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Demographics of Hong Kong

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Demographics ofHong Kong
Population pyramid of Hong Kong in 2020
Population7,503,100 (2024 est.)
Growth rate0.4% (2024 est.)
Birth rate4.43 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy83.61 years
 • male80.91 years
 • female86.46 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate0.75 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate2.55 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate1.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years13.04% (male 495,977/female 454,723)
15–64 years66.02% (male 2,164,667/female 2,646,774)
65 and over20.94% (male 706,761/female 819,265) (2023 est.)[1]
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.09 male(s)/female
65 and over0.71 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityChinese
Major ethnicCantonese people
Language
OfficialCantonese (88.9%), English (4.3%), Mandarin (1.9%)

Demographic features of the population ofHong Kong includepopulation density,ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace,religious affiliations, and other aspects.

Hong Kong is one of themost densely populated areas in the world, with an overall density of some 6,300 people per square kilometre.[2] At the same time, Hong Kong has one of the world's lowestbirth rates—0.68 per woman of child-bearing age as of 2022, far below the replacement rate of 2.1. It is estimated that 26.8% of the population will be aged 65 or more in 2033, up from 12.1% in 2005. Hong Kong recorded a crude birth rate of 8.2 per 1,000 people on average annually in 2005–2010.[3]

Ethnically, Hong Kong mainly consists of Chinese who constitute approximately 92% of the population.[4][5] Of these, manyoriginate from various regions inGuangdong. There are also a number of descendants of immigrants from elsewhere inSouthern China during and after theChinese Civil War.

Terminology

[edit]
Main article:Hongkongers

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, asHèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese:香港人;Cantonese Yale:Hèung Góng Yàhn;lit. 'Hong Kong people'); however, the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent, owing to Hong Kong's roughly 160-year colonial history that saw the civil servants and traders of British, Indian, Russian and other ethnic groups stationed in Hong Kong.

In English, the term 'Hongkongers' (or sometimes 'Hong Kongers') is also used to refer to Hong Kongese people, while the term 'Hongkongese' is sometimes used as an adjective to describe people or things related to Hong Kong.[6][7]

Population size and structure

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18417,450—    
185132,983+16.04%
1861119,320+13.72%
1871120,124+0.07%
1881160,402+2.93%
1891221,441+3.28%
1901368,987+5.24%
1911456,739+2.16%
1921625,166+3.19%
1931840,473+3.00%
19411,639,000+6.91%
1945600,000−22.22%
19512,070,000+22.92%
19613,128,648+4.22%
19713,936,630+2.32%
19815,183,400+2.79%
19915,752,000+1.05%
20016,714,300+1.56%
20117,071,600+0.52%
20217,413,070+0.47%
Sources:Census and Statistics Department,[8][9][10][11]CICRED,[12]Office for National Statistics[13]

The following census data is available for Hong Kong between the years 1841–2011. In 2011, Hong Kong had a population of just over 7 million, with a density of approximately 6,300 people per square kilometer. This makes Hong Kong the fourth mostdensely populated region in the world, afterMacau,Monaco, and Singapore.[2]

Population graph of Hong Kong

Age groups

[edit]

United Nations data

[edit]

According to United Nations estimates from 1 July 2013, Hong Kong's population is distributed in the following age ranges, with the largest age group represented being 50–54 years:[14]

Population,fertility rate andnet reproduction rate, United Nations estimates
Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total3,330,7003,856,8007,187,500100
0–4134,500125,700260,2003.62
5–9128,000120,200248,2003.45
10–14149,100139,600288,7004.02
15–19208,000196,300404,3005.63
20–24226,400230,700457,1006.36
25–29221,800295,800517,6007.20
30–34231,900343,200575,1008.00
35–39229,500331,000560,5007.80
40–44239,800338,700578,5008.05
45–49271,000337,900608,9008.47
50–54313,500341,100654,6009.11
55–59281,300287,900569,2007.92
60–64220,000223,100443,1006.16
65–69148,800146,400295,2004.11
70–74109,600103,700213,3002.97
75–79100,600109,900210,5002.93
80–8469,50088,400157,9002.20
85+47,40097,200144,6002.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14411,600385,500797,10011.09
15–642,443,2002,925,7005,368,90074.70
65+475,900545,6001,021,50014.21

