Pacoh | |
---|---|
Native to | Laos,Vietnam |
Ethnicity | Pacoh |
Native speakers | 32,000 (2002–2005)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pac |
Glottolog | paco1243 |
ThePacoh language is a member of theKatuic language group, a part of the Eastern[1]Mon–Khmer linguistic branch. Most Pacoh speakers live in centralLaos and centralVietnam.[2] Pacoh is undergoing substantial change, influenced by theVietnamese.[3]
Alternative names are Paco, Pokoh, Bo River Van Kieu. Its dialects are Pahi (Ba-Hi). They are officially classified by the Vietnamese government as Ta'Oi (Tà Ôi) people.
Vowels (Sidwell 2003):
Pacoh has six vowel qualities, all of which occurlong and short, in modal andcreaky voice. Creaky vowels arelowered compared to modally voiced vowels. There are threediphthongs which also occur modal and creaky. Unlike other languages in the area, vowel phonation does not seem to have originated in the phonation of preceding consonants.
front | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
High modal | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː |
Low modal | e eː | ə əː | o oː |
High creaky | ḛ ḛː | ə̰ ə̰ː | o̰ o̰ː |
Low creaky | ɛ̰ ɛ̰ː | a̰ a̰ː | ɔ̰ ɔ̰ː |
front | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
Modal | iə | ɨə | uə |
Creaky | ḛa | ə̰a | o̰a |
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
General | kɨ: | ɲaŋ | dɔ: | ʔmmaj | ʔiɲa: | ʔaɲa: | hɛ: | ʔipɛ: | ʔapɛ: |
Genitive | ʔɳkɨ: | ʔɲɲaŋ | ʔndɔ: | ʔmmaj | ʔndɔ:-ʔiɲa: | ʔndɔ:-ʔaɲa: | ʔŋhɛ: | ʔndɔ:-ʔipɛ: | ʔndɔ:-ʔapɛ: |
Dative | ʔakɨ: | ʔaɲaŋ | ʔadɔ: | ʔamaj | ʔadɔ:-ʔiɲa: | ʔadɔ:-ʔaɲa: | ʔahɛ: | ʔadɔ:-ʔipɛ: | ʔadɔ:-ʔapɛ: |
Pacoh is an analytic SVO language with six parts of speech—including verbs, nouns, prepositions, adverbs, conjunctions, and sentence particles, all variably depend on each other in syntactic relationship, and five important grammatical cases—nominative, accusative, dative, locative, predicative. There are no markers for the nominative and accusative cases, and word order is relied on to distinguish them instead.
pe:ŋ
shoot
ʔa-ceʔ
daŋ
means
tumiəŋ
crossbow
dɔ: pe:ŋ ʔa-ceʔ daŋ tumiəŋ
NOM-1PL shoot ACC-bird means crossbow
"I shot the bird with crossbow."
The predicative case marks a noun dependent on noun, usually common nouns, extension relator nouns, and demonstrative nouns.
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