Special territories of members of the European Economic Area Special territories of members of the European Economic Area | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Location of the European Union and the special territories | |
| Largest settlements | Las Palmas,Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Ponta Delgada,Funchal,Nouméa,Cayenne,Saint-Denis,Mamoudzou,Fort-de-France,Les Abymes |
| Official language |
|
| Special territory | 9 Outermost Regions 13 Overseas Countries and Territories |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,733,792 km2 (1,055,523 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Estimate | 6,114,658 |
| Currency | Euro (EUR;€;OMRs, 3 OCTs[a] and 9 special cases[b]) 5 others
|
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
Thespecial territories of members of the European Economic Area (EEA) are the 32 special territories ofEU member states andEFTA member states which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside theEuropean Union and theEuropean Free Trade Association.
The special territories of EU member states are categorised under three headings: nineOutermost Regions (OMR) that form part of the European Union, though they benefit fromderogations from some EU laws due to their geographical remoteness from mainland Europe; thirteenOverseas Countries and Territories (OCT) that do not form part of the European Union, though they cooperate with the EU via theOverseas Countries and Territories Association; and tenspecial cases that form part of the European Union (with the exception of theFaroe Islands), though EU laws makead hoc provisions. The Outermost Regions were recognised at the signing of theMaastricht Treaty in 1992,[1] and confirmed by theTreaty of Lisbon in 2007.[2]
TheTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union states that both primary and secondaryEuropean Union law applies automatically to the outermost regions, with possible derogations due to the particularities of these territories. The Overseas Countries and Territories are recognised by Article 198 of theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union which allows them to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers and freedom of establishment, and invites them to join theOverseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) in order to improve cooperation with the European Union.[3] The status of an uninhabited territory,Clipperton, remains unclear since it is not explicitly mentioned in primaryEU law and has asui generis status at the national level.[4][d] Collectively, the special territories encompass a population of some 6.1 million people and a land area of about 2,733,792 square kilometres (1,055,500 sq mi). Around 80 percent of this area is represented byGreenland. The largest region by population, theCanary Islands, accounts for more than a third of the total population of the special territories. The smallest by land area is the island ofSaba in theCaribbean (13 km2 or 5 sq mi). TheFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands is the only special territory without a permanent population.
The Outermost Regions (OMR) are territories forming part of a member state of the European Union but situated a significant distance frommainland Europe. Due to this situation, they havederogation from some EU policies despite being part of the European Union.
According to theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union, both primary and secondaryEuropean Union law applies automatically to these territories, with possible derogations to take account of their "structural social and economic situation (...) which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development".[5] All form part of theEuropean Union customs area; however, some fall outside of theSchengen Area and theEuropean Union Value Added Tax Area.
Seven Outermost Regions were recognised at the signing of theMaastricht Treaty in 1992.[1] TheTreaty of Lisbon included two additional territories (Saint Barthélemy andSaint Martin) in 2007.[5] Saint Barthélemy changed its status from OMR to OCT with effect from 1 January 2012.[2]Mayotte, which was an OCT, joined the EU as an OMR with effect from 1 January 2014.[6]
The 9 Outermost Regions of the European Union are:[7]
| Flag | Coat of arms | Name | Location | Area | Pop. | Capital | Largest settlement | Official language | State |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Azores | North Atlantic | 2,333 km2 (901 sq mi) | 245,746 | Angra do Heroísmo,Horta andPonta Delgada | Ponta Delgada | Portuguese |  Portugal |
 |  | Madeira | 801 km2 (309 sq mi) | 289,000 | Funchal | Funchal | |||
.svg) |  | Canary Islands | 7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi) | 2,101,924 | Santa Cruz de Tenerife andLas Palmas | Las Palmas | Spanish |  Spain | |
 |  | French Guiana | South America | 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) | 281,612 | Cayenne | Cayenne | French |  France |
 | Guadeloupe | Caribbean | 1,628 km2 (629 sq mi) | 402,119 | Basse-Terre | Les Abymes | |||
 | Martinique | 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi) | 385,551 | Fort-de-France | Fort-de-France | ||||
|  | Saint Martin | 53 km2 (20 sq mi) | 36,286 | Marigot | Marigot | |||
 | Mayotte | Indian Ocean | 374 km2 (144 sq mi) | 256,518 | Mamoudzou | Mamoudzou | |||
 | Réunion | 2,511 km2 (970 sq mi) | 865,826 | Saint-Denis | Saint-Denis | ||||
| Total | 99,855 km2 (38,554 sq mi) | 4,864,582 |
Azores andMadeira are two groups of Portuguese islands in the Atlantic. Azores and Madeira are integral parts of the Portuguese Republic, but both have the special status asAutonomous Regions, with a degree of self-governance. Some derogations from the application of EU law apply in regards to taxation, fishing and transportation.[8][9] TheirVAT is lower than the rest of Portugal, but they are not outside theEU VAT Area.
