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In a hypothesis developed byWilhelm Solheim, theNusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) is a trade and communication network that first appeared in theAsia-Pacific region during itsNeolithic age, or beginning roughly around 5000 BC.Nusantao is an artificial term coined by Solheim, derived from the Austronesian root wordsnusa "island" andtao "man, people".[1] Solheim's theory is an alternative hypothesis to the spread of the Austronesian language family in Southeast Asia. It contrasts the more widely acceptedOut-of-Taiwan hypothesis (OOT) byPeter Bellwood.[1][2][3]
Solheim emphasizes the cultural aspects of the Southeast Asian people, whereas Bellwood's theory places more emphasis on the linguistic origin of people.[4][5]
Solheim first suggested the concept in 1964. The NMTCN attempts to explain the diffusion of cultural traits throughout the Asia-Pacific region, a pattern that does not seem to match the projections of cultural spread by simplemigration theories. Today, it is one of the dominant theories for the early peopling of the Southeast Asian region.[dubious –discuss]
Solheim suggests that "[if] elements of culture were spread by migrations, then the spread would have been primarily in one direction." He suggests that since the pattern ofcultural diffusion in the Asia-Pacific region is spread in all directions, it is likely that the spread of cultural traits happened via some kind oftrading network, rather than a series of migrations.
In Solheim's hypothesis, the people who constituted this trading network are referred to as "the Nusantao".
I now define Nusantao as natives of Southeast Asia, and their descendants, with a maritime-oriented culture from their beginnings, these beginnings probably in southeastern Island Southeast Asia around 5000 BC or possibly earlier.Most of the Nusantao probably spoke a related or pre-Austronesian language, but there were likely some who spoke a non-Austronesian language as well... I did not consider non-maritime Austronesian-speakers as Nusantao.[6]
According to a review of Solheim's bookArchaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao, Solheim believed the categorization of 'Nusantao' is outdated and does not accurately represent the entirety of the culture; later calling them '"Austronesian" as their identified language.[7]
Solheim suggests that there is an indication of a maritime network, dating back to 30,000 BC,[5] by describing the movement of artifacts as they are found in the Philippines, northern Vietnam, coastal South China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan. Some of the artifacts described to be associated with rice cultivation include table and capstone dolmens, stepped and pediformadzes, and plain pottery.[8] Some linguists believe this to be why there are certain Japanese words that were created in Southeast Asia; for example, a species of rice, Javanica, is present in Japan but originated in Sarawak.[5][better source needed]
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