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History of Rome (Livy)

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First-century BC Roman history by Livy

This article is about a work sometimes referred to asAb Urbe Condita. For the dating convention used for Roman history, seeAb Urbe Condita.

Stories from Livy I.4, on an altar panel fromOstia.Father Tiber looks on at the lower right while the nationallupa (wolf) nourishesRomulus and Remus, founders of Rome. The herders are about to find them. One of their goats can be seen. Small animals denote the wildness of the place. The nationalaquila (eagle) is portrayed.

TheHistory of Rome, perhaps originally titledAnnales, and frequently referred to asAb Urbe Condita (English:From the Founding of the City),^[1] is a monumentalhistory of ancient Rome, written inLatin between 27 and 9 BC by the Roman historian Titus Livius, better known in English as "Livy".^[a] The work covers the period from the legends concerning the arrival ofAeneas and the refugees from the fall ofTroy, to thecity's founding in 753 BC,the expulsion of theKings in 509 BC, and down to Livy's own time, during the reign of the emperorAugustus.^[b]^[c] The last event covered by Livy is the death ofDrusus in 9 BC.^[1] 35 of 142 books, about a quarter of the work, are still extant.^[3] The surviving books deal with the events down to 293 BC (books 1–10), and from 219 to 166 BC (books 21–45).

