 Amish settlements in Ohio. The largest centered aroundHolmes andGeauga Counties. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 84,065 (2023) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Holmes County settlement | 39,525 |
| Geauga County settlement | 20,440 |
| Religions | |
| Anabaptist Christianity (Old Order Amish •New Order Amish •Beachy Amish •Old Order Mennonites •Conservative Mennonites) | |
| Languages | |
| Pennsylvania Dutch,High German, English[1] | |
TheOhio Amish Country, also known simply as theAmish Country, is the second-largest community ofAmish (aPennsylvania Dutch group), with in 2023 an estimated 84,065 members according to theYoung Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College.[2]
Ohio's largest Amish settlement is centered aroundHolmes County and in 2023 included an estimated 39,525 children and adults, the second largest in the world and the highest concentration of Amish in any US county; the Amish make up half the population of Holmes County, with members of other closely relatedAnabaptist Christian denominations, such as the Mennonites, residing there as well.[3] The second largest community in Ohio is centered aroundGeauga County.
Ohio's Amish Country in and around Holmes County is one of the state's primary tourist attractions and a major driver of the area's economy.
The Holmes County community was founded in 1808 and the Geauga County community in 1886.[4]: 139
At the time of the Holmes County settlement's founding there was at least one sizable village of Native Americans on the northern edge of what would become Holmes County, near theKillbuck river. Jacob Miller and his sons, Henry and Jacob, travelled in 1808 from Somerset County, Pennsylvania, and built a cabin northeast of the current village of Sugarcreek in Tuscarawas County. Henry overwintered on the claim, and the other two returned to Pennsylvania for the winter. The rest of the family, including Miller's nephew Jonas Stutzman, returned the next year in aConestoga wagon pulled by a team of six, a trip that took a month.[5] The Millers settled in Tuscarawas, and Stutzman continued on to the area of the current village ofWalnut Creek, about five miles west, and built a cabin on the creek.[5][6]: 27 [7] In 1810 six families and in 1811 two more families from Somerset County joined the Walnut Creek settlement. In 1818 the government decreased the land prices from $2 per acre to $1.25 and by 1835, the Holmes County settlement included two hundred and fifty families.[6]: 27 [5]
Beginning in the 1860s, a schism between conservative Amish, centered in Holmes County but occurring throughout North American Amish communities, separated the Amish into the Old Order Amish and the Amish Mennonites, most of whom merged into Mennonite communities.[4]: 42–43 [6]: 60 During the 1900s, the Holmes County community experienced multiple schisms into over thirty different groups, birthing several new orders and some that eventually became non-Amish.[4]: 146 TheSchwartzentruber Amish, considered the most conservative of Amish orders, split off in the 1910s.[4]: 148 [6]: 37 TheAndy Weaver order split off in the 1950s.[6]: 37 TheNew Order Amish, considered the most technologically liberal, split off in the 1960s.[4]: 148–149 [6]: 37
As of 2010 there were over fifty Amish settlements in Ohio[6]: 25 and 418 congregations, more than any other state.[8]: 8 Ohio's rural counties are attractive to Old Order Amish because travel byhorse-drawn vehicle requires essential services such as shopping, banks and medical care to be within a distance manageable by that method of transportation, which limits travel to about 10 to 35 miles per day depending on various factors.[4]: 130 [9][1]Ohio State University researcher Joseph Donnermeyer called Ohio "the perfect mix", saying, "You can't be too rural. You have to be close enough to a town with the basic necessities."[9]
