From top, left to right: Downtown Oshawa, Oshawa City Hall, GO Transit platform, Lakeridge Health, GM Canada Headquarters, Parkwood Estate and Durham College
Founded in 1876 as the McLaughlin Carriage Company by Robert McLaughlin, and thenMcLaughlin Motors Ltd by his son, Sam, General Motors of Canada's headquarters are located in the city. The automotive industry was the inspiration for Oshawa's previous mottos: "The City that Motovates Canada", and "The City in Motion". The lavish home of the automotive company's founder,Parkwood Estate, is aNational Historic Site of Canada is located in the city.
Once recognized as the sole "Automotive Capital of Canada",[9] Oshawa is now considered to be an education and health sciences hub, although General Motors still plays a significant role in the city's economy. After having been closed for about 2 years, the Oshawa car assembly plant reopened on 10 November 2021, when the first Canadian-madeChevy Silverado was completed. GM invested C$1.3bn into plant retooling. Prior to reopening, GM said that the site would continue to be used forautonomous vehicle testing and production of vehicle stampings and other sub-assemblies.[citation needed]
The city is home to three post-secondary institutions, includingDurham College,Trent University Durham, andOntario Tech University, formerly the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT). TheLakeridge Health Oshawa operates the Lakeridge Health Education and Research Network (LHEARN) in Oshawa as well. Key labour force sectors include advanced manufacturing, health technology, logistics, energy and IT.[10] In 2016, Oshawa was the sixth best place in Canada to find full-time employment based on data from StatsCan.[11]
Downtown Oshawa is identified as an Urban Growth Centre in the Government of Ontario's Places to Grow initiative.[12] More than 5,000 people work and more than 2,400 university students study in the downtown core. The downtown is a prominent centre for entertainment and sporting events (Regent Theatre andTribute Communities Centre), food (50+ restaurants and cafes)[13] and culture (The Robert McLaughlin Gallery andCanadian Automotive Museum). Oshawa is home to a Regional Innovation Centre[14] and offers start-up facilities for entrepreneurs and small businesses. Co-working offices are also located in the downtown.
Historians believe that the area that would become Oshawa began as a transfer point for thefur trade.[citation needed] Beaver and other animals trapped for their pelts by local natives were traded with thecoureurs des bois (voyagers). Furs were loaded onto canoes by theMississauga Natives at the Oshawa harbour and transported to the trading posts located to the west at the mouth of theCredit River.[citation needed] Around 1760, the French constructed a trading post near the harbour. This location was abandoned after a few years, but its ruins provided shelter for the first residents of what later became Oshawa. Most notably, one of the fur traders was Moody Farewell, an early resident of the community who was to some extent responsible for its name change.[citation needed]
In the late 18th century a local resident, Roger Conant, started an export business shipping salmon to the United States. His success attracted further migration into the region.[citation needed] A large number of the founding immigrants wereUnited Empire Loyalists, who left the United States to continue to live under British rule. Later, Irish and then French Canadian immigration increased as did industrialization.[citation needed] Oshawa and the surroundingOntario County were also the settling grounds of a disproportionate number of 19th centuryCornish immigrants during theCornish emigration which emptied large tracts of that part of England.[citation needed] As well, the surveys ordered by GovernorJohn Graves Simcoe, and the subsequent land grants, helped populate the area. When Col.Asa Danforth laid out his York-to-Kingston road, it passed through what would later become Oshawa.[citation needed]