Book number	Status	Years covered	Main events covered
1	Complete	Down to 510 BC	Foundation myths:Aeneas,Ascanius,Romulus and Remus,Rape of the Sabine women;history of the Roman Kingdom, expulsion ofTarquinus Superbus.
2	Complete	509–468 BC	Foundation of the Republic byBrutus, wars againstTarquinius Superbus andPorsena,Secession of the Plebs,Volscian Wars.
3	Complete	467–446 BC	The Decemvirate.
4	Complete	445–404 BC	Conflict of the Orders, murder ofSpurius Maelius byAhala, war against theFidenates.
5	Complete	403–387 BC	War againstVeii,Sack of Rome byBrennus.
6	Complete	387–366 BC	Story ofMarcus Manlius Capitolinus,Leges Liciniae Sextiae.
7	Complete	366–342 BC	Stories ofTitus Manlius Torquatus andMarcus Valerius Corvus,First Samnite War.
8	Complete	341–322 BC	First Samnite War,Latin War.
9	Complete	321–304 BC	Second Samnite War, defeat of theCaudine Forks, alternate history withAlexander the Great defeated by Rome.
10	Complete	303–293 BC	Third Samnite War, sacrifice ofPublius Decius Mus.
11	Fragments^[e]	292–287 BC	Third Samnite War, plague in Rome,Secession of the Plebs.
12	Lost	284–280 BC	War against theSenones,Pyrrhic War, campaigns against theSamnites and Italians, betrayal of Decius Vibullius atRhegium.
13	Lost	280–278 BC	Pyrrhic War, treaty withCarthage, campaigns against Italic peoples.
14	Lost	278–272 BC	Pyrrhic War, treaty withPtolemy II, Carthage breaks the treaty with Rome, campaigns against Italic peoples.
15	Lost	272–267 BC	Rome recovers Tarentum and Rhegium. ThePicentes,Umbrians andSallentini submit.
16	Quotes^[f]	264–263 BC	First Punic War, first gladiatorial games.
17	Lost	260–256 BC	First Punic War
18	Quote^[g]	255 BC	First Punic War
19	Quote^[h]	251–241 BC	First Punic War
20	Lost	237–220 BC	Wars against theFaliscans,Sardinians,Corsicans,Illyrians,Gauls,Insubres, andIstrians.
21	Complete	219–218 BC	Second Punic War:Battle of the Trebia.
22	Complete	217–216 BC	Second Punic War, defeats of theLake Trasimene andCannae.
23	Complete	216–215 BC	Second Punic War.
24	Complete	215–213 BC	Second Punic War,First Macedonian War.
25	Complete	213–212 BC	Second Punic War, fall ofSyracuse.
26	Complete	211–210 BC	Second Punic War,First Macedonian War. Source forThe Continence of Scipio.
27	Complete	210–207 BC	Second Punic War,First Macedonian War.
28	Complete	207–205 BC	Second Punic War,First Macedonian War.
29	Complete	205–204 BC	Second Punic War, revolt ofIndibilis and Mandonius.
30	Complete	203–201 BC	Second Punic War,Battle of Zama.
31	Complete	201–199 BC	Second Macedonian War.
32	Complete	198–197 BC	Second Macedonian War.
33	Complete	197–195 BC	Second Macedonian War,Battle of Cynoscephalae.
34	Complete	195–194 BC	Lex Oppia repealed, victory ofCato in Hispania,War against Nabis, triumphs of Cato andFlamininus.
35	Complete	193–192 BC	Campaign against the Ligurians, discussion betweenScipio Africanus andHannibal, affairs of Greece, talks withAntiochus III, who then invades Greece.
36	Complete	191 BC	Roman-Seleucid War,Battle of Thermopylae.
37	Complete	190–188 BC	Roman-Seleucid War.
38	Complete	188 BC	Operations in Greece, campaign against theGalatians,Treaty of Apamea, trial and exile ofScipio Africanus.
39	Complete	187–181 BC	The Bacchanalia, causes of theThird Macedonian War, deaths ofScipio Africanus andHannibal.
40	Complete	184–179 BC	Perseus kills his brotherDemetrius, and inherits thekingdom of Macedon. Campaign against the Ligurians.
41	Almost complete	179–174 BC	Campaigns against the Ligurians, Histrians,Sardinians andCeltiberians;Perseus' activities in Greece.
42	Complete	173–171 BC	Third Macedonian War.
43	Almost complete	171–169 BC	Third Macedonian War.
44	Almost complete	169–168 BC	Third Macedonian War,Battle of Pydna.
45	Almost complete	168–166 BC	Third Macedonian War, capture ofPerseus,Sixth Syrian War, triumph ofAemilius Paullus.
46	Lost	165–160 BC	Eumenes II's visit to Rome, campaigns in North Italy, embassies toPtolemy VI andPtolemy VIII, andAriarathes V, death ofPaullus Aemilius, thePomptine Marshes are drained.
