TheIndian Navy is themaritime branch of theIndian Armed Forces. ThePresident of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy. TheChief of Naval Staff, afour-staradmiral, commands the navy. As ablue-water navy, it operates significantly in thePersian Gulf Region, theHorn of Africa, theStrait of Malacca, and routinely conducts anti-piracy operations with other navies in the region. It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in theSouth andEast China seas as well as in the westernMediterranean sea simultaneously.
The primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation's maritime borders, and in conjunction with otherArmed Forces of the union, act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India, both in war and peace. Through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions, including disaster relief, the Indian Navy promotes bilateral relations between nations. Since October 2008, the Indian Navy keeps at least one frontline warship on continuous deployment in theGulf of Aden.[5]
As of June 2019, the Indian Navy has 67,252 active[6] and 75,000 reserve personnel in service and has a fleet of 150 ships and submarines, and 300 aircraft.[7][8] As of September 2022, the operational fleet consists of 2 activeaircraft carriers and 1amphibious transport dock, 4landing ship tanks, 8landing craft utility, 14destroyers, 14frigates, 2ballistic missile submarines, 16 conventionally-poweredattack submarines, 18corvettes, onemine countermeasure vessel, 4fleet tankers and numerous otherauxiliary vessels,small patrol boats and sophisticated ships. It is considered as a multi-regional power projectionblue-water navy.[9][10]
Themaritime history ofIndia dates back 6,000 years to the pre-Indus Valley civilisation.[11] AKutch mariner's log book from 19th century recorded that the first tidal dock in India was built atLothal around 2300 BC during theIndus Valley Civilisation, near the present-day harbor ofMangrol on the Gujarat coast. TheRig Veda creditsVaruna, theHindu god of water and thecelestial ocean,[12] with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes the use of ships having hundred oars in the naval expeditions by Indians. There are also references to the side wings of a ship calledPlava, which stabilise the vessel during storms.Plava are considered to be the precursors of modern-day stabilisers.[13]
Alexander the Great, during his campaigns in India, built a harbour at the ancient city ofPatala, which has been hyphothzied to be the present day city ofThatta.[14] His army retreated toMesopotamia using ships built atSindh. In the period after his conquest, records show that the Emperor ofMaurya Empire,Chandragupta Maurya, as a part of his war office, established an Admiralty Division. Many historians from ancient India recorded Indian trade relations. Indian trade reachedJava andSumatra. There were also references to the trade routes of countries in thePacific andIndian Ocean. India also hadtrade relations with theGreeks and theRomans. At one instance Roman historianGaius Plinius Secundus mentioned Indian traders carrying away large masses of gold and silver from Rome, in payment for skins, precious stones, clothes, indigo, sandalwood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.[13]
During 5–10 AD,Kalinga conquered Western Java,Sumatra andMalaya. TheAndaman and Nicobar Islands served as an important halt point for trade ships en route to these nations and as well as China.[15]
Medieval Empires in the Indian subcontinent further developed their naval forces. During 844–848 AD the daily revenue from these nations was expected to be around 200maunds (8 tonnes (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons)) of gold. During 984–1042 AD, under the reign ofRaja Raja Chola I,Rajendra Chola I andKulothunga Chola I, a naval expedition by theChola dynasty captured parts ofBurma, Sumatra,Sri Lanka, and Malaya, and simultaneously repressed pirate activities by Sumatranwarlords.[13][16]
... built of fir timber, having a sheath of boards laid over the planking in every part, caulked with oakum and fastened with iron nails. The bottoms were smeared with a preparation of quicklime and hemp, pounded together and mixed with oil from a certain tree which is a better material than pith
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During the 14th and 15th centuries, Indian shipbuilding and maritime abilities skill set exceeded European capabilities at the time. Their ships could carry over a hundred crew and were compartmentalized to limit the effect of damage keeping the ship afloat.[13]
By the end of 15th century Indian naval power had started to decline, and had reached its low by the time the Portuguese entered India. Soon after they set foot in India, the Portuguese started to seize all Asian vessels not permitting their trade. Amidst this, in 1529, a naval war atBombay Harbour resulted in the surrender ofThane,Karanja, andBandora. By 1534, the Portuguese took complete control overBombay Harbour. TheZamorin of Calicut challenged the Portuguese trade whenVasco da Gama refused to pay the customs levy as per the trade agreement. This resulted in two major naval wars, the first one—Battle of Cochin, was fought in 1504, and the second engagement happened four years later offDiu. Both these wars exposed the weakness of Indian maritime power and simultaneously helped the Portuguese to gain mastery over the Indian waters.[13] However, in 1526 the Zamorin launched thesiege of Calicut on the Portuguese forts inCalicut, successfully eliminating Portuguese influence in the city.[17]
