Politics of Zimbabwe
Constitution Constitutional history Human rights
Government President Emmerson Mnangagwa Vice-President Constantino Chiwenga Kembo Mohadi Cabinet
Legislature Parliament Senate President National Assembly Speaker Constituencies
Judiciary Supreme Court
Elections General 1980198519901995200020052008201320182023 Referendums 20002013 Electoral Commission Political parties
Administrative divisions Provinces Districts Wards
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Thepolitics ofZimbabwe occurs in a society deeply divided along lines of race, ethnicity, gender and geography.^[1] TheZANU–PF party has historically been dominant in Zimbabwe politics.^[1] The party, which was led byRobert Mugabe from 1980 to 2017, has used the powers of the state to intimidate, imprison and otherwise hobble political opposition in Zimbabwe, as well as use state funds and state media to advance the interests of the party.^[1]

Per the 2013Constitution, Zimbabwe is a fullpresidentialrepublic, whereby thePresident is thehead of state andgovernment.Executive power is exercised by the government.Legislative power is vested in both the government andparliament. The status of Zimbabwean politics has been thrown into question by a2017 coup.

Zimbabwe has been undergoing an economic crisis since the late 1990s.^[1]

The Zimbabwean Constitution, initially from theLancaster House Agreement a few months before the1980 elections, chaired byLord Carrington, institutionalises majority rule and protection of minority rights. Since independence, the Constitution has been amended by the government to provide for:

• The abolition of seats reserved forwhites in the country's parliament in 1987;^[2]
• The abolition of the office ofprime minister in 1987 and the creation of an executive presidency.^[2] (The office was restored in 2009, and abolished again in 2013.)
• The abolition of theSenate in 1990 (reintroduced in 2005), and the creation of appointed seats in the House of Assembly.^[2]

The elected government controls senior appointments in the public service, including themilitary andpolice, and ensures that appointments at lower levels are made on an equitable basis by the independentPublic Service Commission.

ZANU-PF leaderRobert Mugabe, elected prime minister in 1980, revised the constitution in 1987 to make himself president. President Mugabe's affiliated party won every election from independence on April 18, 1980, until it lost the parliamentary elections inMarch 2008 to theMovement for Democratic Change. In some quarters corruption and rigging elections have been alleged. In particular the elections of 1990 were nationally and internationally condemned as being rigged, with the second-placed party,Edgar Tekere's Zimbabwe Unity Movement, winning only 20% of the vote. Presidential elections were held in2002 amid allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation, andfraud, and again in March 2008.

Ethnic rivalry between theShona andNdebele has played a large part in Zimbabwe's politics, a consequence of the country's borders defined by its British colonial rulers. This continued after independence in 1980, during theGukurahundi ethnic cleansing liberation wars inMatabeleland in the 1980s. This led to the political merger ofJoshua Nkomo'sZimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) with the rulingZimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) to form ZANU-PF and the appointment of Nkomo asvice president.

During 2005, with Mugabe's future in question, factionalism within theShona has increased.^[3] In October 2005 it was alleged that members of the ruling ZANU-PF and the opposition MDC had held secret meetings in London and Washington to discuss plans for a new Zimbabwe after Robert Mugabe.^[4] On February 6, 2007, Mugabe orchestrated a Cabinet reshuffle, ousting ministers including 5-year veteran Minister of FinanceHerbert Murerwa.

Since the defeat of the constitutionalreferendum in 2000, politics in Zimbabwe has been marked by a move from the norms ofdemocratic governance, such as democratic elections, the independence of the judiciary, the rule of law, freedom from racial discrimination, the existence of independent media, civil society and academia.^[5] Recent years have seen widespread violations ofhuman rights.

Elections have been marked by political violence and intimidation, along with the politicisation of the judiciary,military,police force and public services.^[6] Statements by the President and government politicians have referred to a state of war, orChimurenga, against the opposition political parties, in particular theMovement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T). Newspapers not aligned with the government have been closed down and members of the judiciary have been threatened and/or arrested. Repressive laws aimed at preventing freedoms of speech, assembly and association have been implemented and subjectively enforced. Members of the opposition are routinely arrested and harassed, with some subjected to torture or sentenced to jail. The legal system has come under increasing threat. The MDC has repeatedly attempted to use the legal system to challenge the ruling ZANU-PF, but the rulings, often in favour of the MDC, have not been taken into account by the police.^[7]

Political power in Zimbabwe is split between three branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches, with the President as the head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister the head of the legislative branch and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe the head of the judicial branch.

Under the present Zimbabwean Constitution, the President's powers can be grouped roughly into the following categories:

• Power over the Legislature, namely the power to summon, adjourn and dissolve Parliament, and the power to appoint members of Parliament.
• Power over the Judiciary, namely the power to appoint judges and other members of the judiciary.
• Power to appoint members of the Executive, namely Cabinet Ministers and administrative officers such as public servants.
• Power to appoint ambassadors and members of constitutional Commissions.
• Power over the security forces, namely the Defence Forces and the Police.
• Legislative power, namely the power to enact legislation.
• Power to declare war and make peace
• Miscellaneous powers, such as the exercise of the prerogative of mercy and the power to confer honours and precedence. The grant of a pardon or respite from execution of sentence or the substitution or suspension of a sentence must be published in the Gazette.^[8]

Under Zimbabwe's Constitution, the president is the head of state, government and commander-in-chief of the defense forces, elected by popular majority vote. Prior to 2013, the president was elected for a 6-year term with no term limits. The new constitution approved in the2013 constitutional referendum limits the president to two 5-year terms, but this does not take effect retrospectively (Robert Mugabe had held the office from 1987 to 2017).

