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Passer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of birds
This article is about the sparrow genus. For other uses, seePasser (disambiguation).

Passer
MaleCape sparrows in Namibia
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Passeriformes
Family:Passeridae
Genus:Passer
Brisson, 1760
Type species
Fringilla domestica[1]
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text.

Synonyms
List
  • PyrgitaCuvier, 1817
  • CorospizaBonaparte, 1850
  • AuripasserBonaparte, 1851
  • SorellaHartlaub, 1880
  • AmmopasserZarudny, 1880

Passer is a genus ofsparrows, also known as thetrue sparrows. The genus contains 28 species and includes thehouse sparrow and theEurasian tree sparrow, two of the most common birds in the world. They are small birds with thick bills for eating seeds, and are mostly coloured grey or brown. Native to theOld World, some species have been introduced throughout the world.

Taxonomy

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ThegenusPasser was introduced by the French zoologistMathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[2][3] Thetype species was subsequently designated as thehouse sparrow (Passer domesticus).[3][4] The namePasser is theLatin word for "sparrow."[5]

A mixed group ofPasser sparrows containing aEurasian tree sparrow, a malehouse sparrow, and female house orSpanish sparrows, feeding on grain in the town ofBaikonur, Kazakhstan

Species

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The genus contains 28 species:[6][7]

ImageCommon NameScientific nameDistribution
Cape sparrowPasser melanuruscentral coast of Angola to eastern South Africa and Swaziland
Chestnut sparrowPasser eminibeyDarfur in Sudan to Tanzania
Kordofan sparrowPasser cordofanicusSouth Sudan and Chad
Shelley's sparrowPasser shelleyieastern Africa from South Sudan, southern Ethiopia, and north-western Somalia to northern Uganda and north-western Kenya
Kenya sparrowPasser rufocinctusKenya and Tanzania
Great sparrowPasser motitensissouthern Africa
Northern grey-headed sparrowPasser griseustropical Africa
Swainson's sparrowPasser swainsoniinortheastern Africa
Swahili sparrowPasser suahelicussouthern Kenya and Tanzania
Parrot-billed sparrowPasser gongonensiseastern Africa
Southern grey-headed sparrowPasser diffususAngola and Zambia southwards into South Africa
Sind sparrowPasser pyrrhonotusIndus valley region in South Asia
Russet sparrowPasser cinnamomeussoutheastern Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh to Kashmir and Nuristan in Afghanistan, as well as China, Korea, and Japan
Eurasian tree sparrowPasser montanusTemperate Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Introduced in Sardinia, eastern Indonesia, the Philippines, Micronesia,Victoria andNew South Wales in Australia and the U.S. states ofMissouri,Illinois andIowa.
Saxaul sparrowPasser ammodendriCentral Asia
Plain-backed sparrowPasser flaveolusMyanmar to central Vietnam, and south to the western part of Peninsular Malaysia
Abd al-Kuri sparrowPasser hemileucusAbd al Kuri in the Socotra archipelago
Socotra sparrowPasser insularisislands of Socotra, Samhah, and Darsah
Spanish sparrowPasser hispaniolensisMediterranean region, Macaronesia and south-west and central Asia
Italian sparrowPasser italiaenorthern and central Italy, Corsica, and small parts of France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia
House sparrowPasser domesticusMiddle East, Eurasia and parts of North Africa. Introduced in subarctic North America, southern South America, southern Africa, eastern Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii
Somali sparrowPasser castanopterusnorthern Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya.
Iago sparrowPasser iagoensisarchipelago of Cape Verde
Desert sparrowPasser simplexSahara Desert of northern Africa
Zarudny's sparrowPasser zarudnyiUzbekistan and Turkmenistan
Arabian golden sparrowPasser euchlorussouth west Arabia and also the coast of Somalia and Djibouti
Sudan golden sparrowPasser luteussub-Saharan Africa
Dead Sea sparrowPasser moabiticusMiddle East and another in western Afghanistan and eastern Iran

Besides these living species, there are questionable fossils from as long ago as theEarly Miocene,[8] andPasser predomesticus, from theMiddle Pleistocene.