In 1822, a "colonization road" (a north–south road to facilitate settlement) known as Simcoe Street was constructed. It more or less followed the path of an old native trail known as the Nonquon Road, and ran from the harbour to the area of Lake Scugog.[citation needed] This intersected the "Kingston Road" (present-day King Street) at what would become Oshawa's "Four Corners." In 1836, Edward Skae relocated his general store approximately 800 m east to the southeast corner of this intersection; as his store became a popular meeting place (probably because it also served as the Post Office), the corner and the growing settlement that surrounded it were known as Skae's Corners.[citation needed] In 1842, Skae, the postmaster, applied for official post office status, but was informed the community needed a better name. Moody Farewell was requested to ask his native acquaintances what they called the area; their reply was "Oshawa," which translates to "where we must leave our canoes". Thus, the name of Oshawa, one of the primary "motor cities" of Canada, has the meaning "where we have to get out and walk". The name "Oshawa" was adopted and the post office named accordingly. In 1849, the requirements for incorporation were eased, and Oshawa was incorporated as a village in 1850.[citation needed]
Oshawa Factories, 1910
The 1846 Gazeteer indicates a population of about 1,000 in a community surrounded by farms. There were three churches, a post office, tradesmen of various types and some industry: a foundry, a grist mill and a fulling mill, a brewery, two distilleries, a machine shop and four cabinet makers.[15]
The newly established village became an industrial centre, and implement works, tanneries, asheries and wagon factories opened (and often closed shortly after, as economic "panics" occurred regularly).[citation needed] In 1878, Robert Samuel McLaughlin Sr. moved his carriage works to Oshawa from Enniskillen to take advantage of its harbour and of the availability of a rail link not too far away. He constructed a two-story building on Simcoe Street, just north of the King's Highway. This building was heavily remodelled in 1929, receiving a new facade and being extended to the north using land where the city's "gaol" (jail, firehall and townhall) had once stood. The village became a town in 1879, in what was then called East Whitby Township. Around 1890, the carriage works relocated from its Simcoe Street address to an unused furniture factory a couple of blocks to the northeast, and this remained its site until the building burned down in 1899.[citation needed] Offered assistance by the town, McLaughlin chose to stay in Oshawa, building a new factory across Mary Street from the old site. Rail service had been provided in 1890 by the Oshawa Railway; this was originally set up as a streetcar line, but c. 1910 a second "freight line" was built slightly to the east of Simcoe Street.[16] This electric line provided streetcar and freight service, connected central Oshawa with the Grand Trunk (now Canadian National) Railway, and with the Canadian Northern (which ran through the very north of Oshawa) and the Canadian Pacific, built in 1912–13.[citation needed] The Oshawa Railway was acquired by the Grand Trunk operation around 1910, and streetcar service was replaced by buses in 1940. After GM moved its main plants to south Oshawa in 1951, freight traffic fell and most of the tracks were removed in 1963, although a line to the older remaining "north" plant via Ritson Road remained until 2000.[citation needed]
Col. R. S. McLaughlin and"Billy" Durant signed a 15-year contract in 1907, under which theMcLaughlin Motor Car Company began to manufacture automobiles under the McLaughlin name, usingBuick engines and other mechanical parts. 1908 Buick was merged intoGeneral Motors Holding shortly after, and in 1915 the firm acquired the manufacturing rights to theChevrolet brand. Within three years, the McLaughlin Motor Car Company and the Chevrolet Motor Car Company of Canada owned the General Motors Holding in 1916 he in 1918 merged his Chevrolet and Buick, creatingGeneral Motors of Canada in 1918 with McLaughlin as President.[17][18] The factory expanded rapidly, eventually covering several blocks. The growing usage of the automobile in the 1920s generated rapid expansion of Oshawa, which grew in population from 4,000 to 16,000 during this decade, and of its land area. In 1924, Oshawa annexed the area to its south, including the harbour and the community of Cedardale. This growth allowed Oshawa to seek incorporation as a city, which took place on 8 March 1924.
With the wealth he gained in his business venture, between 1915 and 1917, McLaughlin built one of the most stately homes in Canada, "Parkwood". The 55-room residence was initially designed by Toronto architect firm Darling and Pearson as well as John M. Lyle in the late 1930s. McLaughlin lived in the house for 55 years with his wife and they raised five daughters. The house replaced an older mansion, which was about 30 years old when it was demolished; the grounds of the earlier home had been operated as Prospect Park, and this land was acquired by the town and became its first municipal park, Alexandra Park. Parkwood today is open to the public as a National Historic Site. Tours are offered.