TheCanary Islands are aSpanisharchipelago off the African coast which form one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain–the country's principal first-level administrative division. They are outside theEU VAT Area.[10] The Canary Islands are the most populous and economically strongest territory of all the outermost regions in the European Union. The outermost regions office for support and information is located in these islands, in the city ofLas Palmas on the island ofGran Canaria.
French Guiana,Guadeloupe,Martinique,Mayotte, andRéunion are fiveFrench overseas regions (which are also overseas departments) which under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. Theeuro is legal tender;[11] however, they are outside theSchengen Area and the EU VAT Area.[10]
Mayotte is the newest of the five overseas departments, having changed from an overseas collectivity with OCT status on 31 March 2011. It became an outermost region, and thus part of the EU, on 1 January 2014.[12]
Saint Martin is the onlyoverseas collectivity of France with the status of being an Outermost Region of the EU.[13] As with the French overseas departments, theeuro is legal tender in Saint Martin, and it is outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area.
On 22 February 2007, Saint Martin andSaint Barthélemy were broken away from the French overseas department ofGuadeloupe to form new overseas collectivities. As a consequence their EU status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[14] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community.[15] The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of theTreaty of Lisbon, which listed them as an outermost region.[16] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012.
The overseas countries and territories (OCT) are dependent territories that have a special relationship with one of the member states of the EU. Their status is described in theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and they are not part of the EU or theEuropean Single Market. TheOverseas Countries and Territories Association was created to improve economic development and cooperation between the OCTs and the EU,[17] and includes most OCTs except three territories which do not have a permanent local population.
The OCTs have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join theEU-OCT Association (OCTA).[3] They were listed in the Article 198 of theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which aside from inviting them to join OCTA, also provided them the opportunity to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers[18] and freedom of establishment.[19] Yet, the freedom of establishment is limited by Article 203 TFEU and the respective Council Decision on OCTs. Its Article 51(1)(a) prescribes only that "the Union shall accord to natural and legal persons of the OCTs a treatment no less favourable than the most favourable treatment applicable to like natural and legal persons of any third country with whom the Union concludes or has concluded an economic integration agreement." Again this can be, according to Article 51(2)(b) limited. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or the GATS Annex on Financial Services.
The OCTs are not subject to the EU's common external customs tariffs[20] but may claim customs on goods imported from the EU on a non-discriminatory basis.[21] They are not part of the EU and theEU acquis does not apply to them, though those joining OCTA are required to respect the detailed rules and procedures outlined by this association agreement (Council Decision 2013/755/EU).[22] OCTA members are entitled to ask for EU financial support.[23]
When theRome Treaty was signed in March 1957, a total of 15 OCTs existed:French West Africa,French Equatorial Africa,Saint Pierre and Miquelon,Comoros Archipelago,French Madagascar,French Somaliland,New Caledonia,French Polynesia,French Southern and Antarctic Lands,French Togoland,French Cameroons,Belgian Congo,Ruanda-Urundi,Trust Territory of Somalia,Netherlands New Guinea. The list was since then revised multiple times, and comprised—as noted by the Lisbon Treaty—25 OCTs in 2007. One of the French territories subsequently switched status from OMR to OCT (Saint Barthélemy), while another French territory switched from OCT to OMR (Mayotte). As of July 2014, there are still 13 OCTs (six with France, six with the Netherlands and one with Denmark)[24] of which all have joined OCTA.