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Holmes County has the highest concentration in the world, with the Amish in 2020 making up approximately half the population, and the largest population of Amish of all orders.[10][11] Including all communities, Ohio has the second-largest population ofOld Order Amish in the world, with in 2023 an estimated 84,065 members, second to Pennsylvania with 88,850, according to theYoung Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College.[12]
Ohio's largest settlement is centered aroundHolmes County and in 2021 included an estimated 37,770 children and adults, the second largest in the world after the population of 41,000 centered around Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[13] The Holmes County community includes multiple affiliations or orders[4]: 142 [14]: 6 and is the most highly-concentrated, diverse and complex of Amish settlements worldwide.[6] The settlement includes eleven separate Amish affiliations.[6]: 35 Four affiliations, the New Order Amish, Old Order Amish,Andy Weaver, and Swartzentruber, as of 2010 made up about 97% of church districts in the settlement, with the Old Order Amish the largest portion.[6]: 17–18 The Swartzentruber Amish include three separate groups, the Swartzentruber-Andy Weaver (which is unrelated to the Andy Weaver group), Swartzentruber-Mose Miller, and Swartzentruber-Joe Troyer, each of which considers itself the true Swartzentruber.[6]: 43 Other Amish groups include Stutzman-Troyer, Roman, Old Order Tobe,New Order Tobe, and New Order Christian Fellowship.[6]: 36 There are multiple other populations of Anabaptists in the area, includingBeachy Amish,Brethren, andMennonite.[6]: 32
The settlement stretches into the adjacentAshland,Coshocton,Stark,Tuscarawas, andWayne Counties.[9] Holmes County itself has the highest concentration of Amish in any US county;[9][15] the Amish make up half the county's population.[16] In contrast, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the Amish represent about 7% of the county's population.[13][17]
Holmes County has been projected to become the first in the US with a majority-Amish population.[18] Amish in general have high birth rates; as of 2012 in Holmes County, the most conservative groups had both the highest birth rates and the highest retention rates of young adults deciding to be baptized into the order.[4]: 162–163
Ohio's second largest settlement is centered aroundGeauga County with in 2021 an estimated 19,420 members, the fourth-largest in the world.[13]
Data from 2010 according to "Association of Religion Data Archives" (ARDA)[19] and from 2020 according to the "US Religion Census" report.[20][21] Data are only shown for Old Order Amish and exclude related groups such as Beachy Amish-Mennonite Churches, Maranatha Amish-Mennonite, Amish-Mennonites and Mennonites in general.
| County | Adherents (2010) | Adherents (2020) | Change 2010-20 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holmes | 17,654 | 19,793 |  12.1% | 41.67% | 44.76% |
| Geauga | 8,537 | 9,549 | 11.8% | 9.14% | 10.01% |
| Wayne | 9,283 | 9,130 |  1.6% | 8.10% | 7.81% |
| Coshocton | 1,760 | 2,533 | 43.9% | 4.77% | 6.92% |
| Knox | 2,111 | 2,843 | 34.7% | 3.46% | 4.53% |
| Ashtabula | 2,203 | 3,725 | 69.1% | 2.17% | 3.82% |
| Ashland | 1,661 | 1,877 | 13.0% | 3.13% | 3.58% |
| Monroe | 542 | 475 | 12.3% | 3.70% | 3.55% |
| Carroll | 614 | 937 | 52.6% | 2.13% | 3.51% |
| Hardin | 939 | 1,051 | 11.9% | 2.93% | 3.42% |
| Morrow | 590 | 1,175 | 99.2% | 1.69% | 3.36% |
| Tuscarawas | 2,370 | 3,128 | 32.0% | 2.56% | 3.35% |
| Noble | 0 | 434 | | 0.00% | 3.07% |
| Gallia | 733 | 875 | 19.4% | 2.37% | 3.00% |
| Harrison | 305 | 429 | 40.7% | 1.92% | 2.96% |
| Jackson | 339 | 875 | 158.1% | 1.02% | 2.68% |
| Trumbull | 3,864 | 5,044 | 30.5% | 1.84% | 2.50% |
| Guernsey | 552 | 806 | 46.0% | 1.38% | 2.10% |
| Adams | 471 | 501 | 6.4% | 1.65% | 1.82% |
| Logan | 640 | 738 | 15.3% | 1.39% | 1.60% |
| Vinton | 120 | 194 | 61.7% | 0.89% | 1.52% |
| Highland | 269 | 570 | 111.9% | 0.62% | 1.32% |
| Morgan | 95 | 91 | 4.2% | 0.63% | 0.66% |
| Meigs | 92 | 136 | 47.8% | 0.39% | 0.61% |
| Pike | 97 | 150 | 54.6% | 0.34% | 0.55% |
| Muskingum | 293 | 449 | 53.2% | 0.34% | 0.52% |
| Perry | 50 | 169 | 238.0% | 0.17% | 0.48% |
| Columbiana | 0 | 435 | | 0.00% | 0.43% |
| Portage | 387 | 619 | 59.9% | 0.24% | 0.38% |
