TheNew Communist movement (NCM) was a diverseleft-wing political movement during the 1970s and 1980s in theUnited States. The NCM were a movement of theNew Left that represented a diverse grouping ofMarxist–Leninists[1] andMaoists inspired byCuban,Chinese, andVietnamese revolutions.[2] This movement emphasizedopposition to racism andsexism, solidarity with oppressed peoples of the third-world, and the establishment of socialism by popular revolution.[3] The movement, according to historian and NCM activistMax Elbaum, had an estimated 10,000 cadre members at its peak influence.[4]
Until the 1960s the largest and most influential organization to the left of the Democratic Party within the United States was theCommunist Party, USA (CPUSA), which achieved peak influence duringthe Great Depression andWorld War II, before declining in the post war years due to a number of factors, including state-repression (McCarthyism, theSmith Act, theRosenberg Trial, etc.), as well as internal ideological schisms within the party. Members were often disillusioned by the party-leadership's official subordination to the USSR ideologically, with the party defending the numerous controversial actions by the Soviet state.
This would be a key moment in the Marxist movement in the United States and the world, with numerous ranking party members leaving the organization due to Krushchev's perceivedrevisionism in pursuing the policy ofpeaceful coexistence with the Capitalist West, which was perceived as a fundamental departure from the revolutionary socialism and anti-imperialist elements of Marxism–Leninism. The New Communist Movement was influenced by world events of the time, specifically the Cuban Revolution of 1959,the Chinese Cultural Revolution, The French May-Day Uprising, and the Black Power Movement.[5] Many of the early participants in the NCM were former members of the New Left student organizationStudents for a Democratic Society. The NCM emerged from numerous distinct movements in the United States during the late 1960s, with historian Max Elbaum, identifyingBlack Panther Party,Students for a Democratic Society, and theProgressive Labor Party.[6]
One of the most prominent groups of the New Communist Movement was the Bay Area Revolutionary Union (later, shortened to Revolutionary Union), formed by activists led byBob Avakian which gained most of its membership from theStudents for a Democratic Society. Itsanti-revisionist line emphasized the Black liberation struggle and the liberation of colonized peoples within and outside the United States.[7][8] They became active in theVietnam Veterans Against the War after it opened its membership to non-veterans[9] and temporarily gained control when the national office voted to expel non RU chapters and members and voted to integrate into the Revolutionary Union although non Marxist members of the VVAW filed and won a lawsuit prohibiting the RU dominated group from using the VVAW name, logos and materials.[10] Deep animosity still exists between the two organizations.[9] In September 1975 the RU officially voted to dissolve and reestablish itself into theRevolutionary Communist Party, USA.[11]
The Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)'s predecessor organization, the October League (Marxist–Leninist), was founded in 1971 by several local groups, many of which had grown out of the radical student organizationStudents for a Democratic Society when SDS split apart in 1969.Michael Klonsky, who had been a national leader in SDS in the late 1960s, was the main leader of the CP(M-L).
The October League came out of theRevolutionary Youth Movement II grouping in the SDS split. During the early 1970s the OL took positions that were at odds with most of the US Left, including opposition togay liberation and support of theShah of Iran, whose regime they saw as a bulwark against Sovietsocial-imperialism.
The OL established influence within some of the establishedcivil rights organizations, including theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference and theSouthern Conference Educational Fund, which had been under the influence of the Moscow-orientedCommunist Party USA.[citation needed]
In late 1975 they organized a "National Fight Back Conference," which drew 1,000 participants and was attended by representatives of theAugust 29th Movement, theCongress of Afrikan People and theMarxist–Leninist Organizing Committee of San Francisco. They also had a youth group called the Communist Youth Organization.
On November 3, 1979, four members of theCommunist Workers' Party (CWP) and a male protester were killed by members of theKu Klux Klan and theAmerican Nazi Party (ANP) during aDeath to the Klan march, organized by the CWP. The event had been preceded by inflammatory rhetoric from both sides. The CWP had originally come to Greensboro to supportworkers' rights activism among mostlyblack textile industry workers in the area. The march was a part of that larger effort. The Greensboro city police department had an informant within the KKK and ANP group who notified them that the Klan was prepared for armed violence.
TheRainbow Coalition was a multicultural movement founded April 4, 1969 inChicago,Illinois byFred Hampton of theBlack Panther Party, along with William "Preacherman" Fesperman of theYoung Patriots Organization andJose Cha Cha Jimenez founder of theYoung Lords. It was the first of several 20th centuryBlack-led organizations to use the "rainbow coalition" concept.
As one of its last initiatives, SDS had begun to leave its campus base and organize inworking-class neighborhoods. Radical militant groups such asWeather Underground are recognized as participants in the movement. Some former members subsequently developed local organizations that continued the trend, and they attempted to find theoretical backing for their work in the writings ofVladimir Lenin,Mao Zedong andJoseph Stalin.Maoism was then highly regarded as more actively revolutionary than the brand of communism supported by the post-StalinSoviet Union (seeNew Left: New Left in the United States). As a result, most NCM organizations referred to their ideology as Marxism–Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought and rejected what they saw as the devolution of socialism in the contemporary Soviet Union.