By the later seventeenth century Indian naval power revived. TheMughal Empire maintained a significant naval fleet although it was the weakest branch of themilitary.[18]
EmpressMariam-uz-Zamani maintained large fleets of trade ships including theRahīmī andGanj-i-Sawai.[19][20] The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in theRed Sea.[21] After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by theGanj-i-Sawa. This ship was eventually sacked by English PirateHenry Every.[22] The Navy mainly patrolled coastal areas. The navy was active in theSiege of Hooghly and theAnglo-Mughal War.[23][24] One of the best-documented naval campaign of the Mughal empire were provided during theconflict against kingdom of Arakan, where in December 1665, Aurangzeb dispatchedShaista Khan, his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities withinArakan territory and to captureChittagong,[25]
TheMaratha Confederacy had a significantcoastal navy. The alliance of theMoghuls and theSidis of Janjira was marked as a major power on the west coast. On the southern front, the 1st Sovereign of theMaratha Kingdom,Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, started creating his own fleet. His fleet was commanded by notable admirals like Sidhoji Gujar andKanhoji Angre. TheMaratha Navy under the leadership of Angre kept the English, Dutch and Portuguese away from the Konkan coast. However, the Marathas witnessed remarkable decline in their naval capabilities following the death of Angre in 1729.[13]
The origins of the current Indian Navy date to 1612, when an English vessel under the command of CaptainThomas Best defeated thePortuguese at theBattle of Swally. Although the Portuguese were defeated, this incident along with the trouble caused by the pirates to the merchant vessels, forced the British to maintain fleet nearSurat, Gujarat.East India Company (HEIC) formed a naval arm, and the first squadron of fighting ships reached the Gujarat coast on 5 September 1612. Their objective was to protect British merchant shipping off theGulf of Cambay and up theNarmada andTapti rivers. As the HEIC continued to expand its rule and influence over different parts of India, the responsibility of Company's Marine increased too.[26]
Over time, the British predominantly operated from Bombay, and in 1686, the HEIC's naval arm was renamed the Bombay Marine. At times the Bombay Marine engaged Dutch, French, Maratha, and Sidi vessels. Much later, it was also involved in theFirst Anglo-Burmese War of 1824.
In 1834, the Bombay Marine became Her Majesty's Indian Navy. The Navy saw action in theFirst Opium War of 1840 and in theSecond Anglo-Burmese War in 1852. Due to some unrecorded reasons, the Navy's name reverted to the Bombay Marine from 1863 to 1877, after which it was named Her Majesty's Indian Marine. At that time, the Marine operated in two divisions—the Eastern Division at Calcutta under the Superintendent of Bay of Bengal, and the Western Division at Bombay Superintendent of Arabian Sea.[26]
In 1892, the Marine was renamed the Royal Indian Marine, and by the end of the 19th century it operated over fifty ships. The Marine participated in World War I with a fleet of patrol vessels, troop carriers, and minesweepers. In 1928, D. N. Mukherji was the first Indian to be granted a commission, in the rank of an EngineerSub-lieutenant. Also in 1928, the RIM was accorded combatant status, which entitled it to be considered a true fighting force and to fly theWhite Ensign of the Royal Navy.[27] In 1934, the Marine was upgraded to a full naval force, thus becoming theRoyal Indian Navy (RIN), and was presented the King's colours in recognition of its services to the British Crown.[26]
During the early stages ofWorld War II, the tiny Royal Indian Navy consisted of five sloops, one survey vessel, one depot ship, one patrol vessel and numerous assorted small craft; personnel strength was at only 114 officers and 1,732 sailors.[28] The onset of war led to an expansion in numbers of vessels and personnel. By June 1940, the navy had doubled its number in terms of both personnel and material, and expanded nearly six times of its pre-war strength by 1942.[29] The navy was actively involved in operations during the war around the world and was heavily involved in operations around theIndian Ocean, including convoy escorts, mine-sweeping and supply, as well as supporting amphibious assaults.[26]
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When hostilities ceased in August 1945, the Royal Indian Navy had expanded to a personnel strength of over 25,000 officers and sailors. Its fleet comprised seven sloops, fourfrigates, fourcorvettes, fourteenminesweepers, sixteentrawlers, twodepot ships, thirty auxiliary vessels, one hundred and fifty landing craft, two hundred harbour craft and several offensive and defensive motor launches.[30] DuringWorld War II the Navy suffered two hundred and seventy five casualties—twenty seven officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings killed in action, two ratings missing in action and a further 14 officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings wounded.[31] For their role in the war, the officers and ratings of the Navy received the following honours and decorations—a KBE (Mil.), a knighthood, a CB (Mil.), 10 CIEs, two DSOs, a CBE, 15 DSCs, an OBE, 28 DSMs, eight OBIs, two IOMs, 16 BEMs, 10 Indian Defence Service Medals, a Royal Humane Society Medal, 105 mentions in dispatches and 118 assorted commendations.[32] Immediately after the war, the navy underwent a rapid, large-scale demobilisation of vessels and personnel.