The 13 Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union are:[25]
| Flag | Coat of arms | Name | Location | Area | Pop. | Capital | Largest settlement | Official language(s) | Sovereign state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Greenland | North Atlantic andArctic | 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi) | 56,483 | Nuuk | Nuuk | Greenlandic |  Kingdom of Denmark |
 |  | Curaçao | Caribbean | 444 km2 (171 sq mi) | 160,337 | Willemstad | Willemstad | Dutch,Papiamento,English |  Kingdom of the Netherlands |
 |  | Aruba | 179 km2 (69 sq mi) | 104,822 | Oranjestad | Oranjestad | Dutch, Papiamento, English, Spanish | ||
 |  | Sint Maarten | 37 km2 (14 sq mi) | 33,609 | Philipsburg | Lower Prince's Quarter | Dutch, English | ||
 |  | Bonaire | 294 km2 (114 sq mi) | 18,905 | Kralendijk | Kralendijk | Dutch | ||
 |  | Sint Eustatius | 21 km2 (8 sq mi) | 3,193 | Oranjestad | Oranjestad | |||
 |  | Saba | 13 km2 (5 sq mi) | 1,991 | The Bottom | The Bottom | |||
 |  | French Polynesia | Pacific | 4,167 km2 (1,609 sq mi) | 275,918 | Pape'ete | Fa'a'ā | French | French Republic |
|  | New Caledonia | 18,576 km2 (7,172 sq mi) | 268,767 | Nouméa | Nouméa | |||
 | Wallis-et-Futuna | 142 km2 (55 sq mi) | 11,899 | Mata-Utu | Mata-Utu | ||||
 | Saint Barthélemy | Caribbean | 25 km2 (10 sq mi) | 9,279 | Gustavia | Gustavia | |||
 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | North Atlantic | 242 km2 (93 sq mi) | 6,080 | Saint-Pierre | Saint Pierre | |||
 |  | French Southern and Antarctic Lands | Indian Ocean andAntarctica | 439,781 km2 (169,800 sq mi) | 0[e] | Saint-Pierre | Port-aux-Français (base) | ||
| Total | 2,630,007 km2 (1,015,451 sq mi) | 945,893 |
TheOverseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) is an organisation founded on 17 November 2000 and headquartered inBrussels. All OCTs have joined OCTA as of February 2020. Its purpose is to improve economic development in overseas countries and territories, as well as cooperation with theEuropean Union. On 25 June 2008, a Cooperation Treaty between the EU and OCTA was signed in Brussels.[26] The current chairman isLouis Mapou.[27]
TheFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands (which also include the FrenchScattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the French claim ofAdélie Land) are a disputed French Overseas Territory embodying the French claims toAntarctica but has no permanent population.[28] It hassui generis status within France.[29]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon,Saint Barthélemy,French Polynesia, andWallis and Futuna areoverseas collectivities (formerly referred to as overseas territories) of France, whileNew Caledonia is a "sui generis collectivity". Saint Barthélemy[30] and Saint Pierre and Miquelon use theeuro,[31] while New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna use theCFP Franc, a currency which is tied to the euro and guaranteed by France. Natives of the collectivities areEuropean citizens owing to their French citizenship and elections to the European Parliament are held in the collectivities.