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):[15]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total3 416 3004 065 5007 481 800100
0–4137 400127 400264 8003.54
5–9154 600144 800299 4004.00
10–14154 400150 700305 1004.08
15–19140 100133 500273 6003.66
20–24192 600191 900384 5005.14
25–29224 600257 300481 9006.44
30–34229 800320 400550 2007.35
35–39237 500369 300606 8008.11
40–44226 300343 500569 8007.62
45–49241 500339 700581 2007.77
50–54241 400315 400556 8007.44
55–59301 200343 300644 5008.61
60–64292 400299 000591 4007.90
65–69223 200229 900453 1006.06
70–74165 200171 500336 7004.50
75–7995 10095 200190 3002.54
80–8479 90094 000173 9002.32
85+79 100138 700217 8002.91
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14446 400422 900869 30011.62
15–642 327 4002 913 3005 240 70070.05
65+642 500729 3001 371 80018.34

Hong Kong government data

[edit]

The Hong Kong government provides the following estimates for mid-2013:[16]

agepercentagemalesfemales
0–14 years11.0%408,000382,600
15–24 years11.7%424,500417,900
25–34 years15.2%454,900639,700
35–44 years15.9%471,500671,800
45–54 years17.7%587,900681,700
55–64 years14.2%503,700512,600
65 and over14.3%479,500547,700
Median age: 45.0 (2013 est.)
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.

Vital statistics

[edit]

The following table showsbirth rates andmortality rates in Hong Kong between 1950 and 2023.[17][18][19]

At the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had one of the lowest birth rates in the world. However, the number of births doubled in the decade between 2001 and 2011, largely due to an increase in the number of children born in Hong Kong to women with residence in mainland China. In 2001 there were 7,810 births to Mainland women (16%) out of a total of 48,219 births. By 2009 it increased to 37,253 births to Mainland women (45%) out of a total of 82,095 births.[20]

