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Old Uyghur

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Extinct Siberian Turkic language of Central and East Asia

Not to be confused withUyghur language.

Old Uyghur
Native to	Uyghur Khaganate,Qocho,Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
Region	Mongolia,Hami,Turpan,Gansu
Era	9th–14th century^[1] developed intoWestern Yugur
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Siberian Turkic Old Turkic Old Uyghur
Writing system	Old Turkic script,^[2]Old Uyghur alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`oui`
Linguist List	`oui`
Glottolog	`oldu1239`

Old Uyghur (simplified Chinese:回鹘语;traditional Chinese:回鶻語;pinyin:Huíhú yǔ) is aTurkic language which was spoken inQocho from the 9th–14th centuries as well as inGansu.

History

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Uyghur inscription on the east interior wall of theCloud Platform at Juyong Pass.

Uyghur inscription on the west interior wall of theCloud Platform at Juyong Pass.

Old Uyghur evolved fromOld Turkic, aSiberian Turkic language, after theUyghur Khaganate broke up and remnants of it migrated toTurfan, Qomul (laterHami), andGansu in the ninth century.

The Uyghurs in Turfan and Qomul founded Qocho and adoptedManichaeism andBuddhism as their religions, while those in Gansu first founded theGanzhou Uyghur Kingdom and became subjects of theWestern Xia; their descendants are theYugurs of Gansu. TheWestern Yugur language is the descendant of Old Uyghur.^[3]

The Kingdom of Qocho survived as a client state of theMongol Empire but was conquered by the MuslimChagatai Khanate, which conquered Turfan and Qomul andIslamized the region. Old Uyghur then became extinct in Turfan and Qomul.

TheUyghur language that is the official language of theXinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is not descended from Old Uyghur. It is a descendant of theKarluk languages spoken in theKara-Khanid Khanate,^[4] in particular theKhākānī language described byMahmud al-Kashgari. The only surviving descendant of Old Uyghur isYellow Yughur, spoken in theGansu region of China.

Features

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Old Uyghur had an anticipating counting system and acopuladro, which is passed on to Western Yugur.^[5]

Literature

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Much of Old Uyghur literature is religious texts regardingManichaeism andBuddhism,^[6] with examples found among theDunhuang manuscripts. Multilingual inscriptions including Old Uyghur can be found at theCloud Platform at Juyong Pass and theStele of Sulaiman.

Script

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Main article:Old Uyghur alphabet

Qocho, theUyghur kingdom created in 843, originally used the "runic"Old Turkic alphabet with a "anïγ" dialect. TheOld Uyghur alphabet was adopted from local inhabitants, along with a "ayïγ" dialect, when they migrated into Turfan after 840.^[7]

References

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Citations

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^"Old Uighur". Archived fromthe original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved2024-04-07.
^Marcel Erdal (1991).Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 5–.ISBN 978-3-447-03084-7.
^Clauson 1965, p. 57.
^Arik 2008, p. 145
^Chen et al, 1985
^"西域、敦煌文献所见回鹊之佛经翻译". Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2020-05-19. Retrieved2015-09-07.
^Sinor, D. (1998),"Chapter 13 – Language situation and scripts", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),History of Civilisations of Central Asia, vol. 4 part II, UNESCO Publishing, p. 333,ISBN 81-208-1596-3

Sources

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Arik, Kagan (2008). Austin, Peter (ed.).One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost (illustrated ed.). University of California Press.ISBN 978-0520255609. Retrieved10 March 2014.
Chén Zōngzhèn & Léi Xuǎnchūn. 1985. Xībù Yùgùyǔ Jiānzhì [Concise grammar of Western Yugur]. Peking.
Clauson, Gerard (April 1965). "Review An Eastern Turki-English Dictionary by Gunnar Jarring".The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1/2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.JSTOR 25202808.
Coene, Frederik (8 October 2009).The Caucasus – An Introduction. Taylor & Francis.ISBN 978-0-203-87071-6.

Tisastvustik; ein in türkischer Sprache bearbeitetes buddhistisches Sutra. I. Transcription und Übersetzung von W. Radloff. II. Bemerkungen zu den Brahmiglossen des Tisastvustik-Manuscripts (Mus. A. Kr. VII) von Baron A. von Stäel-Holstein (1910)
Kahar Barat (2000).The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang: Ninth and Tenth Chapters. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.ISBN 978-0-933070-46-2.
Giovanni Stary (1996).Proceedings of the 38th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC): Kawasaki, Japan, August 7-12, 1995. Harrassowitz Verlag in Kommission.ISBN 978-3-447-03801-0.

Turkic languages

Proto-language

Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic

Argu

Karluk

Western	Northern Uzbek Southern Uzbek
Eastern	Ili Turki Uyghur Khoton Lop Äynu
Old	Chagatai Karakhanid Khorezmian

Kipchak

Bulgar	Bashkir Tatar Mishar Tatar Nagaibak Old Tatar
Cuman	Armeno-Kipchak Crimean Tatar Cuman Karachay-Balkar Karaim Krymchak Kumyk Mamluk-Kipchak Urum
Kyrgyz	Fergana Kipchak Kyrgyz Pamir Kyrgyz Siberian Tatar Baraba Tom Southern Altai Telengit Teleut
Nogai	Dobrujan Tatar Karakalpak Kazakh Nogai Siberian Tatar Tobol-Irtysh

Oghuz

Salar

Eastern	Khorasani Turkic Turkmen Trukhmen
Southern	Afshari Chaharmahali Turkic Qashqai Sonqori
Western	Azerbaijani North Azerbaijani South Azerbaijani Ajem-Turkic Balkan Gagauz Gagauz Karapapakh Turkish Karamanli Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish Ottoman Turkish