On 8 April 1937, disputes between 4,000 assembly line workers and General Motors management led to the Oshawa Strike, a salient event in the history of Canadiantrade unionism.[19] As the weight of theGreat Depression slowly began to lift, demand for automobiles again began to grow. The workers sought higher wages, an eight-hour workday, better working conditions and recognition of their union, theUnited Auto Workers (Local 222). The then-Liberal government ofMitchell Hepburn, which had been elected on a platform of being the working man's friend, sided with the corporation and brought in armed university students to break up any union agitation. These much-derided "Hepburn's Hussars" and "Sons of Bitches" were never needed as the union refused to be drawn into violent acts. The union and workers had the backing of the local population, other unions and theCo-operative Commonwealth Federation party and, on 23 April, two weeks after the strike started, the company gave in to most of the workers' demands, although it pointedly did not recognize the union.[20]
A historic church in Oshawa: St. Gregory the Great
In 1950, the city annexed a portion of East Whitby Township west of Park Road. Some of this area had been developed during the 1920s boom period, although it was not within the boundaries of the city. The opening of the Oshawa Shopping Centre (now theOshawa Centre) fewer than two kilometres west of the "four corners" in 1956 struck a blow to Oshawa's downtown from which it has never been able to recover. The shopping centre was built on land which had been an unproductive farm; when its owner gave up on agriculture, this released a very large area of land for the construction of a mall. The opening of what later becameHighway 401, then known as Highway 2A, shortly after World War II sparked increased residential growth in Oshawa and the other lakeshore municipalities of Ontario County, which led to the creation of the Regional Municipality of Durham in 1974. Oshawa was amalgamated with the remaining portions of East Whitby Township and took on its present boundaries, which included the outlying villages of Columbus, Raglan and Kedron. Much of Oshawa's industry has closed over the years; however, it is still the headquarters of GM Canada and its major manufacturing site. Current industries of note include manufacturing of railway maintenance equipment, mining equipment, steel fabrication, and rubber products. Oshawa is also recognized as an official port of entry for immigration and customs services.
Similar to all of southern Ontario, Oshawa has ahumid continental climate (Köppen climate classification:Dfb) with vast, but not extreme, seasonal temperature differences. Summers are generally warm, while winters are cold, but not extreme by Canadian standards. Oshawa receives one of the lowest yearly snowfall totals in all of Ontario.
In the2021 Census of Population conducted byStatistics Canada, Oshawa had a population of175,383 living in66,634 of its69,324 total private dwellings, a change of10% from its 2016 population of159,458. With a land area of 145.72 km2 (56.26 sq mi), it had a population density of1,203.6/km2 (3,117.2/sq mi) in 2021.[22]
At thecensus metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Oshawa CMA had a population of415,311 living in149,047 of its153,565 total private dwellings, a change of9.3% from its 2016 population of379,848. With a land area of 903.25 km2 (348.75 sq mi), it had a population density of459.8/km2 (1,190.9/sq mi) in 2021.[23]
According to the 2021 CensusEnglish was the mother tongue of 79.5% of the residents of Oshawa. 1.7% of the population hadFrench as their mother tongue. Other common mother tongues wereUrdu (1.5%),Chinese Languages (1.3%), Tamil (1.2%), Tagalog (1.0%),Spanish (1.0%),Polish (0.8%), andItalian (0.7%).
Oshawa is headquarters toGeneral Motors Canada, which has large-scale manufacturing and administrative operations in the city and employs many thousands both directly and indirectly. SinceWindsor, Ontario housesChrysler Canada headquarters, the two cities have something of a friendly rivalry for the title of "Automotive Capital of Canada", which is now held by Oshawa.[9] While the company's once essential role in the local economy has diminished, it remains the largest local employer. In November 2018, General Motors announced the closing of the plant, with the layoff of both salaried and hourly workers.[31] On 20 December 2018 the last car was assembled at the Oshawa plant.[32] On 4 November 2020, GM announced "Subject to ratification of the 2020 agreement with Unifor, General Motors plans to bring pickup production back to the Oshawa Assembly Plant. Construction will begin immediately at Oshawa Assembly and will include a new body shop and flexible assembly module, to support a fast response to strong customer demand for GM's new family of pickup trucks. Oshawa pickup production started on 10 November 2021 when the first Canadian-made Silverado was completed.[citation needed]
The revenue collection divisions of theOntario Ministry of Finance occupy one of the main office buildings in the city's downtown. Oshawa City Hall, Tribute Communities Centre, The Robert McLaughlin Gallery are also in the downtown core.Ontario Tech University occupies five buildings in downtown. More than 1,900 Ontario Tech University students and staff attend class and work in downtown Oshawa.[33]
The city's older southern neighbourhoods tend to be considerably less affluent than its more suburban northern sections, which are rapidly expanding as Toronto commuters move in. The southern half of the city consists of industrial zones and compact housing designed for early 20th century industrial workers, while the northern half has a suburban feel more typical of later decades.[citation needed] High wages paid to unionized GM employees have meant that these workers could enjoy a relatively high standard of living, although such jobs are much scarcer today than they once were.[citation needed] During its heyday afterWorld War II, General Motors offered some of the best manufacturing jobs available in Canada and attracted thousands of workers from economically depressed areas of the country, particularly theMaritimes,Newfoundland, ruralQuebec and northern Ontario. The city was also a magnet for European immigrants in the skilled trades, and boasts substantialPolish,Ukrainian,Hungarian,Croatian,German, Slovak andRussian ethnic communities.[citation needed]
Oshawa has become one of the fastest-growing cities in Canada, although statements to this effect are often in reference to the Census Metropolitan Area, which includes neighbouringWhitby andClarington. Oshawa achieved a record-setting year of growth in 2015 with over a half a billion dollars in construction value (breaking its previous record in 2014).[34] Many commuters have been enticed to Oshawa by comparatively low housing prices and the regular rail service into downtown Toronto provided byGO Transit andVia Rail.