| Mercer | 95 | 153 | 61.0% | 0.23% | 0.36% |
| Defiance | 124 | 137 | 10.5% | 0.32% | 0.36% |
| Medina | 616 | 571 | 7.3% | 0.36% | 0.31% |
| Richland | 313 | 343 | 9.6% | 0.25% | 0.27% |
| Van Wert | 0 | 70 | | 0.00% | 0.24% |
| Belmont | 95 | 122 | 28.4% | 0.13% | 0.18% |
| Huron | 103 | 108 | 4.9% | 0.17% | 0.18% |
| Pickaway | 53 | 97 | 83.0% | 0.09% | 0.17% |
| Stark | 447 | 602 | 34.7% | 0.12% | 0.16% |
| Williams | 63 | 61 | 3.2% | 0.16% | 0.16% |
| Marion | 60 | 96 | 60.0% | 0.09% | 0.15% |
| Preble | 0 | 62 | | 0.00% | 0.15% |
| Washington | 0 | 85 | | 0.00% | 0.14% |
| Athens | 0 | 80 | | 0.00% | 0.13% |
| Licking | 38 | 210 | 452.6% | 0.02% | 0.12% |
| Hocking | 17 | 25 | 47.0% | 0.06% | 0.09% |
| Scioto | 0 | 62 | | 0.00% | 0.08% |
| Fairfield | 127 | 110 | 13.3% | 0.09% | 0.07% |
| Ross | 103 | 31 | 69.9% | 0.13% | 0.04% |
| Total | 58,825 | 71,756 | 22.0% | 0.48% | 0.61% |
In Ohio in 1998 the typical congregation consisted of 25 families and met every other week at a different family's home.[22] A meal is served following the service, which last approximately 4 hours.[7][23] Hymns are sung from theAusbund, the oldest hymnal in continuous use.[7]
A traditional source of income for most Ohio Amish is farming, and traditional farm life is central to the lives of most Amish.[1] In the southeastern areas of the Holmes County community, logging had been a traditional source of income.[24] As of 2010 approximately 17 percent of Amish heads of household in Holmes County and 7 percent in Geauga County reported their primary occupation as farming.[4]: 282 In 2003 a group of Holmes County Amish leaders established Green Field Farms, a cooperative wholesaler of organic agricultural products whose membership is limited to those who use horse-drawn vehicles.[4]: 286
From the early 2010s, sheep farming has become increasingly common as the land in much of the Holmes County area is better for foraging than for farming, and sheep are good foragers that do not need as much expensive feed as cows.[24] Sheep can also be more profitable on smaller acreage than larger livestock.[24] As early as the 1990s Amish farmers adopted organic farming methods; there were no certified organic dairies in Ohio in 1997, but within a few years there were more than one hundred, 90% of which were either Old Order Mennonite- or Amish-owned.[4]: 286
Many Amish supplement farming income with sales of hand-made goods such as brooms, baskets, quilts, leather goods, woodworking, and other artisan products sold from homes or in local shops.[1][25] Some own or work in area businesses surrounding the use of wood, such as carpentry, woodworking, furniture production, pallet production, or lumber wholesale or retail businesses.[15][26][27] As of 2010 three of the largest non-Amish employers of Amish were garage-door manufacturer Wayne-Dalton, Keim Lumber, and Weaver Leather.[6]: 10
On April 1, 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic protective gear shortages, members of the Holmes County settlement were asked by theCleveland Clinic to sew masks for its employees and visitors.[28] Local businessmen John Miller and Abe Troyer organized a sewing "frolic", a term used by the Amish to mean put together a group effort.[28] Many Amish seamstresses had been idled by the pandemic's shutdowns, and Amish do not apply for social benefits, so the work helped sustain their families.[28]
Other local businesses pivoted to creating face shields, dividers for field hospitals, fluid-resistant gowns, shoe coverings, and other items.[28] By April 9 the Cleveland Clinic was receiving 10,000 masks a day and one local business was producing 100,000 face shields per day.[28]
Efforts to promote the Holmes County community as a tourist destination began in the 1950s.[29]: 26 Approximately four million tourists visit Holmes County each year as of 2012; the direct economic impact at the time was estimated at $154 million annually.[29]: 26 Amishtourism is a major part of the economy of Holmes County.[4]: 392 [6]: 30, 177
