TheNorthern Railway of Canada was arailway in theprovince ofOntario, Canada. It was the firststeam railway to enter service in what was then known asUpper Canada. It was eventually acquired by theGrand Trunk Railway, and is therefore a predecessor to the modernCanadian National Railway (CNR). Several sections of the line are still used by CNR andGO Transit.
First known as theToronto, Simcoe and Huron Railway, and then theOntario, Simcoe and Huron Railway, the aim was to provide aportage route from the upperGreat Lakes atCollingwood toToronto. The plan for the railway was largely executed byFrederick Chase Capreol who was fired as manager of the company the day before the ground broke.[1] Financial difficulties and a government bailout led to a reorganization of the company as the Northern Railway of Canada in 1859. The line saw three major expansions;North Grey Railway extended the original mainline toMeaford, theNorth Simcoe Railway ran to the port town ofPenetanguishene, and theMuskoka Branch ran northeast toGravenhurst. This last expansion would be the starting point for theNorthern and Pacific Junction Railway, connecting to theCanadian Pacific Railway mainline outside ofNorth Bay. In 1887, theGrand Trunk Railway (GTR) gained a controlling interest, and the takeover was formalized in January 1888.
The line primarily served the port towns onGeorgian Bay, where it faced increasing competition over the years. A combination of factors, including theGreat Depression and the opening of a widerWelland Canal led to decreased use of the ports, and a fall in traffic. The closure ofCollingwood Shipbuilding in 1986 led to the abandonment of the sections in Collingwood and to the west. The line is intact from Barrie all the way toUnion Station, with the section between Toronto and Barrie used byGO Transit as theBarrie line. The Muskoka Junction has been combined with theOntario Northland Railway to form CNR's mainline in the area north ofOrillia. Section west of Collingwood now form the Georgian Trail. The Meaford station was dismantled after 1960[2] and two stations along this section of the line remain:
Several sections of the line have been turned over torail trail use. The section of the mainline from the western side of Collingwood to Meaford is now the high-quality 34 kilometres (21 miles)Georgian Trail, which is being expanded towardsOwen Sound as theTom Thompson Trail. Sections from Collingwood to Stayner have a trail running beside them.[a] The North Simcoe Railway now forms the 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi)Tiny Beaches Trail with sections south of this also in use.
Talk about a line from Toronto to the upper Great Lakes has been recorded to as early as 1834, but no serious effort was taken until 1848 whenFrederick Chase Capreol announced he was going to build a line to the Collingwood area under the nameToronto, Simcoe and Huron Railroad Union Company. He suggested a novel method to raise the funds for construction, using a $2 million lottery. The proposition was considered so scandalous it was put to a referendum and defeated. With the passage of theRailway Guarantee Act in 1849, Capreol joined forces withCharles Albert Berczy and chartered the company on August 29th, 1849,[3] now having to raise conventional bonds for the first 75 miles (121 km), from which point government funding would be available.
Continued difficulties delayed construction, during which time the company re-chartered as theOntario, Simcoe and Huron Union Railroad in 1850.[4] Capreol was fired as manager two days before the official sod turning, which was carried out on 15 October 1851 byLady Elgin. The occasion was marked with a parade, to which an estimated 20,000 people attended of a total population of the city of only 31,000.Sandford Fleming took the sod and preserved it for history. A party later that night atSt. Lawrence Hall was capped by a performance byJenny Lind organized byP.T. Barnum.
In February 1853, the railway commissioned the construction of the first locomotive built in any British colony.[5] Early construction required the line to pass over theOak Ridges Moraine, and it was not until 16 May 1853 that the first train reached Machell's Corners, today'sAurora, Ontario. Work north of there was much more rapid; the line reached Allandale in Barrie later in 1853, and Collingwood in 1855. Early traffic was dominated by agricultural products, earning it the nickname "Oats, Straw, and Hay".[6][b]
In spite of reasonable volumes of traffic the line was never very profitable, and by 1858 the company was in financial difficulty.Frederick William Cumberland agreed to take control of the railway, after reorganizing as theNorthern Railway Company of Canada in August 1858. Cumberland focused on profitability, cutting any train that didn't pay for itself, strongly resisting any expansion plans, and selling off their small fleet of ships operating on the Great Lakes.
This resistance to expansion would ultimately backfire; in 1864 the company was approached by businessmen fromGrey andBruce counties about building a line through their burgeoning agricultural areas. Cumberland refused, stating that traffic would be too low. This left an opening for the formation of theToronto, Grey and Bruce Railway (TG&B), which began construction towardOwen Sound in the spring of 1869.
Faced with their first real competition, the Northern chartered their ownNorth Grey Railway on 15 February 1871, with plans to extend out of Collingwood to Meaford and authority to continue to Owen Sound. Construction between Collingwood and Meaford took place over the flat terrain between theNiagara Escarpment and the southern shore of Georgian Bay, and the line was completed on 1 April 1872. However, the expansion to Owen Sound was never completed; a combination of much more difficult terrain west of Meaford, the impending arrival of the TG&B, and demand for other expansions that were considered more important.