Registered births and deaths

[edit]
Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1,000)Crude death rate (per 1,000)Natural change (per 1,000)TFR
19501,974,00060,60018,46542,13530.79.421.3
19512,044,00068,50020,58047,92034.010.223.8
19522,141,00071,97619,45952,51733.99.224.7
19532,253,00075,54418,30057,24433.78.225.5
19542,371,00083,31719,28364,03435.28.227.1
19552,490,00090,51119,08071,43136.37.728.7
19562,607,00096,74619,29577,45137.07.429.6
19572,721,00097,83419,36578,46935.87.128.7
19582,834,000106,62420,55486,07037.47.230.2
19592,951,000104,57920,25084,32935.26.828.4
19603,075,000110,66719,14691,52136.16.229.95.014
19613,207,000108,72618,73889,98834.35.928.45.030
19623,344,000119,16620,93398,23336.16.329.74.980
19633,477,000118,41320,34098,07334.65.928.74.857
19643,596,000111,43618,65792,77931.85.326.54.665
19653,692,000106,36218,16088,20229.65.024.54.422
19663,763,00096,43619,26177,17526.65.321.34.152
19673,812,00094,36820,23474,13425.35.419.93.887
19683,850,00083,64119,44464,19722.05.116.93.649
19693,889,00082,48219,25663,22621.35.016.43.448
19703,942,00079,13219,99659,13620.05.114.93.284
19714,009,00079,78920,37459,41519.75.014.73.459
19724,088,00080,34421,39758,94719.55.214.33.315
19734,180,00082,25221,25161,00119.55.014.53.177
19744,283,00083,58921,87961,71019.35.114.32.967
19754,396,00079,79021,59158,16817.94.913.02.666
19764,519,00078,51122,62855,88317.45.112.32.480
19774,652,00080,02223,33156,69117.55.112.42.376
19784,788,00080,95723,81657,14117.35.112.22.272
19794,919,00081,97525,11056,86516.85.111.72.120
19805,039,00085,29024,99560,29517.04.912.12.047
19815,145,00086,75124,82261,92916.84.812.01.933
19825,239,00086,12025,38460,73616.44.811.51.860
19835,322,00083,29326,51256,78115.65.010.61.722
19845,394,00077,29725,51051,78714.44.79.71.559
19855,456,00076,12625,24850,87814.04.69.31.491
19865,508,00071,62025,90245,71813.04.78.31.367
19875,551,00069,95826,91643,04212.64.87.81.311
19885,592,00075,41227,65947,75313.44.98.51.400
19895,641,00069,62128,74540,87612.35.17.21.296
19905,704,00067,73129,13638,59512.05.16.91.272
19915,786,00068,28128,42939,85212.04.97.11.281
19925,884,00070,94930,55040,39912.35.27.11.347
19935,992,00070,45130,57139,88012.05.16.91.342
19946,101,00071,64629,90541,74111.94.97.01.355
19956,206,00068,63731,46837,16911.25.16.11.295
19966,304,00063,29132,17631,1159.95.14.81.191
19976,492,00059,25031,73827,5129.14.94.21.127
19986,550,00052,97732,84720,1308.15.03.11.016
19996,611,00051,28133,25518,0267.85.02.70.981
20006,675,00054,13433,75820,3768.15.13.11.032
20016,721,00048,21933,37814,8417.25.02.20.931
20026,728,00048,20934,26713,9427.15.12.00.941
20036,745,00046,96536,9719,9947.05.51.50.901
20046,781,00049,79636,91812,8787.35.41.90.922
20056,818,00057,09838,83018,2688.45.72.70.959
20066,871,00065,62637,45728,1699.65.54.10.984
20076,921,00070,87539,47631,39910.25.74.51.028
20086,951,00078,82241,79637,02611.36.05.31.064
20096,980,00082,09541,17540,92011.85.95.91.055
20107,024,00088,58442,19446,39012.66.06.61.127
20117,072,00095,45142,34653,10513.55.97.61.204
20127,155,00091,55843,91747,64112.86.16.71.285
20137,187,00057,08443,39713,6877.96.01.91.125
20147,242,00062,30545,08717,2188.66.22.41.235
20157,306,00059,87846,10813,7708.26.31.91.196
20167,337,00060,85646,90513,9518.36.41.91.205
20177,410,00056,54846,8299,7197.76.31.41.125
20187,451,00053,71647,4006,3167.26.30.91.080
20197,507,40052,85648,9573,8997.06.50.51.064
20207,481,80043,03150,666−7,6355.86.8−1.00.883
20217,413,10036,95351,354−14,4015.06.9−1.90.772
20227,346,10032,51262,100−29,4884.48.4−4.00.701
20237,498,10033,28856,776−23,4884.47.6−3.20.751
20247,534,20036,76752,366−15,5994.96.8−1.9
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.

Death rates by leading causes of death

[edit]
No. of deaths per 100,000 population by leading causes of death (based on ICD 10th revision).[21]Red: increased compared with 2001.
Cause of death200120112021
1.Malignant neoplasms169.9187.2203.8
2.Pneumonia45.187.8132.6
3.Diseases of heart7089.689
4.Cerebrovascular46.647.242.2
5.External causes of
morbidity and mortality		27.522.226.7
6.Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome and nephrosis		15.721.824
7.Dementia3.810.620.2
8.Septicaemia6.310.816.8
9.Chronic lower
respiratory diseases		31.527.814.3
10.Diabetes mellitus10.16.57.4
All other causes69.785118.1
All causes496596.6695.2

Life expectancy

[edit]

Hong Kong is the territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the United Nations.

PeriodLife expectancy in
years		PeriodLife expectancy in
years
1950–195563.11985–199077.0
1955–196065.91990–199578.1
1960–196568.81995–200080.0
1965–197070.92000–200581.4
1970–197572.52005–201082.4
1975–198073.72010–201583.4
1980–198575.6

Source:UN World Population Prospects[22]

Marriage and fertility

[edit]

According toThe World Factbook in 2006, the average marriage age in Hong Kong was 30 years for males and 27 years for females, and the population was subdivided into the following categories:

Marital status

[edit]
Married
57.8%
3,423,995
Never married
32%
1,920,522
Divorced
3.2%
189,563
Separated
0.6%
34,722

Ethnicity

[edit]

According to Hong Kong census data more than 90% of the population are Chinese. The largest minority are Filipino with over 200,000 in 2021, almost doubled since 2006. Other minorities include Indonesians, Indians, Nepalese and Whites.