Interest in the Amish was increased by the 1955 Broadway musicalPlain and Fancy.[4]: 53 By the 1960s bus tours of Holmes County were available.[4]: 53 The towns ofMillersburg (thecounty seat),Berlin,Walnut Creek, andCharm in Holmes County, andSugarcreek just across thecounty line inTuscarawas County, have a large tourism industry.[30] In 2017, Holmes County was the second most popular tourist destination in Ohio.[31]
Ohio's Amish tourism centers around the towns ofBerlin andWalnut Creek in Holmes County, and inSugarcreek, just across the border in Tuscarawas County, all of which are situated alongUS Route 30.[29]: 43–44
Beginning in the 1990s business leaders have developed Walnut Creek into an American-Victorian themed town, which the University of Dayton's Susan Trollinger calls "puzzling" because of the stark contrast between Victorian overdecorating and the Amish plainness.[29]: 49–50 Tourist-oriented businesses typically include "resting places" such as parlors in hotels or wrapround porches lined with rocking chairs or other seating on retail shops, which emphasizes a sense of having plentiful time.[29]: 57 Her conclusion is that the Victorian theme and emphasis on resting places is capitalizing on the attraction of nostalgia for a simpler life with plentiful time, which it has in common with the Amish.[29]: 51–60 Large parking lots and sidewalks connect the business district, which is condensed into six square blocks and connected by wide sidewalks, further encouraging a feeling of a slower-pace and life lived on foot.[29]: 59 American flags and other patriotic-themed decor are commonly displayed in both exterior and interior spaces, which Trollinger again finds interesting when contrasted to the Amish, who refuse to recite the Pledge of Allegiance and do not fly flags at their schools and homes.[29]: 70
More tourists visit Berlin, permanent population 685, than any other town in Ohio Amish Country.[29]: 83 Berlin was the first town in Ohio to market the Amish to tourists.[29]: 83 Berlin's business district is large, with as of 2012 more than 40 shops, 10 hotels, and multiple restaurants large and small.[29]: 85 Trollinger calls its architecture and offerings "eclectic" but dominated by theAmerican frontier and the1950s and points out that like Walnut Creek, all call back to the past.[29]: 88, 106 Trollinger argues that the frontier theme in Berlin presents a story of peaceful people leaving crowded cities behind in order to make a better life for themselves and their families.[29]: 94
Sugarcreek's historical beginnings were rooted in cheese production. Swiss immigrants arrived in the early 1830s and used the milk from Amish dairy farms to produce their cheese and in the 1950s created an annual Ohio Swiss Festival; the success of early festivals as an attraction for tourists resulted in local business leaders transforming the town into a Swiss village starting in 1965.[29]: 117–119 By the early 70s the first tourist-oriented businesses were opening, and the tourism industry in Sugarcreek was centered not only around the Amish but also around a steam engine passenger train operated by theOhio Central Railroad which ran between Sugarcreek andBaltic until 2004. Since the train stopped running, tourism in Sugarcreek has decreased.[29]: 118–120 Trollinger theorizes that unlike Walnut Creek and Berlin, which support a nostalgia that reassures tourists that what they are nostalgic for still exists in America, and is therefore a nostalgia of hope, the Swiss theme of Sugarcreek inspires a nostalgia for something that is forever gone—that is, a period in which the United States was a white-majority country—and so does not reassure.[29]: 134–135, 142
According to Trollinger the Amish tourist experience is targeted very strategically to attract a specific audience.[29]: 141 She describes typical Amish Country tourists as a "relatively homogeneous group": white, working or middle-class, middle-aged to retirement-aged Americans visiting with their spouse and another married couple who arrive in late-model American-made SUVs or minivans and often wearing shirts with American flags, sports team logos, or Harley Davidson logos.[29]: 28–29 Trollinger concludes that the average tourist is of "moderate income, average education, and moderately conservative views."[29]: 28–29
