Thephoenix is alegendary immortal bird that cyclically regenerates or is otherwise born again. Originating inGreek mythology, it has analogs in many cultures, such asEgyptian andPersian mythology. Associated with the sun, a phoenix obtains new life by rising from theashes of its predecessor. Some legends say it dies in a show of flames and combustion, while others say that it simply dies and decomposes before being born again.[1] In theMotif-Index of Folk-Literature, a tool used byfolklorists, the phoenix is classified as motif B32.[2]
The origin of the phoenix has been attributed toAncient Egypt byHerodotus and later 19th-century scholars, but other scholars think the Egyptian texts may have been influenced by classical folklore. Over time, the phoenix motif spread and gained a variety of new associations;Herodotus,Lucan,Pliny the Elder,Pope Clement I,Lactantius,Ovid, andIsidore of Seville are among those who have contributed to the retelling and transmission of the phoenix motif. Over time, extending beyond its origins, the phoenix could variously "symbolize renewal in general as well as the sun, time,the Roman Empire,metempsychosis,consecration,resurrection, life in the heavenlyParadise,Christ,Mary,virginity, the exceptional man, and certain aspects of Christian life".[3] Some scholars have claimed that the poemDe ave phoenice may present the mythological phoenix motif as a symbol ofChrist's resurrection.[4]
The modern English wordphoenix entered theEnglish language fromLatin, later reinforced byFrench. The word first entered the English language by way of a borrowing of Latinphoenīx intoOld English (fenix). This borrowing was later reinforced by French influence, which had also borrowed the Latin noun. In time, the word developed specialized use in the English language: For example, the term could refer to an "excellent person" (12th century), a variety of heraldic emblem (15th century), and the name of aconstellation (17th century).[5]
The Latin word comes fromGreekφοῖνιξ (phoinix).[6] The Greek word is first attested in theMycenaean Greekpo-ni-ke, which probably meant "griffin", though it might have meant "palm tree". That word is probably a borrowing from aWest Semitic word formadder, a reddye made fromRubia tinctorum. The wordPhoenician appears to be from the same root, meaning "those who work with red dyes". Sophoenix also mean "the Phoenician bird" or "the purplish-red bird".[7]
Apart from theLinear B mention above fromMycenaean Greece, the earliest clear mention of the phoenix in ancient Greek literature occurs in a fragment of thePrecepts of Chiron, attributed to 8th-century BC Greek poetHesiod. In the fragment, the wisecentaurChiron tells a young heroAchilles the following:[8]
A chattering crow lives now nine generations of aged men, but a stag's life is four time a crow's, and a raven's life makes three stags old, while the phoenix outlives nine ravens, but we, the rich-hairedNymphs daughters ofZeus theaegis-holder, outlive ten phoenixes.
There by describing the phoenix's lifetime as approximately 972 times the length of a human's.
Classical discourse attributes a potential origin of the phoenix toAncient Egypt.Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, provides the following account of the phoenix:[9]
[The Egyptians] have also another sacred bird called the phoenix which I myself have never seen, except in pictures. Indeed it is a great rarity, even in Egypt, only coming there (according to the accounts of the people of Heliopolis) once in five hundred years, when the old phoenix dies. Its size and appearance, if it is like the pictures, are as follow: The plumage is partly red, partly golden, while the general make and size are almost exactly that of theeagle. They tell a story of what this bird does, which does not seem to me to be credible: that he comes all the way fromArabia, and brings the parent bird, all plastered over withmyrrh, to thetemple of the Sun, and there buries the body. In order to bring him, they say, he first forms a ball of myrrh as big as he finds that he can carry; then he hollows out the ball and puts his parent inside, after which he covers over the opening with fresh myrrh, and the ball is then of exactly the same weight as at first; so he brings it to Egypt, plastered over as I have said, and deposits it in the temple of the Sun. Such is the story they tell of the doings of this bird.
