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Polypropylene glycol

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Polypropylene glycol
Names
Other names
Propylene oxide homopolymer
Poly (propene oxide)
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard100.105.547Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
Properties
C3nH6n+2On+1
Molar mass58.08n + 18.08 (repeat unit), mass of polymer variable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Chemical compound

Polypropylene glycol orpolypropylene oxide is thepolymer (or macromolecule) ofpropylene glycol.[1] Chemically it is apolyether, and, more generally speaking, it's a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) H S Code 3907.2000. The term polypropylene glycol orPPG is reserved for polymer of low- to medium-rangemolar mass when the nature of theend-group, which is usually ahydroxyl group, still matters. The term "oxide" is used for high-molar-mass polymer when end-groups no longer affect polymer properties. Between 60 and 70% of propylene oxide is converted topolyether polyols by the process calledalkoxylation.[2]

Polymerization

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Polypropylene glycol is produced byring-opening polymerization ofpropylene oxide. Theinitiator is analcohol and thecatalyst abase, usuallypotassium hydroxide. When the initiator isethylene glycol orwater the polymer is linear. With a multifunctional initiator likeglycerine,pentaerythritol orsorbitol the polymer branches out.

Polypropylene glycol
Polypropylene glycol

Conventionalpolymerization of propylene oxide results in anatactic polymer. Theisotactic polymer can be produced fromoptically active propylene oxide, but at a high cost. Asalencobaltcatalyst was reported in 2005 to provide isotactic polymerization of theprochiral propylene oxide[3]

Cobalt catalyst for isotactic polypropylene oxide

Properties

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PPG has many properties in common withpolyethylene glycol. The polymer is a liquid at room temperature.Solubility in water decreases rapidly with increasingmolar mass. Secondary hydroxyl groups in PPG are less reactive than primary hydroxyl groups in polyethylene glycol. PPG is less toxic than PEG, so biotechnologicals are now mainly produced with PPG.[4][5][6]

Difference in water solubility of PPG4000 and PPG400

Uses

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PPG is used in manypolyurethane formulations.[7][8] Synthesis of waterborne polymers has been a feature with this substance.[9] As the basic building block ispropylene oxide, there are 3 carbons per oxygen on the backbone. This confers some degree of water miscibility though not as good asethylene oxide based molecules.[10] It is used to synthesize theepoxyreactive diluent and flexibilizer,Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether.[11][12] Another use of PPG is as a surfactant, wetting agent and dispersant in leather finishing.[13] PPG is also employed as a reference and calibrant inmass spectrometry andHPLC.[14][15] PPG and derivatives may be used asdefoamers in drilling and other applications.[16][17] It is also used as a primary ingredient in the making ofpaintballs.[18] It has been evaluated as acorrosion inhibitor.[19]