The growth of subdivisions to house Toronto commuters will likely accelerate with theHighway 407 East extension. Highway 407 East (407E) opened to Harmony Road in Oshawa on 20 June 2016, including a tolled north–south link to Highway 401 known asHighway 412. The Highway 407 extension toHighway 35/Highway 115 inClarington was opened on 9 December 2019, with a second tolled link to Highway 401 known asHighway 418 opened simultaneously.[35] On 5 April 2022, Highways 412 and 418 became toll-free.[36]
In spring 2016, Oshawa was ranked No. 1 city for jobs in Canada when compared to 33 cities across the country.[37] The trend suggests major social and demographic changes for Oshawa, which has long had a vigorouslabour union presence, a mostlywhite demographic, and a largelyblue collar identity.
The city has been attracting film and television producers[38] who have made parts of a number of movies and TV series in Oshawa,[39] most recentlyIt (based on theStephen King book),[40] but alsoBilly Madison,Chicago, andX-Men.[41][42] The most popular location in the city for film makers isParkwood Estate.[43]
The dominant presence of General Motors (and its autoworkers) meant that Oshawa was well known as a bastion of unionist,left-wing support during the decades following theSecond World War. The city played an important role in Canada's labour history, including the 1937 "Oshawa Strike" against General Motors and the considerable financial support provided by the city's autoworkers to theNew Democratic Party (NDP) and its predecessors.
By the end of the 1990s, the city's changing economy and demographics led many voters to theProgressive Conservative Party of Ontario and theCanadian Alliance, a conservative party at the federal level. Conservative candidates have won recent provincial and federal elections, whereas from 1968 to 1993 the city was a safe NDP seat in both the federal and provincial legislatures.
The city's shifting social and political dynamics were seen in the 2004 federal election the riding ofOshawa (not coterminous with the City of Oshawa, but containing most of it) was the country's most competitive. The candidate of the newConservative Party of Canada,Colin Carrie, edged out his NDP rivalSid Ryan by several hundred votes; it was an atypical and ideologically stark race that left Louise Parkes of the Liberals in third place.
The council of the City of Oshawa has eleven members – one mayor, five regional and city councillors and five city councillors. The current term of council began on 15 November 2022.
The mayor is elected at large by electors throughout the city, heads the council of the City of Oshawa and is also a representative of the city on the council of the Regional Municipality of Durham. There are five wards in the City of Oshawa. Each of the five wards are represented by one regional and city councillor and one city councillor.
Oshawa Centre, the largest mall in Ontario east of Toronto
Oshawa has parks, walking trails, conservation areas, indoors and outdoor public swimming pools, community centres, and sports facilities. Lakeview Park stretches along the coast of Lake Ontario, complete with a sandy beach, and is the location of theOshawa Museum. Also, the McLaughlin Bay Wildlife Reserve and Second Marsh Wildlife Area offer protected marshland areas with interpretive trails and viewing platforms. Oshawa's parks and trail system encompasses almost 410 hectares (1,000 acres) of parkland and more than 27 kilometres (17 mi) of paved trails. Oshawa has more than 130 parks, more than 110 playgrounds, nine splash pads, eight ice pads and three skateboard parks.
Oshawa hosts many annual festivals and events including the Oshawa Peony Festival,[48] Kars on King, and Oshawa Fiesta Week, which is hosted by the Oshawa Folk Arts Council[49] and has been celebrated for more than 45 years.