Trollinger theorizes that Amish Country tourism reassures visitors that a form of traditional American life still exists even during and after periods of rapid societal change.[29]: xxi, 33–43, 50–55 She notes that the largest of the tourist-oriented restaurants serves scratch-cooked meals "family style", serving all food in common serving dishes from which each person serves themself, serving dishes are refilled until all are satisfied, and nothing on the table is a convenience item, which she says "recreat(es) a cultural memory of family" and the sharing of a homecooked meal.[29]: 54–57 The most visible Amish in Amish country are typically young women making, serving, or selling food; shopping with multiple young children in tow; or men doing woodwork or farming or drivingbuggies.[29]: 79, 105 Taken all together, Trollinger argues, the tourism experience in Amish Country, and especially in Walnut Creek and Berlin, reassures the tourist that "it is still possible to live at a leisurely pace, to have clarity about what it means to be a man or a woman, to feel patriotic".[29]: 79
According to Trollinger, some Amish view tourists as an opportunity to "shar(e) their Christian witness through their visibly different common life and daily practices."[29]: xiv Some "expressed compassion" for the tourists, whose daily lives were filled with pressure and who were charmed by the slower paced and simpler life of the Amish.[29]: xiv
The Amish Country Byway is anOhio Scenic Byway, designated in 1998, that runs 164 miles (264 km) through many Amish communities in Holmes County.[32] The byway focuses on backroads with views of rolling farmland and concentrations of Amish homes, farms, and home businesses.[33]
TheAmish & Mennonite Heritage Center is a museum in eastern Holmes County, in Berlin, Ohio.[34] It opened in 1981 as the Mennonite Information Center. By 1989 it had moved to the current structure which was finished to include theBehalt Cyclorama as well as a bookstore. The center was renamed in 2002 to reflect its mission as a cultural center.[35][36][37]
Behalt, meaning "to keep or to remember", is a 10 ft × 265 ft (3.0 m × 80.8 m)cyclorama by Heinz Gaugel located in the museum.[38][39][34] According to theColumbus Dispatch it has been called the “Sistine Chapel of the Amish and Mennonites”.[38] Anabaptist scholar Susan Biesecker-Mast calls it "an effort to exceed the tourist economy of Holmes County by offering a transformative rhetoric for its visitors".[40] The painting was created over 14 years and completed in 1992.[41][42] It is one of four existing cycloramas in the US and one of only 16 in the world;Behalt is the only existing cyclorama painted by a single artist.[41][34] It follows the development of Anabaptism from the time of Jesus through the 1990s and portrays approximately 1200 biblical and historical figures.[43][41]
The Amish do not reject medical care, but an increasing number reject vaccination; in the early 2010s, 14% of the Amish in Ohio reported their children were unvaccinated, while in 2021 59% reported not vaccinating children.[44] In 2014 Holmes andKnox Counties experienced a measles outbreak after men from the community returned from a mission trip building houses in thePhilippines.[45][46][47]
Holmes County has the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates in the state, and fewer than 1% of Amish had been vaccinated by April 2021.[16] When vaccines became available for COVID-19, the county posted the lowest vaccination rates of Ohio's 88 counties and among the lowest in the country.[48] As of February 13, 2022, fewer than 20% of county residents had been vaccinated as compared to approximately 60% statewide.[49]
Holmes County is the least-insured county in Ohio, as the Amish typically do not use commercial health insurance but instead contribute to a community fund.[18]
The Amish tend to be conservative and to vote that way.[15] Voting outcomes in Holmes County on issues that are important to the Amish, such as those concerning the schools and alcohol sales, tend to be affected by the Amish vote.[15] In some Holmes County townships all businesses except gas stations are closed on Sundays (cf.Sunday Sabbatarianism).[15] Many of Holmes County's townships aredry.[citation needed]