On 22 February 2007,Saint Barthélemy andSaint Martin were separated from the French overseas department ofGuadeloupe to form newoverseas collectivities. As a consequence, their EU status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[14] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community.[15] The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of theLisbon Treaty which listed them as outermost regions.[16] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. The change was made to facilitate trade with countries outside the EU, notably the United States,[32] and was made possible by a provision of the Lisbon Treaty which allows theEuropean Council to change the EU status of a Danish, Dutch, or French territory on the initiative of the member state concerned.[33]
Six territories of theNetherlands—all of which are Caribbean islands—have OCT status. As such, they benefit from being able to have their own export and import policy to and from the EU, while still having access to various EU funds (such as theEuropean Development Fund). The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch citizenship, with the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament.[34] Initially they did not have voting rights for such elections, but theEuropean Court of Justice granted them such rights, when they ruled their exclusion from the franchise was contrary to EU law, as all other Dutch citizens resident outside the EU did have the right to vote.[35] None of the islands use the euro as their currency. TheUS dollar is used on Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, while Curaçao and Sint Maarten utilize their own shared currency theAntillean guilder, and finally the currency of Aruba is theAruban florin.[34]
Aruba,Curaçao, andSint Maarten are classified as "countries" under Dutch law, and have considerable internal autonomy. In June 2008, the Dutch government published a report on the projected effect on the islands were they to join the EU as outermost regions.[36][37] It concluded that the choice would be for the islands themselves to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of becoming part of the EU as outermost regions, and that nothing would be done absent the islands specifically requesting it.[38]
Bonaire,Sint Eustatius, andSaba (collectively calledCaribbean Netherlands) are "special municipalities" of theNetherlands proper. Their current OCT status, and the prospect of advancing their status to become part of the EU as new OMRs (outermost regions), was reviewed by the Dutch parliament in 2015,[39] as part of the planned review of the Dutch law (WOLBES and FINBES) concerning the quality of their recently implemented new public administration bodies.[40] In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation.[41][42][43][44]
The islands inherited their OCT status from theNetherlands Antilles which wasdissolved in 2010. TheNetherlands Antilles were initially specifically excluded from all association with the EEC by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, allowing the Netherlands to ratify on behalf of the Netherlands in Europe andNetherlands New Guinea only, which it subsequently did.[45] Following the entry into force of theConvention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community on 1 October 1964, however, the Netherlands Antilles became OCTs.
Greenland joined the thenEuropean Community in 1973 as acounty along with Denmark, but after gaining autonomy with the introduction ofhome rule within theKingdom of Denmark, Greenland voted to leave in1982 and left in1985, to become an OCT. The main reason for leaving is disagreements about theCommon Fisheries Policy (CFP) and to regain control of Greenlandic fish resources to subsequently remain outside EU waters. Greenlandic nationals (OCT nationals) are, nonetheless,EU citizens due to Greenland's associated relationship with the EU within the meaning of EU treaties as well as holdingDanish nationality.[citation needed]
The EU–Greenland relationship is a comprehensive partnership, which is complementary to the OCT association arrangements under "Council Decision 2013/755/EU"; based specifically on "Council Decision 2014/137 of 14 March 2014" (outlining the relations)[46] and the Fisheries Partnership Agreement of 30 July 2006.[47]
While the outermost regions and the overseas countries and territories fall into structured categories to which common mechanisms apply, this is not true of all the special territories. 10 member state territories havead hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. In those special cases,VAT rules do not apply and they may also be exempt fromcustoms orexcise rules.[48][49]
| Flag | Coat of Arms | Name | Area | Pop. | Sovereign State | Part of the EU | Customs Union[48] | VAT rules[48] | Excise rules[48] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Melilla | 12.3 km2 (5 sq mi) | 86,384 | Spain | Yes | No | No | No |
 |  | Ceuta | 18.5 km2 (7 sq mi) | 85,144 | Yes | No | No | No | |
 |  | Åland | 1,580 km2 (610 sq mi) | 30,129 |  Finland | Yes | Yes | No | No |
 |  | Faroe Islands | 1,399 km2 (540 sq mi) | 52,337 | Kingdom of Denmark | No | No | No | No |
 |  | United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus[f] | 346 km2 (134 sq mi) | 8,686[53] |  Cyprus (de jure) | Yes | Yes[g] | No[55] | Yes[g] |
 |  | Livigno | 227.3 km2 (88 sq mi) | 6,721 |  Italy | Yes | No | No | No |
 |  | Campione d'Italia[h] | 2.68 km2 (1 sq mi) | 1,961 | Yes | Yes[56] | No | Yes[56] | |
.svg) |  | Büsingen am Hochrhein | 7.62 km2 (3 sq mi) | 1,536 |  Germany | Yes | No | No | No |
 |  | Heligoland | 1.7 km2 (1 sq mi) | 1,265 | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Mount Athos | 335.63 km2 (130 sq mi) | 1,811 |  Greece | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| Total | 3,930 km2 (1,517 sq mi) | 303,283 |
Åland, an autonomous archipelago belonging to Finland, but with partial autonomy, located between Sweden and Finland, with a Swedish-speaking population, joined the EU along withFinland in 1995. The islands had a separate referendum on accession and like the Finnish mainland voted in favour.