At the center of Oshawa is theOshawa Centre shopping mall, the largest mall in theDurham region as well as in Ontario east ofToronto. The executive offices there include the Ministry of Long Term Health Care for Ontario.[50]
The Oshawa Generals' home arena has been destroyed by fire twice in the franchise history. In June 1928, the Bradley Arena was destroyed by fire. Then, 25 years later, in September 1953 theHambly Arena was also destroyed by fire.[52]
Oshawa hostedRon MacLean and the Rogers Hometown Hockey Tour on 26–27 December 2015.[53]
The city was represented in theCanadian Professional Soccer League by theDurham Flames from 1999 to 2003.[56] After the Flames had their franchise revoked in 2004, the Mississauga Olympians relocated to Oshawa to become theDurham Storm.[56] The Storm would represent Oshawa for two seasons from 2004 to 2005.[57]
Oshawa was home toWindfields Farm, a thoroughbred horse breeding operation and birthplace of one of Canada's most famous racehorses,Northern Dancer.[58]
Oshawa hosted boxing and weightlifting events for the2015 Pan American Games which were held in the Greater Toronto Area.[59]
Highway 401 in OshawaOshawa Train StationMain Terminal at the Oshawa Executive Airport
GO Transit trains connect the city with Toronto, Hamilton and points between. GO Transit buses provide service from Oshawa along the Highway 401 and Highway 2 corridors in Durham Region and to Toronto and York Region. GO Transit bus service is also provided from Oshawa Train station to Clarington and Peterborough via the downtown bus terminal. TheOshawa Station is owned by the national rail carrierVia Rail, which operates a service along theQuebec City-Windsor Corridor. Other services from the station include GO Buses, and the regional transit systemDurham Region Transit provides local bus service. It replacedOshawa Transit on 1 January 2006.
The province announced in June 2016 an extension of the GO train service from Oshawa to Bowmanville, including extending the train network by nearly 20 kilometres (12 mi) and building four new stations.[60] The new GO rail service is expected to begin by 2023–24. The four new stations will be at Thornton Road in Oshawa, Ritson Road in Oshawa, Courtice Road in Courtice and Martin Road in Bowmanville.
Private intercity buses are provided byTOK Coachlines (formerly Can-ar Coach Service) daily to/fromLindsay and Toronto.[61]
Other thanHighway 2 (King and Bond Streets), which was downloaded in 1998, the city had no provincially maintained highways until the original section ofHighway 401 opened in 1947 (asHighway 2A). The highway originally terminated at Ritson Road, and was extended east through the remainder of the city to Newcastle in 1952. Oshawa was the only city that Highway 401 was built directly through, rather than bypassing. This resulted in the demolition of several streets and hundreds of homes in the 1930s and 1940s.[citation needed]
Highway 407, a tolled400-series highway, opened to Harmony Road in Oshawa on 20 June 2016, including a tolled north–south link to Highway 401 known asHighway 412. A recently completed segment east of the city opened in 2020, connecting toHighway 35 /Highway 115 inClarington by 2020, with a second link to Highway 401 known asHighway 418.
ThePort of Oshawa is a major stop for the auto and steel industries as well as winter road salt handling and agricultural fertilizer. A marine rescue unit (COMRA) is also stationed at the port. On 21 May 2009, Canadian Transportation MinisterJohn Baird announced that the status of Oshawa's port would be changed from a harbour commission to a full-fledgedPort Authority.[citation needed] The creation of a federal port authority has caused some controversy as there are others who wish to see the port transferred to municipal ownership and recreational use.[citation needed]
Oshawa Executive Airport is a municipal airport owned by the city that operates all private general aviation and charter services for eastern Toronto, with customs and immigration officers on-site. Oshawa Executive does not offer any scheduled airline services. The closest international airports with scheduled service isToronto Pearson International Airport, located 75 kilometres (47 mi) west by road in Mississauga orBilly Bishop Toronto City Airport in downtown Toronto.
Oshawa is the site ofLakeridge Health Oshawa, formerly Oshawa General Hospital. Lakeridge Health is one of Ontario's largest community hospitals. The facility also houses the RS. McLaughlin Durham Regional Cancer Centre.