47	Lost	160–154 BC	Division of Egypt betweenPtolemy VI andPtolemy VIII, support ofAriarathes V againstDemetrius I, campaigns against the Dalmatians and Ligurians.
48	Lost	154–150 BC	Origin of theThird Punic War, death ofMarcus Aemilius Lepidus,Second Celtiberian War,Lusitanian War.
49	Lost	149 BC	Third Punic War,Lusitanian War,Fourth Macedonian War.
50	Lost	149–147 BC	Prusias II of Bithynia is killed by his sonNicomedes II, death ofMassinissa,Third Punic War,Scipio Aemilianus elected consul,Fourth Macedonian War.
51	Lost	147–146 BC	Third Punic War,destruction of Carthage,Achaean War.
52	Lost	146–145 BC	Achaean War,Lusitanian War, war betweenAlexander Balas andDemetrius II.
53	Lost	143 BC	Lusitanian War.
54	Lost	141–139 BC	Numantine War,Lusitanian War, death ofViriathus.
55	Lost	138–137 BC	Numantine War, murder ofAntiochus VI byDiodotus Tryphon.
56	Lost	136–134 BC	Numantine War,First Servile War.
57	Lost	133 BC	Numantine War, campaign ofScipio Aemilianus.
58	Lost	133 BC	Reforms ofTiberius Sempronius Gracchus, his death;First Servile War.
59	Lost	133–129 BC	Numantine War, victory ofScipio Aemilianus;First Servile War, revolt ofEumenes III of Pergamon, war betweenAntiochus VII andPhraates II, crisis in Egypt, riots in Rome in the aftermath ofTiberius Gracchus' reforms.
60	Lost	126–123 BC	Reforms ofGaius Sempronius Gracchus,Quintus Caecilius Metellus' campaign in the Balearic Islands.
61	Lost	122–120 BC	War against the Gauls, victory ofFabius Maximus Allobrogicus againstBituitus, death ofGaius Gracchus.
62	Lost	118–117 BC	Affairs ofNumidia, with a civil war started byJugurtha.
63	Lost	114–112 BC	Campaigns against the Scordiscians in Thrace, beginning of theCimbrian War.
64	Lost	112–110 BC	Jugurthine War.
65	Lost	109–107 BC	Jugurthine War,Cimbrian War.
66	Lost	106 BC	Jugurthine War.
67	Lost	105–104 BC	Cimbrian War,Marius' triumph and successive consulships.
68	Lost	103–100 BC	Cimbrian War.
69	Lost	100 BC	Reforms ofSaturninus andGlaucia, their deaths.
70	Lost	97–91 BC	Campaign against theCeltiberians,Ptolemy Apion bequeaths his kingdom,Sulla reinstatesAriobarzanes in his kingdom, reforms ofMarcus Livius Drusus.
71	Lost	91 BC	Drusus is murdered,Social War.
72	Lost	91 BC	Social War.
73	Lost	90 BC	Social War.
74	Lost	89–88 BC	Social War.
75	Lost	88 BC	Social War.
76	Lost	89–88 BC	Social War,Mithridates conquersCappadocia andBithynia.
77	Lost	88 BC	Sulla's march on Rome,First Mithridatic War.
78	Lost	88 BC	First Mithridatic War.
79	Lost	87 BC	Bellum Octavianum.
80	Lost	87–86 BC	Citizenship given to Italian allies,Bellum Octavianum, death ofMarius.
81	Lost	87–86 BC	First Mithridatic War,Sulla takesAthens.
82	Lost	86 BC	First Mithridatic War, battles ofChaeronea andOrchomenus,Valerius Flaccus is murdered byFlavius Fimbria.
83	Lost	86–84 BC	First Mithridatic War,Sulla's civil war.
84	Lost	84 BC	Sulla's civil war, death ofCinna.
85	Lost	83 BC	Sulla's civil war.
86	Lost	83–82 BC	Sulla's civil war,Second Mithridatic War.
87	Lost	82 BC	Sulla's civil war.
88	Lost	82 BC	Sulla's civil war,Battle of the Colline Gate, death ofMarius the Younger.
89	Lost	82–81 BC	Sulla's civil war, death ofCarbo, Sulla'sproscription andreforms,Pompey's first triumph.
90	Lost	78 BC	Death ofSulla, uprising ofMarcus Aemilius Lepidus,Sertorian War.
91	Fragment^[15]	77 BC	Sertorian War.
92	Lost	76 BC	Sertorian War, campaign ofGaius Scribonius Curio against theDardanians.
93	Lost	76–75 BC	Publius Servilius conquersIsauria,Third Mithridatic War,Sertorian War.
94	Lost	74 BC	Third Mithridatic War,Sertorian War.
95	Lost	74–73 BC	War of Gaius Scribonius Curio against theDardanians,Third Servile War,Third Mithridatic War.
96	Lost	73–72 BC	Third Servile War,Sertorian War.
97	Lost	71–70 BC	Third Servile War, campaign ofMarcus Antonius Creticus inCrete,Third Mithridatic War,Crassus andPompey become consuls.
98	Lost	70–69 BC	Third Mithridatic War, campaign ofQuintus Caecillius Metellus in Crete.
99	Lost	68–67 BC	Third Mithridatic War,Pompey's expedition against theCilician pirates, campaign ofQuintus Caecillius Metellus in Crete.
100	Lost	66 BC	Third Mithridatic War, wars in Armenia.