References

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  1. ^"2-(2-Hydroxypropoxy)propan-1-ol".PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved2022-11-14.
  2. ^Adam N, Avar G, Blankenheim H, Friederichs W, Giersig M, Weigand E, et al. (2005). "Polyurethanes".Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_665.pub2.ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
  3. ^Peretti KL, Ajiro H, Cohen CT, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (August 2005). "A highly active, isospecific cobalt catalyst for propylene oxide polymerization".Journal of the American Chemical Society.127 (33):11566–7.doi:10.1021/ja053451y.PMID 16104709.
  4. ^Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Rosenblum J, Linden K, Ryan JN (February 2017)."Identification of polypropylene glycols and polyethylene glycol carboxylates in flowback and produced water from hydraulic fracturing".Journal of Hazardous Materials. Special Issue on Emerging Contaminants in engineered and natural environment.323 (Pt A):11–17.doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.041.PMID 26947804.
  5. ^Wang R, Hughes T, Beck S, Vakil S, Li S, Pantano P, Draper RK (November 2013)."Generation of toxic degradation products by sonication of Pluronic® dispersants: implications for nanotoxicity testing".Nanotoxicology.7 (7):1272–1281.doi:10.3109/17435390.2012.736547.PMC 3657567.PMID 23030523.
  6. ^Thangavelu SA, Mukherjee M, Layana K, Kumar CD, Sulthana YR, Kumar RR, et al. (2020-06-15). "Biodegradable polyurethanes foam and foam fullerenes nanocomposite strips by one-shot moulding: Physicochemical and mechanical properties".Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing.112: 105018.doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105018.ISSN 1369-8001.S2CID 213206957.
  7. ^Chattopadhyay DK, Raju NP, Vairamani M, Raju KV (2008-04-01). "Structural investigations of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) based polyurethane prepolymer by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)-mass spectrometry".Progress in Organic Coatings.62 (2):117–122.doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.09.021.ISSN 0300-9440.
  8. ^Xu Z, Cui Y, Li T, Dang H, Li J, Cheng F (July 2020). "Enhanced Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Poly(propylene glycol)‐Based Star‐Shaped Polyurethane".Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics.221 (13): 2000082.doi:10.1002/macp.202000082.ISSN 1022-1352.S2CID 225563251.
  9. ^US 10920011, Kim KJ, Hu R, Grove JL, "Water soluble polymers and polymer adducts along with aqueous solutions thereof Patent", issued 16 February 2021, assigned to Arkema Inc 
  10. ^Howarth GA (April 1997).Synthesis of a legislation compliant corrosion protection coating system based on urethane, oxazolidine and waterborne epoxy technology (Master of Science thesis). London: Imperial College. pp. 36–28,52–60.
  11. ^Crivello JV (2006)."Design and synthesis of multifunctional glycidyl ethers that undergo frontal polymerization".Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry.44 (21):6435–6448.Bibcode:2006JPoSA..44.6435C.doi:10.1002/pola.21761.ISSN 0887-624X.
  12. ^US 5162547, Roth M, Wolleb H, Truffer MA, "Process for the preparation of glycidyl ethers", published 1992-11-10, assigned toCiba-Geigy Corp. 
  13. ^Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Grześkowiak T, Zembrzuska J, Łukaszewski Z (July 2006). "Comparison of biodegradation of poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(propylene glycol)s".Chemosphere.64 (5):803–809.Bibcode:2006Chmsp..64..803Z.doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.056.PMID 16343594.
  14. ^Rychłowska J, Zgoła A, Grześkowiak T, Lukaszewski Z (December 2003). "Isolation of poly(propylene glycol)s from water for quantitative analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography".Journal of Chromatography A.1021 (1–2):11–17.doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.003.PMID 14735971.
  15. ^Castillo M, Ventura F, Barceló D (1999-04-01)."Sequential solid phase extraction protocol followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry for the trace determination of non ionic polyethoxylated surfactants in tannery wastewaters".Waste Management.19 (2):101–110.doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00004-5.ISSN 0956-053X.
  16. ^Tan SN, Pugh RJ, Fornasiero D, Sedev R, Ralston J (February 2005). "Foaming of polypropylene glycols and glycol/MIBC mixtures ]".Minerals Engineering. Reagents '04.18 (2):179–188.doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2004.08.017.ISSN 0892-6875.
  17. ^Bava L, Mahmoudkhani A, Wilson R, Levy L (2013-03-23)."New Generation of "Green" Defoamers for Challenging Drilling and Cementing Applications".New Generation of Green Defoamers for Challenging Drilling and Cementing Applications. OnePetro.doi:10.2118/164504-MS.
  18. ^Dhiman M, Singh K, Gupta DP, Singh DP, Upmanyu A (2020-05-04)."Study of excess acoustical and thermo-dynamical parameters of binary solutions of polypropylene glycol-400 and n-alkanols at 303 K".AIP Conference Proceedings.2220 (1): 080001.doi:10.1063/5.0001107.ISSN 0094-243X.S2CID 218923617.
  19. ^Solomon MM, Umoren SA, Israel AU, Etim IG (January 2016). "Synergistic inhibition of aluminium corrosion in H2SO4 solution by polypropylene glycol in the presence of iodide ions".Pigment & Resin Technology.45 (4):280–293.doi:10.1108/PRT-01-2015-0010.ISSN 0369-9420.

External websites

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