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History of the European Union
Timeline Pre-1948 ideas 1948–1957 1958–1972 1973–1993 1993–2004 2004–present
Organisation European Communities (1958–2009) European Coal and Steel Community (1952–2002) European Economic Community (1958–1993) European Atomic Energy Community (1958–present) European Community (1993–2009) Justice and Home Affairs (1993–2003) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (2003–2009) Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar (1993–2009) Western European Union (1954–2011) Western Union (1948–1954)
Treaties Treaty of Paris 1951 Treaty of Rome 1957 Merger Treaty 1965 Single European Act 1986 Maastricht Treaty 1992 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 Treaty of Nice 2001 Treaty of Lisbon 2007
Commissions Hallstein Commission 1958 Rey Commission 1967 Malfatti Commission 1970 Mansholt Commission 1972 Ortoli Commission 1973 Jenkins Commission 1977 Thorn Commission 1981 Delors Commissions I–III 1985 Santer Commission 1994 Prodi Commission 1999 Barroso Commission I & II 2004 Juncker Commission 2014 Von der Leyen Commission I 2019 Von der Leyen Commission II 2024
Topics History of Europe History of the euro History of defence integration History of enlargement List of presidents List of founders
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TheInner Six (also known asthe Six orthe Six founders) refers to the six foundingmember states of theEuropean Union, namelyBelgium,France,West Germany,Italy,Luxembourg, and theNetherlands. They were the original members of theEuropean Communities, which were later succeeded by the European Union. Named for their location on a map of western Europe, the Inner Six contrasted with the "Outer Seven", which pursued a free-trade system.

The Inner Six are those who responded to theSchuman Declaration's call for the pooling ofcoal andsteel resources under a commonHigh Authority. The six signed theTreaty of Paris creating theEuropean Coal and Steel Community on 18 April 1951 (which came into force on 23 July 1952). Following on from this, they attempted to create aEuropean Defence Community: with the idea of allowingWest Germany to rearm under the authority of a commonEuropean military command, a treaty was signed in 1952. However the plan was rejected by theSenate of France, which also scuppered the draft treaty for aEuropean Political Community (which would have created a political federation to ensure democratic control over the newEuropean army).

Dependency on overseasoil and the steady exhaustion of coal deposits led to the idea of an atomic energy community (a separate Community was favoured by Monnet, rather than simply extending the powers of the ECSC as suggested by theCommon Assembly). However, theBenelux countries (Belgium, theNetherlands, andLuxembourg) and West Germany desired acommon market. In order to reconcile the two ideas, both communities would be created.^[1] Thus, the six went on to sign theTreaties of Rome in 1957, establishing theEuropean Economic Community and theEuropean Atomic Energy Community. The institutions of these communities would later be merged in 1967, leading to them collectively being known as the "European Communities".

The "Inner Six" were in contrast to the "Outer Seven" group of countries who formed theEuropean Free Trade Association rather than engage insupranationalEuropean integration. Five of the Outer Seven would themselves later join the European Communities.

EC Members (Inner Six)	EFTA Members (Outer Seven)
Belgium  France  Italy  Luxembourg  Netherlands  West Germany	Austria  Denmark  Norway  Portugal  Sweden   Switzerland  United Kingdom

The six would continue in their co-operation until 1973 when they were joined by two of the Outer Seven (UK and Denmark) and Ireland.

The events of the 1956Suez Crisis showed the United Kingdom that it could no longer operate alone, instead turning to theUnited States and theEuropean Communities. The United Kingdom, along with Denmark, Ireland and Norway, applied for membership in 1960. However, then–French PresidentCharles de Gaulle saw British membership of the Community as aTrojan horse for United States interests, and hence stated he would veto British membership.^[2] The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and withGeorges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 and two years later the accession treaties were signed with all but Norway acceding to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a1972 referendum).In 1981Greece joined the European Community, bringing the number to ten. After its democratic revolution, Portugal would also leaveEFTA to join the Communities in 1986, along withSpain. The twelve were joined by Sweden, Austria andFinland (which had joined EFTA in 1986) in 1995, leaving only Norway and Switzerland as the remaining members of the original outer seven, although EFTA had gained two new members (Iceland andLiechtenstein) in the intervening time. On the other hand, membership of the Communities, now theEuropean Union (EU), had reached 28. With the approval ofBrexit, which saw the United Kingdom leave the EU on 31 January 2020 after aJune 2016 referendum and political negotiations, the EU currently has 27 members.

Today, there are still some groups within the European Union integrating faster than others, for example theeurozone andSchengen Area (see:Opt-outs in the European Union). TheTreaty of Lisbon includes provisions for a group of countries to integrate without the inclusions of others if they do not wish to join in as, following the rejection of theEuropean Constitution, some leaders wished to create an inner, more highly integratedfederal Europe within a slower-moving EU.

The Inner Six are today among the most integrated members of the EU.

Participant	Schengen	AFSJ	CFR	Euro	EEA	ESM	EFC	SRM	Euro+	CSDP	Prüm	Patent	Divorce	Symbols
Belgium	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
France	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
West Germany	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Italy	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Luxembourg	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Netherlands	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	o	o

 x  – member

 o  – non-member

• Arraiolos meeting
• Big Four (Western Europe)
• Craiova Group
• EU Med Group
• EU three
• Enlargement of the European Union
• European Economic Area
• European Free Trade Association
• G6 (EU)
• Multi-speed Europe
• Opt-outs in the European Union
• Schengen Agreement
• Visegrád Group

• 1951 establishments in Europe
• Enlargement of the European Union
• Geography of the European Union
• History of the European Union
• Organizations established in 1951

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata