| Nebra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raneb, Nebre, Kakau, Kaichoos, Cechous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Tomb stela of Nebra,Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 10–14 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Hotepsekhemwy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Nynetjer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Children | Perneb,Nynetjer ? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Hotepsekhemwy ? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Gallery Tomb A, Saqqara (?) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | 2nd Dynasty; around 2850 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nebra orRaneb is theHorus name of the secondearly Egyptianking of the2nd Dynasty. The exact length of his reign is unknown since theTurin canon is damaged and the year accounts are lost.[1]Manetho suggests that Nebra's reign lasted 39 years,[2] butEgyptologists question Manetho's view as amisinterpretation orexaggeration of information that was available to him. They credit Nebra with either a 10- or 14-year rule.[3]
Nebra's name appears on severalstone vessels, mostly made ofschist,alabaster andmarble. Most of the bowls were found at Abydos,Giza andSaqqara. The inscriptions contain depictions of cultic buildings such as theKa-house, depictions of deities such as Bastet, Neith and Seth and also the mentionings of cultic feasts. All found objects present Nebra's name either together with that of his predecessorHotepsekhemwy or with his successorNynetjer. Nebra's name never appears alone.[4]
Clay seal impressions with Nebra's name were found beneath the causeway of thePyramid of Unas at Saqqara and inside a large gallery tomb, also at Saqqara. This tomb also yielded several seal impressions with Hotepsekhemwy's name and for this reason it is debated whether the tomb belongs to Nebra or his predecessor Hotepsekhemwy.[5]
In 2012, Pierre Tallet and Damien Leisnay reported three rock inscriptions with Nebra's horus name found in the south of theSinai Peninsula. Each rock inscription can be found in a different wadi: Wadi Abu Madawi, Wadi Abu Koua and Wadi Ameyra. The places where Nebra's name is displayed lie along a very old route used for expeditions from the western shore of the Sinai to its inland, where copper and turquoise mines existed. Along the wadis the names of predynastic kings up to pharaohs of the4th Dynasty are located at the same places.[6]
Nebra'sserekh name is of great interest toEgyptologists, since it is written with thehieroglyphic sign of theSun, which had not yet become the object of divine adoration during his lifetime.[citation needed] At the time of king Nebra, the most important religious cults were concentrated on the preservation of the dualistic equal status of the state patrons Horus and Seth.[citation needed] Nothing was more important than keeping that divine balance. The kings themselves were seen as the living representation of that godlike pair.[citation needed] The Sun was seen as a celestial object controlled either by Horus or, as in the case of kingSeth-Peribsen, by Seth.[citation needed] Therefore, the Sun was not an independent deity yet. The first definite proof of the existence of the Sun-deityRa occurs at the beginning of the3rd dynasty during the reign of kingDjoser in the names of high officials such asHesyre. And the first definitive detectable proof for a fully established royal Sun cult occurs under kingRadjedef, the third ruler of the4th Dynasty. He was the first king who connected his birth name with the name of Ra, starting the great religious belief that Egyptian kings were the living representation of the Sun alongside Horus and Seth.[7][8]
Therefore, Nebra's Horus name is problematic regarding its translation and meaning. The typical translation of Nebra's name as "Ra is my lord", which would be read "Raneb", is questionable, as this would assume that the Sun was already being worshiped as an independent deity. Consequently, Egyptologists have proposed the translation "Lord of the sun (of Horus)" which is read "Nebra" and implies the pharaoh's rule over the Sun (as a celestial body), which was indeed also under Horus' or Seth's control. Any solar religion or solar symbolism were not yet established in any useful form and it is now thought that king Nebra might actually have been the first king who adopted extended religious thought about the Sun and the sky.[7][8]
The wife of Nebra is unknown. A “son of the king” and “priest of Sopdu” namedPerneb might have been his son, but since the clay seals providing his name and titles were found in a gallery tomb which is attributed to two kings equally (Nebra and his predecessor,Hotepsekhemwy), it is unclear whose sonPerneb really was.[9][10]
King Nebra is commonly identified with theRamesside-eracartouche-nameKakau, which can be translated as "Thebull ofApis". This links to theanecdote written by Manetho, who said that under kingKêchoós (theGreek version of the nameKakau) the deitiesApies,the goat of Mendes andMenevus were "introduced and worshipped as gods". This view is questioned by modern Egyptologists, as there was already acult of Apis established during the1st Dynasty, if not earlier. The name "Kakau" itself is problematic for this early pharaoh, as there was no name source from Nebra's time that could have been used to form the word.[11]
Thebirth name of Nebra also remains unclear. Atheory by EgyptologistJochem Kahl says that Nebra was the same person as the mysterious kingWeneg-Nebti. He points to a vessel fragment made ofvolcanic ash, which was found in thetomb of kingPeribsen (a later ruler during the 2nd dynasty) atAbydos. On the pot sherd he believes there are traces of the weneg-flower beneath the incised name of kingNinetjer. To the right of Ninetjer's name the depiction of theKa-house of king Nebra is partially preserved. This arrangement led Kahl to conclude that the weneg-flower and Nebra's name were connected to each other and king Ninetjer replaced theinscription. Kahl also points out that king Ninetjer wrote his namemirrored, so that his name deliberately runs in the opposite direction to Nebra's name.[12] Kahl's theory is the subject of continuing discussion since the vessel inscription is damaged, thus leaving plenty of room for varyinginterpretations.
Egyptologists such asJürgen von Beckerath andBattiscombe Gunn identify Nebra with another mysterious early pharaoh:Nubnefer. This link is questioned by other scholars, since the rulers of 2nd Dynasty often wrote their birth andHorus names in the same way (for example: Hor-Nebra → Nisut-Bity-Nebty-Nebra). Thus the name "Nubnefer" may be the birth name of a different king.[13][14]
Little is known about Nebra's reign. The discovery of sealings bearing Nebra's name together with sealings ofHotepsekhemwy at Saqqara suggests that Nebra conducted the burial of Hotepsekhemwy and was his direct successor.[15] Additional confirmation of this succession is provided by a statue and a stone bowl both bearing Hotepsekhemwy and Nebra's serekhs in juxtaposition.[citation needed]Other pot inscriptions and seal impressions surviving from his time only namecult-related andadministrative events, such as the "Erecting of the pillars of Horus". Under Nebra, the first depiction of the goddessBastet occurs. The exact duration of Nebra's reign is the subject ofinvestigations.Reconstructions of the well knownPalermo Stone, a blackbasalt table presenting the yearly events of the kings from the beginning of the 1st dynasty up to kingNeferirkare in the shape of clearly divided charts, leads to the conclusion that Nebra and his predecessor, king Hotepsekhemwy, ruled altogether for 39 years. Since Nebra has fewer records of his rule than Hotepsekhemwy, Nebra is thought to have ruled for a shorter time. The calculations differ from 29 and 10 years to 25 and 14 years.[16][17][18]
According to different authors, Nebra ruled Egypt c. 2850 BC,[19] from 2820 BC to 2790 BC (Donald B. Redford), 2800 BC to 2785 BC (Jürgen von Beckerath) or 2765 BC to 2750 BC (J. Málek).[20]
The location of Nebra's tomb is unknown. Egyptologists such asWolfgang Helck andPeter Munro believe that Nebra was buried in the gallery tombB beneath the causeway of thePyramid of Unas atSaqqara. Indeed, most of theartifacts bearing Raneb's name were found there.[21][22]
![Stone bowl inscription bearing Nebra and Hotepsekhemwy serekhs before the goddess Bastet[23]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fwikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNebra_Hotepsekhemwy_vase.png)
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