EU law, including the fundamentalfour freedoms, applies to Åland.[57] However, there are some derogations due to the islands' special status. Åland is outside the VAT area[10] and is exempt from common rules in relation toturnover taxes, excise duties and indirect taxation.[58]In addition, to protect the local economy, the treaty of accession allows for a concept ofhembygdsrätt/kotiseutuoikeus (regional citizenship). Consequently, there are restrictions on the holding of property and real estate, the right of establishment for business purposes and limitations on who can provide services in Åland, for people not holding this status.[58] The status may be obtained by any Finnish citizen legally resident in Åland for 5 years who can demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the Swedish language.[59]
TheGerman village ofBüsingen am Hochrhein is anexclave entirely surrounded bySwitzerland and as such is for practical purposes, in acustoms union with the latter non-EU country.[60] The euro is legal tender, though theSwiss franc is preferred.[61] Büsingen is excluded from the EU customs union and the EU VAT area.[10] Swiss VAT generally applies.[62][63] Büsingen was also outside of the Schengen area until Switzerland joined on 12 December 2008.[citation needed]
TheItalianexclave village ofCampione d'Italia is enclaved bySwitzerland'sTicinocanton as well asLake Lugano (or Ceresio), and is acomune in theProvince of Como, whilstLivigno, a small and remote mountain resort town, is acomune in theProvince of Sondrio. Bothcomuni are part of theLombardyregion. Although part of the EU, Livigno is excluded from the customs union and VAT area, with Livigno's tax status dating back to Napoleonic times. Campione is excluded from the EU VAT area. It was excluded from the EU customs area until the end of 2019.[10][64] Shops and restaurants in Campione accept payments in both euros and Swiss francs and prices are displayed in both currencies.[65]
.jpg)
Ceuta andMelilla are two Spanish cities on the North African coast. They are part of the EU but they are excluded from thecommon agricultural and fisheries policies.[66] They are also outside the customs union and VAT area,[10] but no customs are levied on goods exported from the Union into either Ceuta and Melilla and certain goods originating in Ceuta and Melilla are exempt from customs charges.
While nominally part of theSchengen Area (Schengen visas are valid), Spain performs identity checks on all sea and air passengers leaving the enclaves for elsewhere in the Schengen Area.[67]
When theRepublic of Cyprus became part of theEuropean Union on 1 May 2004, the northern third of the island was outside of the effective control of its government due to theTurkish invasion of Cyprus, a United Nations buffer zone of varying width separated the two parts, and a further 3% of the island was taken up byUK sovereign bases (under British sovereignty since theTreaty of Establishment in 1960). Twoprotocols to theTreaty of Accession 2003—numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation.
EU law only applies fully to the part of the island that is effectively controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only byTurkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol.[68] If the island is reunified, theCouncil of the European Union will repeal the suspension by a decision. Four months after such a decision has been adopted, new elections to theEuropean Parliament will be held on the island to elect Cypriot representatives from the whole of the island.[69]
Cypriot nationality law applies to the entire island and is accordingly available to the inhabitants of Northern Cyprus and the British sovereign base areas on the same basis as to those born in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.[70][71] Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus living inNorthern Cyprus are EU citizens and are nominally entitled to vote in elections to the European Parliament; however, elections to that Parliament are not organised in Northern Cyprus as it is governed de facto by a separate state, albeit a state recognized only by Turkey.[72]
The United Kingdom has two sovereign base areas on Cyprus, namelyAkrotiri and Dhekelia. Unlike other British overseas territories, their inhabitants (who are entitled toBritish Overseas Territories Citizenship) have never been entitled toBritish citizenship.