The company had continually been at odds with a number of groups inSimcoe County, especially those in Barrie who continually pushed for an expansion of the line into the downtown area. This was eventually solved through the late 1869 formation of theToronto, Simcoe and Muskoka Junction Railway, orMuskoka Branch, which branched off at the Allendale station and ran north-east toOrillia and then on toLake Muskoka outsideGravenhurst. The line was officially absorbed into the Northern in 1875.
Upset with the Northern remained, and demand for additional shipping routes on the Lakes led to intense building through the entire area. Businessmen inHamilton took the opportunity to plan a second line to Barrie as theHamilton and North-Western Railway (H&NW), with their proposed line passing through several towns along the way. The Northern countered with the suggestion for aSouth Simcoe Junction Railway, splitting off the existing line atKing City orBolton, and then meeting the Northern again west of Barrie and continuing on to Penetanguishene as theNorth Simcoe Railway.[7]
Comparing the two, business interests inSimcoe County and towns along the route demanded additional work from both companies. The H&NW finally agreed to run a branch line to Collingwood, splitting off the mainline some distance west ofNewmarket, and added optional plans for an extension north from Barrie toMidland. Bonuses from Simcoe County totalling $300,000 were given to the H&NW, along with about $150,000 from towns along the route, some indication of the area's upset with the Northern. The line reached Barrie in 1877 and Collingwood in mid-1879. The H&NW never completed their northern expansion to Midland.
The Northern went ahead with one portion of their own expansion plans, dropping plans for the line from King City and instead splitting off west of Barrie to run north to Penetanguishene as the North Simcoe Railway. Construction began in January 1878.
In 1881, the entire line was regauged in sections. The entire mainline to Gravenhurst was converted tostandard gauge in a single day on 9 July 1881. Work gangs were located all along the line waiting for the 7:45 AM mail train leaving Toronto, which carried a large card reading "Last Train". The crews moved the rails as soon as the train passed them, having already half driven the spikes.
The cost of construction, general financial difficulties of the era, and the enormous cost of an expansion to North Bay led the Northern and H&NW to organize a new joint management agreement, forming theNorthern and North Western Railway in June 1879. This provided the funding and income needed to begin construction of theNorthern and Pacific Junction Railway, which ran betweenGravenhurst andNipissing. This reached theCanadian Pacific Railway transcontinental lines atNorth Bay in 1886.
The Northern Railway was purchased byGrand Trunk Railway in 1888, and through its amalgamation, became part of the Canadian National Railway. CNR operated the mainline as the CN Newmarket Subdivision, selling off the branches to the west, and pulling up the section between Barrie and Orillia. It is now theBarrie line after its purchase byMetrolinx.
The first locomotive of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Union Railroad was namedLady Elgin and built inPortland,Maine.[8] It was named for Mary Lambton, second wife ofJames Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the42nd Governor General of Canada (1847–1854); she had also lifted a ceremonial silverspade for thesod-turning ceremony of the construction of the railway atFront Street and Simcoe Street on 15 October 1851.[8] Because of the high customs duties and shipping costs for the locomotive, executives of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Union Railroad decided that subsequent locomotives would be built in Ontario.[8]
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The James Good foundryToronto Locomotive Works, located at the corner ofQueen andYonge Street,[9] would manufacture nine locomotives for the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron railway at an average cost of $5000.[6][10] The first of these was namedToronto, built in its namesake city and the first locomotive built in Canada[11] or in any colony of the British Empire.[9] Commissioned in February 1853, its construction was completed by 16 April.[11] Over five days, it was rolled along temporary wooden rails on Queen Street and York Street, and on 26 April it was lifted onto the new OSH railway tracks on Front Street.[6][11] Torontonians would monitor the locomotive's progress from the foundry to the Front Street tracks, and the event was the subject of a later artistic rendering.[9] Its first duty was three weeks later, transporting passengers and freight between the city of Toronto and the community of Machell's Corner, now known asAurora.[6] This first duty is commemorated by a plaque installed in 1953 atUnion Station inToronto.[12] TheToronto and other locomotives were scrapped after Canadian railways converted from the 5'6"track gauge to the 4'81⁄2" American standard gauge starting in the 1870s.[10]
The railway earned revenues from passenger, freight, postal, and sundry other sources. The total earnings for 1 January to 7 July 1860 were $166,108.64, and for 1 January to 6 July 1861 were $210,177.46.[13]
| Year | Week | Passenger | Freight | Postal and sundry | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1860 | ending 14 April | 7012.86[14] | |||
| ending 19 May | 8645.63[15] | ||||
| ending 7 July | 6824.88[13] | ||||
| ending 14 July | 6409.73[16] | ||||
| ending 8 August | 6564[17] | ||||
| 1861 | ending 13 April | 8953.38[14] | |||
| ending 18 May | 8724.89[15] | ||||
| ending 6 July[13] | 1810.92 | 7168.35 | 84.72 | 9064.00 | |
| ending 13 July[16] | 1728.20 | 7412.90 | 81.66 | 9222.81 | |
| ending 8 August | 9224[17] |
In 2010, the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway was inducted to theNorth America Railway Hall of Fame.[18] The OS&HR was recognized for its contribution to railroading as a "Community, Business, Government or Organization" in the "National" category (pertaining specifically to the area in and around St. Thomas, Ontario.)
