| Plesiadapis | |
|---|---|
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| Reconstructed skeleton ofP. cookei at theUniversity of Michigan Museum of Natural History | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Plesiadapiformes |
| Family: | †Plesiadapidae |
| Genus: | †Plesiadapis Gervais, 1877 |
| Type species | |
| †Plesiadapis tricuspidens | |
Plesiadapis is one of the oldest knownprimate-likemammal genera which existed about 58–55 million years ago in North America and Europe.[2][3]Plesiadapis means "near-Adapis", which is a reference to theadapiform primate of theEocene period,Adapis.Plesiadapis tricuspidens, the type specimen, is named after the three cusps present on its upper incisors.
The first discovery ofPlesiadapis was made byFrançois Louis Paul Gervaise in 1877, who first discoveredPlesiadapis tricuspidens in France. The type specimen is MNHN Crl-16, and is a left mandibular fragment dated to the early Eocene epoch.
Thisgenus probably arose in North America and colonized Europe on a land bridge viaGreenland. Thanks to the abundance of the genus and to its rapid evolution, species ofPlesiadapis play an important role in the zonation ofLate Paleocene continental sediments and in the correlation of faunas on both sides of the Atlantic. Two remarkableskeletons ofPlesiadapis, one of them nearly complete, have been found in lake deposits at Menat, France.[2] Although the preservation of the hard parts is poor, these skeletons still show remains of skin and hair as a carbonaceous film—something unique amongPaleocene mammals. Details of the bones are better preserved in fossils from Cernay, also in France, wherePlesiadapis is one of the most common mammals.
The following are possible shared derived features of Plesiadapiformes: maxillary-frontal contact in orbit, the presence of a suboptic foramen, an ossified external auditory meatus, the absence of a promontory artery, the absence of a stapedial artery, and a strong mastoid tubercle.[4]
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Although the placement of thePlesiadapis lineage is still up for debate, the consensus in the 1970s was that they were closest to earlytarsier-like primates.[5] Plesiadapiformes have also been proposed as a nonprimate sister group to Eocene-Recent primates. A study done in 1987 linked Plesiadapiformes with adapids and omomyids through nine shared-derived features, six of which are cranial or dental: (1) auditory bulla inflated and formed by the petrosal bone, (2) ectotympanic expanded laterally and fused medially to the wall of the bulla, (3) promontorium centrally positioned in the bulla, and large hypotympanic sinus widely separating promontorium from the basisphenoid, (4) internal carotid entering the bulla posteriolaterally and enclosed in a bony tube, (5) nannopithex fold on the upper molars, and (6) loss of one pair of incisors.[4]
In 2013, a phylogenetic analysis that includes also the basal primateArchicebus positionsPlesiadapis firmly outside of the Primates, as a sister group to both Primates andDermoptera.[6]
| Species[7] | Synonyms | Localities |
|---|---|---|
| P. tricuspidens (type species) Gervais, 1877 |
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| P. intermedius Gazin, 1971 |
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| P. simpsoni Gazin, 1956 |
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| P. gidleyi Matthew, 1917 |
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| P. fodinatus Jepsen, 1930 |
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| P. dubius Matthew, 1915 |
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| P. anceps Simpson, 1936 |
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| P. rex Gidley, 1923 |
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| P. churchilli Gingerich, 1974 |
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| P. simonsi Gingerich, 1974 |
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| P. cookei Jepsen, 1930 | ||
| P. insignis Piton, 1940 |
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| P. walbeckensis Russel, 1964 |
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| P. remensis Lemoine, 1887 | ||
| P. russelli Gingerich, 1974 |
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Plesiadapis is one of the most completely known early primatomorphs, with a significant amount of the skeleton known. Though, the skeleton is mostly known fromP. gidleyi and the relatively late (derived)P. tricuspidens. The skull is overall reminiscent of alemur, though it lacks the postorbital bars (a vertical bar bordering the posterior margin of the eye socket). The brain was probably relatively large compared to similarly sized contemporary mammals, namely thearctocyonids. The dental formula is usually2.1.3.31.1.3.3, with twoincisors, onecanine, threepremolars, and threemolars in either half of the upper jaw; and one incisor, one canine, three premolars, and one molar in either half of the lower jaw. The incisors are quite long. Already,Plesiadapis had lost the first premolar from the mammalian common ancestor, but later primatomorphs would lose the second premolar as well.P. dubius consistently lacks the lower second premolar, and about half ofP. rex specimens lack it too.P. gidleyi and EuropeanPlesiadapis lack the lower canines.[7]
The skeletal adaptations are consistent with a largelyarboreal lifestyle in the trees. Thesacrum ofP. gidleyi is similar to that of theeastern gray squirrel, though lacking the strong spines. Thehumerus is robust and features a strong S-curve.[7]
Nearly all of what is known about the anatomy of plesiadapiforms comes from fragmentary jaws and teeth, so most definitions of plesiadapiform genera and species are based on dentition.Plesiadapis' dentition shows a functional shift toward grinding and crushing in the cheek teeth as an adaptation towards increasing omnivory and herbivory.[8] The skull ofPlesiadapis is relatively broad and flat, with a long snout withrodent-likejaws and teeth and long, gnawingincisors separated by a gap from itsmolars. Orbits are still directed to the side, unlike the forward-facing eyeballs of modern primates that enable three-dimensional vision.[7]Plesiadapis had mobile limbs that terminated in strongly curved claws, and it sported a long bushy tail which is preserved in the Menat skeletons. The way of life ofPlesiadapis has been much debated in the past. Climbing habits could be expected in a relative of the primates, but tree-dwelling animals are rarely found in such high numbers. Based on this and other evidence, some paleontologists have concluded that these animals were mainly living on the ground, like today'smarmots and ground squirrels.[2] However, more recent investigations have confirmed that the skeleton ofPlesiadapis is that of an adept climber, which can be best compared to tree squirrels or to tree-dwelling marsupials such as possums.[7] The short, robust limbs, the long, laterally compressed claws, and the long, bushy tail indicate that it was anarborealquadruped. Remains found showed that it had a body mass of around 2.1 kilograms (4.6 lb).[9]
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