Prior to Cypriot accession to the EU in 2004, although the United Kingdom was an EU member at the time, EU law did not apply to the sovereign base areas.[73] This position was changed by the Cypriot accession treaty so that EU law, while still not applying in principle, applied to the extent necessary to implement a protocol attached to that treaty.[74] This protocol applied EU law relating to theCommon Agricultural Policy, customs, indirect taxation, social policy and justice and home affairs to the sovereign base areas. The sovereign base areas' authorities also made provision for the unilateral application of directly applicable EU law.[75] The UK also agreed in the Protocol to keep enough control of the external (i.e. off-island and northern Cyprus) borders of the base areas to ensure that the border between the sovereign base areas and the Republic of Cyprus could remain fully open and would not have to be policed as an external EU border. Consequently, the sovereign base areas would have become ade facto part of the Schengen Area if and when Cyprus implemented it. The base areas are alreadyde facto members of theeurozone due to their previous use of theCypriot pound and their adoption of theeuro as legal tender from 2008.[76]
Because Cypriot nationality law extends to Cypriots in the sovereign base areas, Cypriot residents, as citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, are entitled to EU citizenship. Just under half of the population of the sovereign base areas are Cypriots, the rest are British military personnel, support staff and their dependants.[77] In a declaration attached to theTreaty of Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus of 1960, the British government undertook not to allow new settlement of people in the sovereign base areas other than for temporary purposes.[78]
Under a protocol to theBrexit withdrawal agreement, certain provisions of EU law on agriculture, customs, indirect taxation, social security and border control continue to apply to the sovereign base areas.[79]
TheUnited Nations buffer zone between north and south Cyprus ranges in width from a few metres in centralNicosia to several kilometres in the countryside. While it is nominally under the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, it is effectively administered by theUnited Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The population of the zone is 8,686 (as of October 2007),[needs update] and one of the mandates of UNFICYP is "to encourage the fullest possible resumption of normal civilian activity in the buffer zone".[53] Inhabited villages located in the buffer zone are legally administered by the Republic of Cyprus but policed by UN peacekeepers.[50] Article 2.1 of the Cyprus Protocol[68] allows the European Council to determine to what extent the provisions of EU law apply in the buffer zone.[80]
TheFaroe Islands have never been part of the EU. Danish citizens residing on the islands are not considered citizens of a member state within the meaning of the treaties or, consequently, citizens of the European Union.[81] However, Faroese people, who areDanish citizens i.e. citizens of theDanish Realm, may become EU citizens by changing their registeredresidence to the Danish mainland.
The Faroe Islands are not part of the Schengen Area, and Schengen visas are not valid. However, the islands are part of theNordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement provides that travellers passing between the islands and the Schengen Area are not to be treated as passing the external frontier of the Area.[82] This means that there is no formal passport control, but an identity check at check-in for air or boat travel to the islands where Nordic citizens on intra-Nordic travel need no passport, only showing the ticket plus identity card.[83]
Heligoland is an archipelago of Germany situated in theNorth Sea 70 km (43 mi) off the German north-western coast. It is part of the EU, but is excluded from the customs union and the VAT area.[10]
TheMonastic community of Mount Athos is an autonomous monastic region ofGreece. Greece's EU accession treaty provides that Mount Athos maintains its centuries-old special legal status,[84] guaranteed by article 105 of theGreek Constitution. It is part of the customs union but outside the VAT area.[10] Notwithstanding that a special permit is required to enter the peninsula and that there is a prohibition on the admittance of women, it is part of theSchengen Area.[85] The monastery has certain rights to house monks from countries outside the EU. A declaration attached to Greece's accession treaty to theSchengen Agreement states that Mount Athos's "special status" should be taken into account in the application of the Schengen rules.[86]
Small islands scattered along the northern coast of Africa, collectively known as theplazas de soberanía have been integral parts of Spain since the 15th century and therefore also part of the European Union. Their currency is the euro.
The Saimaa Canal and Värska–Ulitina road are two of several distinct travel arrangements that exist or existed because of changes in borders over the course of the 20th century, where transport routes and installations ended up on the wrong side of the border. Some have become superfluous thanks to the Schengen Agreement. These listed examples pass the external EU border.
Finlandleases the 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi)-long Russian part of theSaimaa Canal fromRussia and is grantedextraterritoriality rights.[87] The area is not part of the EU, it is a special part of Russia. Under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, Russian law is in force with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. There are also special rules concerning vessels travelling to Finland via the canal.Russian visas are not required for just passing through the canal, but a passport is needed and it is checked at the border.[87] Euros are accepted for the canal fees. Prior to the 50-year lease renewal coming into effect in February 2012, theMaly Vysotsky Island had also been leased and managed by Finland. Since then it has been fully managed by Russian authorities, and is no longer part of the concession territory.