The Amish in Ohio typically build spacious two-story houses. Styles include theI-house, which is side-gabled and typically a single room deep, typically symmetrical on all sides, and includes full-length porches on the front and back sides.[29]: 50 Sometimes the I-house will add a wing in the back.[29]: 50 A second form is a one-and-a-half or two storygable front house. Roof pitches are moderate and houses are typically wood-clad and painted white.[29]: 50
In 1914 the first clash over state-regulated mandatory school attendance until 16 occurred in Geauga County when three Amish fathers received fines when they did not send their children to school for 9th grade.[4]: 251–252 In the 1920s and 1930s there were similar clashes in other states, resulting in a rise in Amish parochial schools and a case before the Supreme Court which found that mandatory school attendance until 16 interfered with free exercise of religion among the Amish.[4]: 254–255 Many Amish schools are former one-room public schoolhouses that the local Amish church districts purchased when public schools consolidated into multi-classroom campuses.[50]: 109, 207
As of 2010 the Flat Ridge Elementary School, a public school in theEast Holmes Local Schools district, had a student body that was 100% Amish.[6]: 8 Holmes County as of 2009 had over 200 Amish parochial schools; approximately half the Amish students in the county were enrolled in public schools.[6]: 142, 153 The Amish celebrate January 6, orEpiphany, as "Old Christmas"; the public schools remain open but Amish students are excused, which means some classrooms, or in the case of Flat Ridge Elementary entire schools, are empty.[51]
Amish schools are regulated by theMinimum Standards for the Amish Private Elementary Schools of the State of Ohio (Ohio Minimum Standards), which requires certain subjects be taught, including English, mathematics, geography, history, health, German, vocal music. Classes are required to be taught in English, still the second language for most Amish, except in German classes.[50]: 111, 146 In practice, each school sets its own curriculum, and according to Karen Johnson-Weiner, despite the Ohio Minimum Standards, certain subjects—typically geography, history, and health—are sometimes not taught because of objections from teachers or parents.[50]: 111–113 Some Old Order Amish parents object to teaching history because "there is too much glorification of war". Johnson-Weiner reported in 2007 that students at a school taught by a Swartzentruber member didn't study geography or health because of the teacher's objection to teaching those subjects.[50]: 112
Texts are typically chosen from those offered by several publishers, including Pathway Publishing Company, Gordonville Printing Company, and Study Time, which are Old Order Amish presses, or the Schoolaid Publishing Company or Rod and Staff, which are Mennonite presses.[50]: 112
_(CHILDRENS_239).jpg)
Some, such as Gordonville, reprint texts such asEssentials of English Spelling, first published in 1919, for very conservative schools. Some supply reprints of early editions ofMcGuffey Readers to Swartzentruber schools.[50]: 208–209 TheDick and Jane series from the 1950s are valued by some schools for presenting a non-Amish world but one that "does not expose (students) to the dangers of modern society".[50]: 209–210 TheStrayer-Upton Practical Arithmetics Series, first published in the 1920s, similarly uses story problems that do not represent modern life.[50]: 58, 210 The texts are also valued for their emphasis on rote learning, mastery of basics, and respect for authority and for relative lack of emphasis on discussion-based learning.[50]: 210–211 Many conservative Old Order Amish also avoid carrying religion into the schools, as they believe parents and religious leaders, rather than schoolteachers, should be teaching religion; these older texts tend to be "moralistic...but religiously neutral".[50]: 211 The older texts are also valued for the continuity they provide; children are learning from the same textbooks as their parents and grandparents.[50]: 211