In the 19th century, scholastic suspicions appeared to be confirmed by the discovery that Egyptians inHeliopolis had venerated theBennu, a solar bird similar in some respects to the Greek phoenix. However, the Egyptian sources regarding the bennu are often problematic and open to a variety of interpretations. Some of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of the phoenix, rather than the other way around.[10]
The phoenix is often depicted in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art endowed with ahalo, emphasizing the bird's connection with theSun.[15] The earliest recorded images of the phoenix feature nimbuses that often have seven rays, likeHelios (the Greek personification of the Sun).[16] Pliny the Elder[17] also describes the bird as having a crest of feathers on its head,[15] andEzekiel the Dramatist compared it to a rooster.[18]
The phoenix came to be associated with specific colors over time. Although the phoenix was generally believed to be colorful and vibrant, sources provide no clear consensus about its exact coloration.Tacitus says that its color made it stand out from all other birds.[19] Some said that the bird had peacock-like coloring, andHerodotus's claim of the Phoenix being red and yellow is popular in many versions of the story on record.[20]Ezekiel the Tragedian declared that the phoenix had red legs and striking yellow eyes,[18] butLactantius said that its eyes were blue like sapphires[21] and that its legs were covered in yellow-gold scales with rose-colored talons.[22]
Herodotus, Pliny,Solinus, andPhilostratus describe the phoenix as similar in size to an eagle,[23] but Lactantius and Ezekiel the Dramatist both claim that the phoenix was larger, with Lactantius declaring that it was even larger than anostrich.[24]
The story is that it is as large as an eagle, and has a gleam of gold round its neck and all the rest of it is purple, but the tail blue picked out with rosecoloured feathers and the throat picked out with tufts, and a feathered crest adorning its head.
arcanum radiant oculi iubar. igneus ora cingit honos. rutilo cognatum vertice sidus attollit cristatus apex tenebrasque serena luce secat. Tyrio pinguntur crura veneno. antevolant Zephyros pinnae, quas caerulus ambit flore color sparsoque super ditescit in auro.
A mysterious fire flashes from its eye, and a flamingaureole enriches its head. Its crest shines with the sun's own light and shatters the darkness with its calm brilliance. Its legs are ofTyrian purple; swifter than those of theZephyrs are its wings of flower-like blue dappled with rich gold.
According to Pliny the Elder, a senator Manilius (Marcus Manilius?) had written that the phoenix appeared at the end of eachGreat Year, which he wrote of "in the consulship ofGnaeus Cornelius andPublius Licinius", that is, in 96 BC, that a cycle was 540 years, and that it was 215 into the cycle (i.e. it began in 311 BC).[25] Another of Pliny's sources, Cornelius Valerianus, is cited for an appearance of the phoenix in 36 AD "in the consulship ofQuintus Plautius andSextus Papinius".[25] Pliny states that a purported phoenix seen in Egypt in 47 AD was brought to the capital and exhibited in theComitium in time for the 800th anniversary of thefoundation of Rome byRomulus, though he added that "nobody would doubt that this phoenix was a fabrication".[25]
A second recording of the phoenix was made byTacitus, who said that the phoenix had appeared instead in 34 AD "in the consulship ofPaulus Fabius andLucius Vitellius" and that the cycle was either 500 years or 1461 years (which was the Great Year based on the EgyptianSothic cycle), and that it had previously been seen in the reigns first of Sesosis, then of Amasis, and finally of Ptolemy (third of the Macedonian dynasty).[28] A third recording was made byCassius Dio, who also said that the phoenix was seen in the consulship of Quintus Plautus and Sextus Papinius.[29]
In time, the motif and concept of the phoenix extended from its origins in ancient Greek folklore. For example, the classical motif of the phoenix continues into theGnostic manuscriptOn the Origin of the World from theNag Hammadi Library collection in Egypt, generally dated to the 4th century:[30]
Thus whenSophia Zoe saw that the rulers of darkness had laid a curse upon her counterparts, she was indignant. And coming out of the first heaven with full power, she chased those rulers out of their heavens and cast them into the sinful world, so that there they should dwell, in the form of evil spirits upon the earth. [...], so that in their world it might pass the thousand years in paradise—a soul-endowed living creature called "phoenix". It kills itself and brings itself back to life as a witness to the judgement against them, for they did wrong toAdam and his race, unto the consummation of the age. There are [...] three men, and also his posterities, unto the consummation of the world: the spirit-endowed of eternity, and the soul-endowed, and the earthly. Likewise, there are three phoenixes in paradise—the first is immortal, the second lives 1,000 years; as for the third, it is written in the sacred book that it is consumed. So, too, there are three baptisms—the first is spiritual, the second is by fire, the third is by water. Just as the phoenix appears as a witness concerning theangels, so the case of the waterhydri in Egypt, which has been a witness to those going down into the baptism of a true man. The two bulls in Egypt posses a mystery, the Sun and the Moon, being a witness toSabaoth: namely, that over themSophia received the universe; from the day that she made the Sun and Moon, she put a seal upon her heaven, unto eternity. And the worm that has been born out of the phoenix is a human being as well. It is written concerning it, "the just man will blossom like a phoenix". And the phoenix first appears in a living state, and dies, and rises again, being a sign of what has become apparent at the consummation of the age.