Similar to the New Left's general direction in the late 1960s, these new organizations rejected the post-1956Communist Party USA asrevisionist, or anti-revolutionary, and also rejectedTrotskyism and theSocialist Workers Party for its theoretical opposition to Maoism.
The groups, formed of ex-students, attempted to establish links with the working class through finding work in factories and heavy industry, but they also tended towardThird-worldism, supporting National Liberation Fronts of various kinds, including theBlack Panther Party (then on the decline), theCuban Revolution, and theNational Front for the Liberation of Vietnam. The New Communist Movement organizations supported nationalself-determination for most ethnic groups, especially blacks and those of Latino origin, in the United States. These organizations addressed problems ofsexism andracism, partly by voicing adamant support for self-determination andidentity politics, and felt that they were dealing with problems they were of the opinion had not been addressed in the groups of the 1960s. However, different NCM groups came to this similar conclusion via quite different routes.
In its early years, NCM organisations formed a loose-knit tendency in United Statesleftist politics, but never coalesced into a single organization. As time went on, the organizations became extremely competitive and increasingly denounced one another. Points of distinction were frequently founded on the attitude taken toward thesuccessors of Mao and international disputes between the Soviet Union and China regarding such developments as theAngolan Civil War. TheRevolutionary Union organized the founding congress of theRevolutionary Communist Party, USA in 1975.
TheOctober League organized the founding congress of theCommunist Party (Marxist–Leninist) in 1977. During this period a few other new communist movement organizations also formed newcommunist parties.[12]
Unlike the majority of NCM groups, theDodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), which evolved into the League of Revolutionary Black Workers (LRBW), was formed by factory workers rather than student activists. TheAFL–CIO leadership supported theVietnam War and sought to avoid strikes, but union workers saw through this and independently organized a series ofwildcat strikes. RadicalMarxist and otherAfrican-American auto workers subsequently formed DRUM. From 1968 to 1971 DRUM and the league acted as adual union, with black leadership, within theUnited Auto Workers. In the late 1970s a group labeled theMay 19th Communist Organization was created, going on a bombing campaign.
In 1979, after the publishing of Enver Hoxha's Imperialism and the Revolution and other criticisms of Maoism from Albania, some groups renounced Maoism in favour of an"orthodox Marxist–Leninist" line similar to that of the Albanian communists. Many of these groups such as the Marxist–Leninist Organizing Committee and Sunrise Collective formed together in a joint statement against the end of Chinese aid to Albania. The U.S. Marxist–Leninist Party, previously the Central Organization of U.S. Marxist-Leninists, would become the primary recognized vanguard party in the United States supported by Albania, although Albanian aid to the American communists was minimal due to fears of CIA infiltration. Other groups such as the Red Dawn Organization and Pacific Collective (Marxist–Leninist) would meet with similarly pro-Albania groups in the 1979 in an attempt to unite and form a single communist party.[13]
The New Communist Movement as a whole became smaller in the 1980s. The militantMay 19th Communist Organization was dissolved. Some organizations dissolved in the early 1980s, such as theCommunist Party (Marxist–Leninist). TheRevolutionary Communist Party USA remains as an original product of the New Left. TheRevolutionary Workers Headquarters andProletarian Unity League joined forces to form theFreedom Road Socialist Organization in 1985, and various other new communist movement collectives and organizations later merged into FRSO. Subsequently, in 1999, FRSO split into two organizations, both of which until 2019 continued to use the name Freedom Road Socialist Organization.[14]
The groups and individuals representing the movement were persistently hostile towards homosexuality and homosexuals, reflecting both the homophobia within the United States, as well as homophobic tendencies within the larger international Marxist–Leninist movement, although gay rights activism was an early component of the New Left.[15] The Revolutionary Union considered homosexuality as "an individual response to male supremacy and male chauvinism."[citation needed] The successor organization, the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA now demands full recognition ofLGBT rights as a fundamental element of establishing socialism.[16]
Ideologically, this new wave of organization builders reflected the full Third World Marxist spectrum. Many - often veterans of the Venceremos Brigade - took their main inspiration from Cuba. Some identified with Third World liberation but focused mainly on one particular struggle or issue within the US. Even among those who believed that the Chinese Communist Party had presented the most comprehensive and useful framework for analyzing current realities there were distinctions. "Hard Maoists" thought only the CPC expressed modern-day Leninism, while a probably larger number of "soft Maoists" - much as they admired Mao - were not prepared to say that the Chinese CP was more revolutionary than the Cuban or Vietnamese parties..."
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)It [the RU] convened a congress in September 1975 that formally disbanded RU and founded the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP)...
Mike Clonsky and other RYM II leaders in Los Angeles formed the October League collective ..."
Founded in 1985-1986 bringing together the Boston based Proletarian Unity League (PUL), formed in the early 1970's, the Revolutionary Workers Headquarters, and the Organization of Revolutionary Unity. The Socialist Organizing Network, a group of former LRS members, joined in 1883. FRSO split into two groups in 1999; both continue to exist, and both call themselves Freedom Road."