Lakeridge Health Oshawa is also home to Lakeridge Health Education and Research Network (LHEARN) that opened in 2013. LHEARN is the academic home for Queen's University family physician residency program and for pediatric residency and training. LHEARN Centre provides training and testing medical professionals, including doctors, nurses and first responders (includingOrnge critical care air ambulance paramedics).[62]
Oshawa is also home to the Oshawa Clinic, the largest, multi-specialty medical group practice in Canada.[63]
Policing in Oshawa is provided by theDurham Regional Police Service. There are two police stations in Oshawa one at 77 Centre Street North in the downtown area, and a South Oshawa Community Policing Centre on Cedar Street. EMS/Ambulance services are also operated by the Region of Durham. Oshawa Fire Services operated by the city operates from six fire stations located throughout the city.
Oshawa was the first city in Ontario to provide paramedic services. In 1979, 16 ambulance attendants were given specialized training to treat cardiac related problems in the pre-hospital setting. The program was called the Pre-hospital Cardiac Care (PHCC) program. From this single service, paramedic training was expanded to Toronto, Hamilton and the Provincial air ambulance service. The program has been the source of all paramedic programs in Ontario.[65]
Public education in Oshawa is provided by theDurham District School Board. As of June 2015, there were 28 elementary schools and six secondary schools.[66] TheDurham Catholic District School Board, which has its headquarters in Oshawa, oversees public Catholic education in Durham Region. There are 11 Catholic elementary schools and two secondary schools. TheConseil scolaire Viamonde operates one French public elementary school, while theConseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud runs one publicly funded French-language Catholic elementary school. Private schools include Durham Elementary School, Immanuel Christian School,Kingsway College and College Park Elementary School.
Oshawa is home to 22,000 full-time students studying at three post-secondary institutions Durham College, Trent University Durham andUniversity of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT). Oshawa is a Community Teaching Site for Queen's University School of Medicine at Lakeridge Health.
The main campus ofDurham College is located in the city. The college has grown and expanded since it opened in 1967 and now offers more than 140 full-time programs.[67]
TheUniversity of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) opened in 2003. Given the city's industrial heritage, the university's courses emphasize technology, manufacturing and engineering themes. UOIT has ten buildings at two stand-alone campus locations (north Oshawa and Downtown Oshawa) and houses more than 70 specialized research laboratories and research facilities. It is the only university in Canada to offer a degree program in Automotive Engineering.[68]
Trent University Durham has a long history in Oshawa. In 2010, the university opened a stand-alone campus in Oshawa (beside the Oshawa Civic Recreation Complex).
Oshawa has few media outlets of its own due to its proximity to Toronto. The city has oneAM station,CKDO (1580), which is rebroadcast on 107.7 FM, and oneFM station, 94.9CKGE. Both stations are owned by Durham Radio, which also ownsCJKX, which is licensed to the nearby community ofAjax, although all three stations are operated from the same studios at theOshawa Executive Airport. CKDO has officially been licensed as aclear-channel station since 2006 and is the only full-power station in Canada on1580 kHz it nonetheless operates at a fifth of the usual power of a clear-channel outlet with a directional signal that is pointed away from the United States.
Oshawa has aGlobal O&O station,CHEX-TV-2 (Channel 12), which is a sister station of Peterborough'sCHEX-DT. It airs a daily supper hour news and current affairs program targeted to Durham Region viewers. Although a larger city than Peterborough then and now, Oshawa was not granted a television station in the original 1950s assignments as it was geographically too close to Toronto, since the original spacings were nominally set at 88 km (55 mi).Rogers Cable, the local cable television service provider, operatesRogers TV: acommunity channel with local television programming for cable subscribers.
Oshawa is served by several community newspapers, including theOshawa Express, an independent which is published every Wednesday, andOshawa This Week, published two times per week byMetroland. The long-standing daily newspaper, theOshawa Times (also known at various times as theOshawa Daily Times andTimes-Gazette), was closed by its ownerThomson Newspapers, after a lengthy strike in 1994.
John Short Larke was the proprietor of theOshawa Vindicator, a strongly pro-Conservative newspaper, in the late 19th century.[69]
Oshawa is home toArtsforum Magazine, a not-for-profit magazine of arts and ideas launched in Fall 2000 by John Arkelian, its publisher and editor-in-chief. Topics in the magazine range from foreign policy to film.[70]
^"Extension of Ontario Hwy. 407, New Hwy. 418 Open East of Toronto".On-Site. December 9, 2019. RetrievedDecember 11, 2019.An eastern extension of Ontario Hwy. 407 and a new toll road to connect the lengthened highway to nearby Hwy. 401 opened Dec. 9 on the outskirts of Toronto.
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