The anonymous 10th-century Old EnglishExeter Book contains a 677-line 9th-century alliterative poem consisting of a paraphrase and abbreviation of Lactantius, followed by an explication of the Phoenix as anallegory for theresurrection ofChrist.[31]
Þisses fugles gecynd fela gelices bi þam gecornum Cristes þegnum; beacnað in burgum hu hi beorhtne gefean þurh fæder fultum on þas frecnan tid healdaþ under heofonum ond him heanna blæd in þam uplican eðle gestrynaþ.
This bird's nature is much like to the chosen servants of Christ; pointeth out to men how they bright joy through the Father's aid in this perilous time may under heaven possess, and exalted happiness in the celestial country may gain.
... Nor shall this peace sleep with her; but as when The bird of wonder dies, the maiden phoenix, Her ashes new create another heir As great in admiration as herself; So shall she leave her blessedness to one, When heaven shall call her from this cloud of darkness, Who from the sacred ashes of her honour Shall star-like rise as great in fame as she was, And so stand fix'd ...
"Time and Death", 1898 illustration byE. J. Sullivan forSartor Resartus
In the 19th-century novelSartor Resartus byThomas Carlyle, Diogenes Teufelsdröckh uses the phoenix as a metaphor for thecyclical pattern of history, remarking upon the "burning of a World-Phoenix" and the "Palingenesia, or Newbirth of Society" from its ashes:
When the Phoenix is fanning her funeral pyre, will there not be sparks flying! Alas, some millions of men, and among them such as aNapoleon, have already been licked into that high-eddying Flame, and like moths consumed there. Still also have we to fear that incautious beards will get singed. For the rest, in what year of grace such Phoenix-cremation will be completed, you need not ask. The law of Perseverance is among the deepest in man: by nature he hates change; seldom will he quit his old house till it has actually fallen about his ears. Thus have I seen Solemnities linger as Ceremonies, sacred Symbols as idle Pageants, to the extent of three hundred years and more after all life and sacredness had evaporated out of them. And then, finally, what time the Phoenix Death-Birth itself will require, depends on unseen contingencies.—Meanwhile, would Destiny offer Mankind, that after, say two centuries of convulsion and conflagration, more or less vivid, the fire-creation should be accomplished, and we to find ourselves again in a Living Society, and no longer fighting but working,—were it not perhaps prudent in Mankind to strike the bargain?[34]
Phoenixes are present and relatively common in Europeanheraldry, which developed during theHigh Middle Ages. They most often appear ascrests, and more rarely ascharges. The heraldic phoenix is depicted as the head, chest and wings of an eagle rising from a fire; the entire creature is never depicted.[35]
There are many works of modern literature make reference to the phoenix. Examples include:
InNeil Gaiman's short story "Sunbird", a party of Epicureans finally answer the question of what happens when a Phoenix is roasted and eaten; you burst into flames, and 'the years burn off you'. This can kill those who are inexperienced, but those who have swallowed fire and practised with glow-worms can achieve eternal youth.
InEiichiro Oda'smanga andanime seriesOne Piece, "Phoenix Marco" is a prominent character (a member of theWhitebeard Pirates) who possesses the Mythical Zoan-typeDevil Fruit called the Tori Tori no Mi, Model: Phoenix, which allows him to transform into a phoenix.
The Phoenix is portrayed as a powerful cosmic entity in theMarvel Comics mythology. Through the avatar ofJean Grey and its other beholders, the Phoenix Force is most oftentimes linked toX-Men comics storylines.
^Loeb Claudian Volume II (1922), Platnauer, M. (ed.),"Claudian: Shorter Poems: "Phoenix"",Claudian: On Stilicho's Consulship 2–3. Panegyric on the Sixth Consulship of Honorius. The Gothic War. Shorter Poems. Rape of Proserpina, Loeb Classical Library 136, translated byPlatnauer, M., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 222–231,doi:10.4159/DLCL.claudian_claudianus-shorter_poems.1922,archived from the original on 2021-06-09, retrieved2021-01-27
Blake, N F (1964),The Phoenix, Manchester: Manchester U Press.
Evelyn-White, Hugh G. Trans. 1920.Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. London: William Heinemann & New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Garry, Jane; El-Shamy, Hasan (2005),Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature, ME Sharpe,ISBN978-0-76561260-1.
Thompson, Stith (2001).Motif-Index of Folk-Literature: A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk Tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books, and Local Legends, Volume 1; Volume 6. Indiana University Press.ISBN978-0253340894
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