The road fromVärska toUlitina inEstonia, traditionally the only road to the Ulitina area, goes through Russian territory for one kilometre (0.6 mi) of its length, an area calledSaatse Boot.[88] This road has no border control, but there is no connection to any other road in Russia. It is not permissible to stop or walk along the road. This area is a part ofRussia but is also a de facto part of the Schengen area.
Some roads, railways and tram lines along the border of Switzerland allow transit between two Swiss places through neighbouring countries, or between the border and international airports and railway stations, without customs controls (and before 2008 without passport controls when those where otherwise needed at the Swiss border). SeePrivileged transit traffic#Switzerland.
Special territories of some other European countries are strongly connected to the European Union. These are as follows:
This table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the special territories of EU member states.
| Member states and territories | ApplicationofEU law | EURATOM | EU citizenship | EU elections | Schengen area | EU VAT area | EU customs territory | EU single market | Eurozone | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyprus, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Set to implement later[i] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 UN Buffer Zone | With exemptions | ? | Yes | No | No | No | Yes[j] | With exemptions[k] | Yes | |
 Northern Cyprus | Suspended | No | Cypriot citizens[l] | No | No | No | No[94] | No[95] | TRY | |
| Denmark, except: | Yes[m] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | DKK (ERM II) | |
 Greenland | Minimal (OCT)[24] | No[96] | Yes | No | No | No | No[94] | Partial[97] | DKK (ERM II) | |
 Faroe Islands | No | No[98] | No | No | No | No | No[94] | Minimal (FTA)[99][100] | DKK (ERM II) | |
| Finland, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Åland Islands | With exemptions | Yes[101] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[94] | With exemptions | Yes | |
| France, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| French Guiana | With exemptions (OMR)[102] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | VAT free | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes | |
 Guadeloupe | With exemptions (OMR)[102] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | Low-rate VAT | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes | |
 Martinique | With exemptions (OMR)[102] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | Low-rate VAT | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes | |
| Réunion | With exemptions (OMR)[102] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | Low-rate VAT | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes | |
| Mayotte | With exemptions (OMR)[102] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | VAT free | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes | |
| Saint Martin | With exemptions (OMR)[102] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | Low-rate VAT | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes[104] | |
 Saint Barthélemy | Minimal (OCT)[24] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | No | No | Partial[97] | Yes[104] | |
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Minimal (OCT)[24] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | No | No[94] | Partial[97] | Yes[104] | |
 Wallis and Futuna | Minimal (OCT)[24] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | No | No[94] | Partial[97] | XPF, pegged toEUR | |
 French Polynesia | Minimal (OCT)[24] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | No | No[94] | Partial[97] | XPF, pegged toEUR | |
 New Caledonia | Minimal (OCT)[24] | Yes | Yes | Yes[n] | No[103] | No | No[94] | Partial[97] | XPF, pegged toEUR | |
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands | Minimal (OCT)[24] | Yes | Yes | No[o] | No[103] | No | No[94] | Partial[97] | Yes[105] | |
| Clipperton Island | ? | Yes[106] | Yes[105] | No[o] | No[103] | ? | ? | ? | Yes[105] | |
| Germany, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Büsingen am Hochrhein | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[p] | Low-rate VAT | No[94] | Yes | Yes | |
 Heligoland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | VAT free | No[94] | Yes | Yes | |
| Greece, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Agio Oros | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | VAT free[10] | Yes[94] | Yes | Yes | |
| Italy, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Livigno | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | VAT free | No[94] | Yes | Yes | |
 Campione d'Italia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[p] | Low-rate VAT | Yes[64] | Yes | Yes | |
| Netherlands, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Bonaire | Minimal (OCT)[24] | No[q] | Yes | Yes | No[103] | No | No[107] | Partial[97] | USD[108] | |
 Saba | Minimal (OCT)[24] | No[q] | Yes | Yes | No[103] | No | No[107] | Partial[97] | USD[108] | |