Description

[edit]
Agreat sparrow inMarakele National Park, South Africa

These sparrows are plump little brown or greyish birds, often with black, yellow or white markings. Typically 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in) long, they range in size from thechestnut sparrow (Passer eminibey), at 11.4 centimetres (4.5 in) and 13.4 grams (0.47 oz), to theparrot-billed sparrow (Passer gongonensis), at 18 centimetres (7.1 in) and 42 grams (1.5 oz).[9][10] They have strong, stubby conicalbeaks with decurvedculmens and blunter tips.[11] All species have calls similar to the house sparrow'schirrup ortschilp call, and some, though not the house sparrow, have elaborate songs.

Distribution

[edit]
A flock ofSudan golden sparrows near the Red Sea in Sudan

Most of its members are found naturally in open habitats in the warmer climates ofAfrica and southernEurasia. Evolutionary studies suggest the genus originated in Africa. Several species have adapted to human habitation, and this has enabled thehouse sparrow in particular, in close association with humans, to extend its Eurasian range well beyond what was probably its original home in theMiddle East.[12] Apart from this natural colonisation, the house sparrow has been introduced to many parts of the world outside its natural range, including theAmericas,sub-Saharan Africa, andAustralia. TheEurasian tree sparrow has also been artificially introduced on a smaller scale, with populations inAustralia and locally inMissouri andIllinois in the United States.[12]

Behaviour

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Passer sparrows build an untidy nest, which, depending on species and nest site availability, may be in a bush or tree, a natural hole in a tree, in a building or in thatch, or in the fabric of the nest of species such as thewhite stork. The clutch of up to eight eggs is incubated by both parents typically for 12–14 days, with another 14–24 more days to fledging.

Passer sparrows are primarily ground-feedingseed-eaters, though they also consume smallinsects especially when breeding. A few species, like thehouse sparrow andnorthern grey-headed sparrow scavenge for food around cities, and are almost omnivorous.[13] MostPasser species are gregarious and will form substantial flocks.[9]

References

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  1. ^"Passeridae".aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved2023-07-16.
  2. ^Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760).Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 36, Pl. 1 fig. 6.
  3. ^abMayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962).Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 8.
  4. ^Gray, George Robert (1840).A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 46.
  5. ^Jobling, James A. (2010).The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 294.ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David;Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021)."Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers".IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved1 June 2021.
  7. ^"Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved2021-07-29.
  8. ^Mlíkovský 2002, p. 247
  9. ^abClement, Harris & Davis 1993, p. 442
  10. ^Bledsoe, A. H.; Payne, R. B. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 222.ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
  11. ^Groschupf, Kathleen (2001). "Old World Sparrows". In Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.).The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 562–564.ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
  12. ^abSummers-Smith, J. D. (1990). "Changes in distribution and habitat utilisation by members of the genusPasser". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 11–29.ISBN 978-83-01-08460-8.
  13. ^Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 253–255
Works cited

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toPasser.
Genus
Hypocryptadius
Passer
Carpospiza
Petronia
Gymnoris
Montifringilla
Onychostruthus
Pyrgilauda
Estrildidae
Amandavinae
Erythrurinae
Estrildinae
Lagonostictinae
Lonchurinae
Poephilinae
Passeridae
Ploceidae
Prunellidae
Urocynchramidae
Viduidae
Nine-primaried oscines
    • See below ↓
Fringillidae
Carduelinae
Euphoniinae
Fringillinae
Motacillidae
Peucedramidae
Emberizoidea
    • See below ↓
Calcariidae
Calyptophilidae
Cardinalidae
Emberizidae
Icteridae
    • See below ↓
Icteriidae
Mitrospingidae
Nesospingidae
Parulidae
Passerellidae
Phaenicophilidae
Rhodinocichlidae
Spindalidae
Teretistridae
Thraupidae
    • See below ↓
incertae sedis
Agelaiinae
Amblycercinae
Cassicinae
Dolichonychinae
Icterinae
Sturnellinae
Xanthocephalinae
Catamblyrhynchinae
Charitospizinae
Coerebinae
Dacninae
Diglossinae
Emberizoidinae
Hemithraupinae
Nemosiinae
Orchesticinae
Poospizinae
Porphyrospizinae
Saltatorinae
Sporophilinae
Tachyphoninae
Thraupinae
Passer
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