Census data from 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021.[23]
Ethnic
group		2006 By-census2011 Census2016 By-census2021 Census
Number%Number%Number%Number%
Chinese6,522,148
95.0%
6,620,393
93.6%
6,752,202
92.0%
6,793,502
91.6%
Filipino112,453
1.6%
133,018
1.9%
184,081
2.5%
201,291
2.7%
Indonesian87,840
1.3%
133,377
1.9%
153,299
2.1%
142,065
1.9%
White36,384
0.5%
55,236
0.8%
58,209
0.8%
61,582
0.8%
Indian20,444
0.3%
28,616
0.4%
36,462
0.5%
42,569
0.6%
Nepalese15,950
0.2%
16,518
0.2%
25,472
0.3%
29,701
0.4%
Pakistani11,111
0.2%
18,042
0.3%
18,094
0.2%
24,385
0.3%
Thai11,900
0.2%
11,213
0.2%
10,215
0.1%
12,972
0.2%
Japanese13,189
0.2%
12,580
0.2%
9,976
0.1%
10,291
0.1%
Other Asian12,663
0.2%
12,247
0.2%
19,589
0.3%
10,574
0.1%
Others20,264
0.3%
30,336
0.4%
68,986
0.9%
70,124
0.9%
Total6,864,3467,071,5767,336,5857,413,070

Chinese

[edit]
Ethnic groups in Hong Kong (2021)[23][24]
Ethnic groups (alone)
Chinese
 
91.6%
Filipino
 
2.7%
Indonesian
 
1.9%
South Asians
 
1.4%
Other
 
3%

Historically, the majorChinese groups in Hong Kong include theCantonese (includingPunti andToishanese),Hakka,Hoklo,[25] andTanka (mostly Cantonese speakers).[26] ThePunti, andTanka people in Hong Kong are largely descendants of the indigenous population, while theHakka andHoklo groups are composed of both indigenous groups and more recent migrants.

MostTeochew-speaking migrants immigrated to Hong Kong between the late 1940s and early 1970s, while migrants fromFujian (previouslySouthern Min speakers, and increasingly moreCentral Min andNorthern Min speakers) have constituted a growing number of migrants since 1978.[27] Many Yue-speaking people such as Taishanese and Cantonese also migrated after 1949.

According to the 2016 by-census, 92% of the Hong Kong population belongs to a Chinese ethnicity.[4] The Hong Kong census does not currently categorise Han Chinese subgroups nor does it differentiate other Chinese ethnicities, although in the past the census would collect information on language and dialect use.[28] However, the majority of Hongkongers of Chinese descent trace their ancestry to various parts of Southern China: theGuangzhou area, followed bySiyi (Toishanese people),Chaoshan (a region of Eastern Guangdong home toTeochew speakers),Fujian, andShanghai.[29] SomeCantonese people also originate fromHakka-speaking villages in theNew Territories.[30]

Stanley Market

Ethnic minorities

[edit]

8% of the population of Hong Kong are categorised as "ethnic minorities", including a large number ofFilipinos andIndonesians, who together make up approximately 4.6% of the population.[31][32][33] However, the majority of the Filipinos and Indonesians population are short-termed foreign domestic helpers. After excluding foreign domestic helpers, the number of ethnic minorities was 263,593 in 2016, making up 3.6% of the whole Hong Kong population.[34]

Circa 2018 there were about 2,000 people of African origins with about 800–1,000 inYuen Long.[35]Chungking Mansions is another area of settlement and employment. Some Africans seeking to asylum travelled to Hong Kong as of June 2020.[36] According toLingnan University professor Lisa Leung Yuk-ming, African settlement began in the 1990s. The Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會) is an ethnic association for those people.[37]

A Thai community began in Hong Kong when Thai women travelled with their husbands, ofChaozhou (Chiu Chow) origin, to Hong Kong in the 1970s. In 2016, Hong Kong had about 10,215 Thai residents, with around 33% residing inKowloon City.[38]

Nationality

[edit]

Due to its history as trading, business, and tourism hub, a large number of expatriates live inHong Kong, representing 8% of the population.[39] The following lists ethnic groups with significant presence in Hong Kong in alphabetical order by category:

Language

[edit]
Main article:Languages of Hong Kong

As a former British colony, Hong Kong has 2 official languages:English, andChinese, although the specific variety of Chinese is not specified. The majority of the population usesCantonese as their usual spoken language. However, due to Hong Kong's role as an international trade and finance hub, there are also a wide variety of minority groups speaking dozens of languages present in the territory.