 Sint Eustatius | Minimal (OCT)[24] | No[q] | Yes | Yes | No[103] | No | No[107] | Partial[97] | USD[108] | |
 Curaçao | Minimal (OCT)[24] | No[109] | Yes[r] | Yes | No[103] | No | No[107] | Partial[97] | ANG[s] | |
 Sint Maarten | Minimal (OCT)[24] | No[109] | Yes[r] | Yes | No[103] | No | No[107] | Partial[97] | ANG[s] | |
 Aruba | Minimal (OCT)[24] | ?[98][110] | Yes[r] | Yes | No[103] | No | No[107] | Partial[97] | AWG | |
| Portugal, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Azores | Yes (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Local rate | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Madeira | Yes (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Local rate | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Spain, except: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Canary Islands | With exemptions (OMR) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | VAT free | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
 Ceuta | With exemptions | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial[t] | VAT free | No | Yes | Yes | |
 Melilla | With exemptions | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial[t] | VAT free | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Member states and territories | Application ofEU law | EURATOM | EU citizenship | EU elections | Schengen area | EU VAT area | EU customs territory | EUsingle market | Eurozone | |
| Legend for the "Application of EU law" column: Full. Part of the EU.[112] —Minimal or none. Not part of the EU territory. | ||||||||||
Special territories of EFTA states and some other European countries also have aspecial status in regard to EU laws applied.[99]
| Countries and territories | ApplicationofEU law | EURATOM | Schengen area | EU VAT area | EU customs territory | EU single market | Adoption of euro | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Norway, except: | Partial | No | Yes | No | No | With exemptions, in EEA[113] | NOK | |||
| Svalbard | Partial | No | No[114] | VAT free[89] | No | No[113][115] | NOK | |||
| Jan Mayen | Partial | No | Yes[114][116] | VAT free[89] | No | Like rest of Norway[113] | NOK | |||
| Bouvet Island | No | No | No | No | No | No | NOK | |||
| Peter I Island | No | No | No | No | No | No | NOK | |||
| Queen Maud Land | No | No | No | No | No | No | NOK | |||
 Switzerland, except: | Partial | Associated state | Yes | Swiss–Liechtenstein VAT area | Swiss–Liechtenstein customs territory | With exemptions, not in EEA[117] | CHF | |||
 Samnaun and Val Sampuoir | Partial | Associated state | Yes | VAT free[91] | Swiss–Liechtenstein customs territory | With exemptions, not in EEA[117] | CHF | |||
 Basel Badischer Bahnhof platforms | Partial | Associated state | Yes | Yes[91] | Yes | Yes[117] | CHF | |||
 United Kingdom, except: | Partial | Associated state | CTA | No | No | No | GBP | |||
 Northern Ireland | Partial[u] | Associated state | CTA | Goods only, de facto | Goods only, de facto | Goods only, de facto | GBP | |||
| Akrotiri and Dhekelia | Partial[79] | Associated state | Set to implement later[i] | Yes[79] | Yes[79] | Partial[v] | Yes[119] | |||
 Gibraltar | Partial | Associated state | Set to implement later[120] | No | Set to implement later[120] | Partial | GIP | |||
 Guernsey | Partial | Associated state | CTA | No | No | No | GGP | |||
 Jersey | Partial | Associated state | CTA | No | No | No | JEP | |||
 Isle of Man | Partial | Associated state | CTA | No | No | No | IMP | |||
| OtherBritish Overseas Territories | No | Associated state | No | No | No | No | Various currencies | |||
| Countries and territories | ApplicationofEU law | EURATOM | Schengen area | EU VAT area | EU customs territory | EU single market | Adoption of euro | |||
Many currently independent states or parts of such were previously territories of the following EU members since the latter joined the EU or, previously theEuropean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC):
Most of these territories seceded before the implementation of theMaastricht Treaty in 1993 and the following years, meaning that cooperation like the EU citizenship, the VAT union or the Eurozone did not exist, so it made less difference to be a special territory then.
These were:
TheUnited Kingdomleft the EU in 2020. When it was a member, some of itsCrown Dependencies andOverseas Territories were partially integrated with the EU.
Additionally in Europe there were special territories in the past that had different status than their "mainland", because of various reasons, but now are part of a member state. Some of these territories were as follows:
The following areas are still special member state territories, but have changed their status. See their entries in the article for details.
approximately 15,700 live on the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia including 7,700 Cypriots, 3,600 Service and UK-based contract personnel, and 4,400 dependents
(...) van het Verdrag tot oprichting van de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie (Euratom) (Tr. 1957, 92). Dit verdrag geldt niet voor Curaçao en Sint Maarten.