Other publishers, such as Pathway, created texts specifically designed for use in Old Order Amish schools using a combination of curated stories and essays originally published elsewhere and those written for the purpose. The eight-grade Pathway Reader,Our Heritage, contains poetry byLongfellow andWhitman as well as the stories ofDirk Willems and theHochstetler Massacre.[50]: 216+ Illustrations in the series contain no images of people. Some conservative communities have rejected the Pathway Readers as too progressive in its approach and too implicitly religious, .[50]: 218 Pathway Readers, the first of which were published in 1968, as of 2007 had not been revised.[50]: 219
School Aid and Study Time also publish purpose-created textbooks along with teaching materials, and periodically updates texts with input from teachers and newpedagogy.[50]: 219–223
Some teachers, especially in Swartzentruber schools, create their own teaching materials, making multiple copies for student use with homemadehectographs.[50]: 252
According to Johnson-Weiner writing in 2007, teachers are typically not chosen from a pool of applicants but instead recruited by school board members.[50]: 126 Ohio Minimum Standards does not require teachers to have more than an eighth-grade education but does encourage "a self-imposed research into the school's accepted subjects".[50]: 127
The Budget, a weekly Amish andMennonite correspondence newspaper distributed in various Amish communities throughout the US and in other countries, is produced inSugarcreek, which is part of the Holmes County settlement.[28] Issues contain letters from "scribes", usually women, reporting what has been happening in their church district.[6]: 102 [10]: 188 The paper is published in English; while the first language most Old Order Amish learn isPennsylvania Dutch, a dialect of German, many older Amish did not learn to read or write it.[52][23] William Schreiber notes the tendency for German phrasing and the occasional German word in many contributions.[52]
The Budget started in 1890 as a local newspaper for the town of Sugarcreek.[10]: 189–190 The first 14-page issue was published May 15, 1890, by John C. Miller, known as "Budget John".[52] By the 1920s most of the letter correspondents were Mennonite, but by the late 1930s were mostly Old Order Amish.[10]: 189–190 By 1959 the paper was delivered to 42 states and 10 foreign countries.[52]
As of 2008 the paper published approximately 300 letters each week and had a subscription of 10,000.[10]: 182 As of 2010 an edition ran to 50 pages, primarily containing letters from Amish communities throughout the world, and sold for $1.[1] Scribes are unpaid but receive envelopes and stamps;[10]: 185 handwritten letters arrive to the office of the newspaper via mail and fax.[53] Steven Nolt calledThe Budget, along with another Amish correspondence newspaperDie Botschaft, important vehicles for creating a sense of community.[10]: 183–185
TheGemeinde Register is a biweekly newsletter published inBaltic, Ohio, that serves the Ohio Amish community.[4]: 156 [54]
Carlisle Printing near Walnut Creek publishes theOhio Amish Directory once every five years; as of 2010 it had grown to 900 pages and includes births, deaths, marriages, and occupations for all Amish except the Swartzentrubers.[6]: 9
In 1995 several Old Order Amish leaders created a nonprofit to assist young couples in purchasing their first home. As of 2010 the fund held $80 million and had never had a foreclosure; loans are restricted to purchasing property for earning a livelihood and not for hunting.[6]: 103
While there are a few small groups of Mennonites that do not own automobiles, there are none in the Holmes County community that do not permit ownership of the automobile. In the Greater Holmes County Amish Community, automobile ownership is one of the ways one can define whether they are Amish or Mennonite.
| Affiliations (by number of church districts) |
|
|---|---|
| Distribution | |
| Way of life | |
| Other | |