Language usually spoken at home (5+)1961[40]1971[41]1991[42]1996[43]2001[44]2006[45]2011[45]2016[45]2021[39]
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Cantonese2,076,21079.03,469,23588.14,583,32288.65,196,24088.75,726,97289.26,030,96090.86,095,21389.56,264,70088.96,382,94788.2
Mandarin26,0211.0405,14710.257,5771.165,8921.155,4100.960,8590.994,3991.4131,4061.9165,5412.3
Other Chinese languages348,54413.3364,6947.1340,2225.8352,5625.5289,0274.4273,7454.0221,2473.1204,5712.8
English31,8241.241,1191.1114,0842.2184,3083.1203,5983.2187,2812.8238,2883.5300,4174.3330,7824.6
Other languages17,9110.721,1290.649,2321.073,8791.379,1971.272,2171.1106,7881.6131,1991.9149,3762.1
Total2,628,9423,936,6305,168,9095,860,5416,417,7396,640,3446,808,4337,048,9697,179,127

However, a very large proportion of the population in Hong Kong are able to communicate in multiple languages. The school system is separated into English-medium and Chinese-medium school, both of which teach English and Mandarin.

Proportion of population (5+) able to speak selected languages[45]
1991[44]1996[44]2001[44]2006[45]2011[45]2016[45]2021[39]
%%%%%%%
Cantonese
95.8%
95.2%
96.1%
96.5%
95.8%
94.6%
93.7%
English
31.6%
38.1%
43.0%
44.7%
46.1%
53.2%
58.7%
Mandarin
18.1%
25.3%
34.1%
40.2%
47.8%
48.6%
54.2%
Hakka
5.3%
4.9%
5.1%
4.7%
4.7%
4.2%
3.6%
Hokkien
3.6%
3.9%
3.9%
3.4%
3.5%
3.6%
3.1%
Tagalog
1.1%
1.8%
1.9%
1.4%
1.7%
2.7%
2.8%
Chiu Chow
5.4%
5.0%
4.8%
3.9%
3.8%
3.4%
2.8%
Bahasa Indonesia
0.7%
0.9%
1.3%
1.7%
2.4%
2.7%
2.5%
Japanese
1.0%
1.2%
1.4%
1.2%
1.5%
1.8%
2.1%
Shanghainese
1.8%
1.6%
1.5%
1.2%
1.1%
1.1%
0.8%

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in Hong Kong
Religion in Hong Kong (2016)[46]
  1. No religion (54.3%)
  2. OrganisedBuddhism andTaoism (27.9%)
  3. Protestantism (6.7%)
  4. Catholicism (5.3%)
  5. Islam (4.2%)
  6. Hinduism (1.4%)
  7. Sikhism (0.2%)
TheTian Tan Buddha onLantau Island.
People honouring gods in adajiao celebration, theCheung Chau Bun Festival.

Over half of all people (56.1% as of 2010) are not religious.[47] Religious people in Hong Kong follow a diverse range of religions, among whichTaoist andBuddhist (specificallyChinese Buddhism) faiths are common for people of Chinese descent.

Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion.[48] As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies.[47]

The Christian beliefs ofProtestantism (with 500,000 members) andCatholicism (401,000 members) are also common, as well as non-organised Chinesefolk religions, whose followers may state that they are not religious.

Traditional religions including Chinese Buddhism were discouraged underBritish rule, which officially represented Christianity.[49] The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China has led to a resurgence of Buddhist and Chinese religions.[49]

Estimated number of adherents in Hong Kong by religion[50][51]
Region20082009201020112012201320162021
Buddhists> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million
Taoists≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million
Protestant320,000320,000480,000480,000480,000≈ 500,000500,000500,000
Catholics350,000350,000353,000363,000363,000368,000384,000401,000
Muslims220,000220,000220,000220,000270,000300,000300,000300,000
Hindu40,00040,00040,00040,00040,00040,000100,000100,000
Sikhs10,00010,00010,00010,00010,00010,00012,00012,000

See also

[edit]
Demographics and culture of Hong Kong
Demographics
Culture
Other Hong Kong topics
Part of a series on
Ethnicity in Hong Kong

References

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Further reading

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