil decorated with a small poem. During the dinner of the great day, people usually eat sardines and boiled potatoes together withred wine.
Another major event isQueima das Fitas, which starts on the first Sunday of May and ends on the second Sunday of the month. Basically, before the beginning of thestudy period preceding the school year's last exams,academia tries to have as much fun as possible. The week has 12 major events, starting with the Monumental Serenata on Sunday, and reaching its peak with the Cortejo Académico on Tuesday, when about 50,000 students of the city's higher education institutions march through the downtown streets till they reach the city hall. During every night of the week, a series of concerts takes place on the Queimódromo, next to the city's park, where it is also a tradition for the students in their second-to-last year to erect small tents wherealcohol is sold to finance the trip that takes place during the last year of their course of study; an average of 50,000 students attend these events.[90]
Porto was the birthplace in 1856 ofSusanna Roope Dockery, an Anglo-Portuguese watercolour painter who produced many paintings of the city and the people and landscape of the surrounding rural areas. An Englishman,Frederick William Flower, moved to Porto in 1834 at the age of 19 to work in the wine trade and subsequently became a pioneer of photography in Portugal. Like Dockery, he drew his inspiration from the city, the Douro river and the rural areas.
In 2005, the municipality funded apublic sculpture to be built in the Waterfront Plaza ofMatosinhos. The resulting sculpture is entitledShe Changes[91] by American artist,Janet Echelman, and spans the height of 50 × 150 × 150 metres.
Due to its long history, the city of Porto carries immense architectural patrimony. From theRomanesqueCathedral to the Social Housing projects developed through the late 20th century, much could be said surrounding architecture.
This historic area includes the cathedral with its Romanesque choir, the neoclassical Stock Exchange and the Manueline-style Church of Santa Clara. The entire historic centre has been a National Monument since 2001 under Law No. 107/2001. The "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar" is a Unesco World Heritage site.[16]
TheFrancesinha is the most popular native snack food in Porto. It is a kind of sandwich with several types of meat covered with cheese and a special sauce made with beer and other ingredients.
Rojões (fried pork meat) andsarrabulho (pig blood-based dish) are also typical dishes ofNorte Region which are very popular in the regional capital, the city of Porto. Like in almost all coastal areas of the Portuguese littoral with wide availability of fresh fish,sardinha assada (grilled sardine) is also a usual, classic main dish.
Port wine, an internationally renowned wine, is widely accepted as the city'sdessert wine, especially as the wine is made along theDouro River, which runs through the city.
Porto has several institutions of higher education, the largest one being the state-managedUniversity of Porto (Universidade do Porto), which is the second largest Portuguese university, after theUniversity of Lisbon, with approximately 28,000 students and considered one of the 100 best Universities in Europe.[94] There is also a state-managedpolytechnic institute, thePolytechnic Institute of Porto (a group of technical colleges), and private institutions like theLusíada University of Porto,Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), the Porto's Higher Education School of Arts (ESAP- Escola Superior Artística do Porto) and aVatican state university, thePortuguese Catholic University in Porto (Universidade Católica Portuguesa – Porto) and the Portucalense University in Porto (Universidade Portucalense – Infante D. Henrique). Due to the recognition, potential for employment and higher revenue, there are many students from the entire country, particularly from thenorth of Portugal, attending a college or university in Porto.
For foreigners wishing to study Portuguese in the city there are a number of options. As the most popular city in Portugal forERASMUS students, most universities have facilities to assist foreigners in learning the language[citation needed]. There are also several private language learning institutions in the city.
Porto, in addition to football stadia since football is by far the most popular sport in Porto and across the entire country, is home to many athletic sports arenas, most notably the city-ownedSuper Bock Arena (formerly Pavilhão Rosa Mota), swimming pools in the area ofConstituição (between theMarquês andBoavista), and other minor arenas, such as thePavilhão do Académico, as well as to other sports fields. These sports arenas, swimming pools and sports fields are used for the practice of sports, including varsity and competitive professional sports, in a diversity of sport disciplines ranging from handball, basketball, futsal and field hockey to rink hockey, volleyball, water polo and rugby.
Porto is home to northern Portugal's onlyCricket club, theOporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club. Annually, for more than 100 years, a match (theKendall Cup) has been played between the Oporto Club and the Casuals Club ofLisbon, in addition to regular games against touring teams (mainly from England). The club's pitch is located off theRua Campo Alegre.
As in most Portuguese cities,football is the most popular sport. There are two main teams in Porto:FC Porto in the parish ofCampanhã in the eastern part of the city, andBoavista in the area of Boavista in the parish ofRamalde, in the western part of the city, close to the city centre. FC Porto is one of the "Big Three" teams in the main Portuguese football league, and was European champion in 1987 and 2004, won the UEFA Cup (2003) and Europa League (2011) and the Intercontinental Toyota Cup in 1987 and 2004. Boavista have won the championship once, in the2000–01 season and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup in 2003, where they lost 2–1 toCeltic.
Formerly,Salgueiros fromParanhos was a regular first division club during the 1980s and 1990s but, due to financial indebtedness, the club folded in the 2000s. The club wasrefounded in 2008 and began playing at the regional level. They now play at the third level of Portugal's national football pyramid.
The biggest stadiums in the city are FC Porto'sEstádio do Dragão and Boavista'sEstádio do Bessa. The first team in Porto to own a stadium wasAcadémico, who played in theEstádio do Lima, Académico was one of the eight teams to dispute the first division. Salgueiros, sold the grounds ofEstádio Engenheiro Vidal Pinheiro field to thePorto Metro and planned on building a new field in theArca d'Água area of Porto. Located a few hundred metres away from the old grounds, it became impossible to build on this plot of land due to a large underground water pocket, and, consequently, they moved to theEstádio do Mar (owned byLeixões S.C.) in the neighboringMatosinhos municipality. For theEuro 2004 football competition, held in Portugal, the Estádio do Dragão was built (replacing the oldEstádio das Antas) and the Estádio do Bessa was renovated.
^abcd"Historic Centre of Porto".World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved30 October 2021.
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^Glover, Michael (1974).The Peninsular War 1807 – 1814, A Concise Military History. Penguin Books. pp. 96–97 description of the retreat of Soult along the Valongo and Amaranthe road.ISBN9780141390413.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Oporto" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–139, see page 139.The town is renowned in British military annals from the duke of Wellington's passage of the Douro, by which he surprised and put to flight the French army under Marshal Soult, capturing the city on the 12th of May 1809
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Oporto" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–139, see page 139.Oporto sustained a severe siege in 1832–1833, being bravely defended against the Miguehtes by Dom Pedro with 7000 soldiers; 16,000 of its inhabitants perished
^Manuel de Azeredo (December 1999),The Bridges of Porto – Technical Data, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto,archived from the original on 13 November 2013, retrieved12 August 2014
^Costa, Patrícia (2005)."Ponte de D. Luís (IPA no. 00005548)".SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (Information System for Architectural Heritage) (in Portuguese).Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved22 September 2014.
^A este propósito verQuental, Antero de (1982).Prosas sócio-políticas; publicadas e apresentadas por Joel Serrão (in Portuguese). Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda. p. 248. citado na secção "O Partido Republicano Português" deste artigo.
^Diário da Junta Governativa do Reino de Portugal. Colecção Completa, nº 1 (19 Jan 1919) – nº 16 (13 Fev 1919), Porto, J. Pereira da Silva, 1919.
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