101	Lost	66–65 BC	Third Mithridatic War,Catilinarian conspiracy.
102	Lost	64–63 BC	Third Mithridatic War, death ofMithridates,Pompey takes Jerusalem,Catilinarian conspiracy.
103	Lost	62–58 BC	Catilinarian conspiracy,Publius Clodius Pulcher goes over to the plebeians,First Triumvirate,Gallic Wars.
104	Lost	58–56 BC	Gallic Wars,Cicero returns from exile.
105	Lost	56–54 BC	Cato's attempt to obstruct the Triumvirate,Gallic Wars, first Crossing of the Rhine.
106	Lost	54–53 BC	Gallic Wars,Battle of Carrhae, death ofCrassus.
107	Lost	53–52 BC	Gallic Wars, murder ofClodius byMilo,Pompey elected sole consul, revolt ofVercingetorix.
108	Lost	52–50 BC	Gallic Wars,Battle of Alesia, victory ofGaius Cassius Longinus against the Parthians.
109	Lost	50–49 BC	Caesar's Civil War,Crossing of the Rubicon.
110	Lost	49–48 BC	Caesar's Civil War.
111	Quote^[16]	48 BC	Caesar's Civil War (Battle of Pharsalus).
112	Quote^[i]	48 BC	Caesar's Civil War.
113	Lost	47 BC	Caesar's Civil War.
114	Lost	46 BC	Caesar's Civil War.
115	Lost	46 BC	Caesar's Civil War.
116	Lost	45–44 BC	Caesar's Civil War,assassination of Caesar.
117	Lost	44 BC	Octavian arrives in Italy,Antony disrupts the allotment of provinces, preparations for war on multiple sides.
118	Lost	44 BC	Brutus takes the army ofPublius Vatinius in Greece,Octavian builds an army,Antony besiegesModena.
119	Lost	44–43 BC	Publius Cornelius Dolabella is declared enemy of the state,Battle of Mutina,Octavian becomes consul at 19.
120	Quote^[j]	43 BC	Second Triumvirate, proscriptions, death ofCicero.
121	Lost	43 BC	Cassius besieges Dolabella inLaodicea, who commits suicide;Brutus executesGaius Antonius.
122	Lost	43 BC	Brutus' campaign inThrace.
123	Lost	42 BC	Sicilian revolt bySextus Pompey,Liberators' Civil War.
124	Lost	42 BC	Battle of Philippi.
125	Lost	41 BC	Perusine War.
126	Lost	41–40 BC	Perusine War.
127	Lost	40–39 BC	Pompeian–Parthian invasion,Pact of Misenum.
128	Lost	38–37 BC	Sicilian revolt,Antony's Parthian War,Siege of Jerusalem.
129	Lost	36 BC	Sicilian Revolt,Battle of Naulochus,Octavian defeatsLepidus.
130	Lost	36 BC	Antony's Parthian War.
131	Lost	35–34 BC	Sextus Pompey is captured and executed by Antony, Octavian's campaigns in Illyria, Antony's conquest of Armenia,Donations of Alexandria.
132	Lost	34–31 BC	Antony's Civil War:Battle of Actium.
133	Lost	30–28 BC	Antony's Civil War: suicides ofAntony andCleopatra; conspiracy ofMarcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor.
134	Lost	27 BC	Octavian becomes Augustus, census in the three Gauls, campaign ofMarcus Licinius Crassus against theBasterni andMoesians.
135	Lost	25 BC	Campaigns ofMarcus Crassus against the Thracians, and of Augustus in Hispania.
136	Lost		Missing in thePeriochae.
137	Lost		Missing in thePeriochae.
138	Lost	15–12 BC	Tiberius andDrusus conquersRaetia, death ofAgrippa, Drusus makes a census in Gaul.
139	Lost	12 BC	Drusus' campaign inGermania,Imperial cult atLugdunum.
140	Lost	11 BC	Conquest ofThracia,Drusus' campaign inGermania, death ofOctavia.
141	Lost	10 BC	Drusus' campaign inGermania.
142	Lost	9 BC	Death ofDrusus.

Identifying Letter	Location & Number	Name	Date
V		Veronensis rescriptus	10th century
H		Harleianus	10th century
E		Einsiedlensis	10th century
F	Paris 5724	Floriacensis	10th century
P	Paris 5725	Parisiensis	9th/10th century
M		Mediceus-Laurentianus	10th/11th century
U		Upsaliensis	10th/11th century
R	Vaticanus 3329	Romanus	11th century
O	Bodleianus 20631	Oxoniensis	11th century
D	Florentinus-Marcianus	Dominicanus	12th century
A		Agennensis Petrarch's copy	12th–14th century

Authority control databases
International	VIAF 2 3 4
National	Germany United States France BnF data Australia Czech Republic Spain Greece Poland Vatican Israel
Other	IdRef 2

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Contents

Corpus

Abridgements

Chronology

Table of contents

Style

Publication

Manuscripts

First decade

Veracity

Historicity

Livy's sources

Later influences

Machiavelli

Translations

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Primary sources

Secondary sources