The Cabinet is appointed by the president and responsible to the House of Assembly.

TheMinister of State for Presidential Affairs is a non-cabinet ministerial position in the government of Zimbabwe. The incumbent isDidymus Mutasa.^[9] The duties of the position have yet to be publicly defined.

Parliament consists of theHouse of Assembly and, since 2005, theSenate, which had previously been abolished in 1990. The House of Assembly has 210 members elected by universal suffrage, including the Speaker, and theAttorney General, and may serve for a maximum of five years.^[10] Under the2013 constitution, the Senate consists of 80 members, of whom 60 are elected for five-year terms in 6-member constituencies representing one of the 10 provinces, elected based on the votes in the lower house election, usingparty-list proportional representation, distributed using thehare quota. Additionally the Senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected by each provincial assembly of chiefs usingSNTV,^[11] 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of theNational Council of Chiefs and 1 male and 1 female seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots usingFPTP by an electoral college designated by the National Disability Board.^[12][13]

The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of theSupreme Court of Zimbabwe who, like their contemporaries, is appointed by the President on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. The Constitution has a Bill of Rights containing extensive protection of human rights. The Bill of Rights could not be amended for the first 10 years of independence except by unanimous vote of Parliament.

The Supreme Court is the highest court of order and the final court of appeal. The Chief Justice is the senior judge. Others who sit on the bench of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe are JusticePaddington Garwe, former Judge-President of the High Court, Wilson Sandura and Vernanda Ziyambi.Luke Malaba, a former justice of the Supreme Court, was appointed acting chief justice on 1 March 2017 following the retirement of Chief JusticeGodfrey Chidyausiku. Malaba was promoted to chief justice on 28 March.^[14]

The legal system is based onRoman-Dutch law withSouth African influences. A five-member Supreme Court, headed by the Chief-Justice has original jurisdiction over alleged violations of fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution and appellate jurisdiction over other matters. There is a High Court consisting of general and appellate divisions. Below the High Court are regional magistrate's courts with civil jurisdiction and magistrate's courts with both civil and criminal jurisdiction over cases involving traditional law and custom. Beginning in 1981, these courts were integrated into the national system.

List of chief justices of Zimbabwe:

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Main articles:Provinces of Zimbabwe,Districts of Zimbabwe

Mnangagwa was re-elected president.^[16]

The National Assembly has 210 single-member constituencies, the results of which are shown below.^[18] The remaining 70 seats comprises 60 seats which are reserved for women, six seats in each province, and 10 seats for youth, one seat in each province, which are filled based on the votes in the single-member constituencies using party-list proportional representation, distributed using the largest remainder method and the Hare quota.

On election day itself ZANU–PF won 136 seats and the CCC 73, with ZANU–PF retaining its rural base and the CCC capturing the urban vote.^[19][20][21] Voting in theGutu West constituency was postponed to 11 November after one of the candidates died shortly before the elections.^[22] Following the parliamentary election in Gutu West, 65.24% of the constituency seats went to ZANU-PF and 34.76% of the constituency seats went to the CCC.^[23]

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				Common	Women	Youth	Total	+/–
	ZANU–PF	2,515,607	56.18	137	33	7	177	–2
	Citizens Coalition for Change	1,856,393	41.46	73	27	3	103	New
	Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai	15,307	0.34	0	0	0	0	–88
	Zimbabwe African People's Union	10,857	0.24	0	0	0	0	0
	United Zimbabwe Alliance	4,937	0.11	0	0	0	0	New
	National Constitutional Assembly	2,462	0.05	0	0	0	0	0
	Democratic Opposition Party	2,105	0.05	0	0	0	0	New
	FreeZim Congress	1,926	0.04	0	0	0	0	0
	Democratic Union of Zimbabwe	1,881	0.04	0	0	0	0	0
	Mthwakazi Republic Party	1,641	0.04	0	0	0	0	0
	Zimbabwe National Revival Party	1,271	0.03	0	0	0	0	New
	Zimbabwe African National Congress	628	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	United African National Council	574	0.01	0	0	0	0	0
	Zimbabwe Coalition for Peace and Development Party	434	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	National People’s Congress	297	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	Economic Freedom Fighters	286	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	United Freedom Party	187	0.00	0	0	0	0	New
	Freedom Alliance	148	0.00	0	0	0	0	New
	Independents	60,445	1.35	0	0	0	0	–1
Total		4,477,386	100.00	210	60	10	280	+10
Source:Zimbabwe Electoral CommissionZimbabwe Elections

Party		Seats	+/–
	ZANU–PF	33	–1
	Citizens Coalition for Change	27	New
Chiefs		18	0
Persons with disabilities		2	0
Total		80	0
Source:Zimbabwe Electoral Commission

Zimbabwe participates in the followingPan-African andinternational organisations:

• Education in Zimbabwe
• Political history of Zimbabwe
• Politics of Rhodesia

• Politics of Zimbabwe

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