From the inception of India's naval force, some senior Indian politicians had voiced concerns about the degree of "Indianisation" of the Navy and its subordination to theRoyal Navy in all important aspects.[33] On the eve of WWII, the RIN had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior engineer officer.[34] Even by the war's end, the Navy remained a predominantly British-officered service; in 1945, no Indian officer held a rank above engineer commander and only a few Indian officers in the executive branch held substantive senior line officer rank.[35] This situation, coupled with inadequate levels of training and discipline, poor communication between officers and ratings, instances of racial discrimination and the ongoing trials of ex-Indian National Army personnel ignited theRoyal Indian Navy mutiny by Indian ratings in 1946.[36] A total of 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the strike, which spread over much of India. After the strike began, the sailors received encouragement and support from the Communist Party in India; unrest spread from the naval ships, and led to student and workerhartals in Bombay. The strike ultimately failed as the sailors did not receive substantial support from either the Indian Army or from political leaders in Congress or the Muslim League.[37] On 21 July 1947,H.M.S. Choudhry andBhaskar Sadashiv Soman, both of whom would eventually command the Pakistani and Indian Navies, respectively, became the first Indian RIN officers to attain the acting rank of captain.[38]
Followingindependence and thepartition of India on 15 August 1947, the RIN's depleted fleet of ships and remaining personnel were divided between the newly independentDominion of India andDominion of Pakistan. 21 per cent of the Navy's officer cadre and 47 per cent of its sailors opted to join the portion of the fleet which became theRoyal Pakistan Navy. The Indian share of the Navy consisted of 32 vessels along with 11,000 personnel. Effective from the same date, all British officers were compulsorily retired from the Navy and its reserve components, with Indian officers being promoted to replace British senior officers.[39] However, a number of British flag and senior officers were invited to continue serving in the RIN,[40] as only nine of the Navy's Indian commissioned officers had more than 10 years' service, with the majority of them only having served from five to eight years.[41] Rear AdmiralJohn Talbot Savignac Hall headed the Navy as its first Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) post-Independence.[26] In January 1948, D.N. Mukherji, the first Indian officer in the RIN, became the first Indian to be promoted acting engineer captain.[42] In May 1948, CaptainAjitendu Chakraverti became the first Indian officer to be appointed to the rank ofcommodore.[43] When India became a republic on 26 January 1950, theRoyal prefix was dropped and the nameIndian Navy was officially adopted. The prefix for naval vessels was changed fromHis Majesty's Indian Ship (HMIS) toIndian Naval Ship (INS).[26] At the same time, the imperial crown in insignia was replaced with theLion Capital of Ashoka and the Union Jack in the canton of the White Ensign was replaced with the Indian Tricolour.[44]
By 1955, the Navy had largely overcome its post-Independence personnel shortfalls.[39] During the early years following independence, many British officers continued to serve in the Navy on secondment from the Royal Navy, due to the post-Independence retirement or transfer of many experienced officers to the Royal or the Pakistan navies.[39] The first C-in-C of the Navy was Admiral SirEdward Parry who took over from Hall in 1948 and handed over to Admiral SirCharles Thomas Mark Pizey in 1951. Admiral Pizey also became the first Chief of the Naval Staff in 1955, and was succeeded by Vice Admiral SirStephen Hope Carlill the same year[26] The pace of "Indianising" continued steadily through the 1950s. By 1952, senior Naval appointments had begun to be filled by Indian officers,[45] and by 1955, basic training for naval cadets was entirely conducted in India.[46] In 1956,Ram Dass Katari became the first Indian flag officer, and was appointed the first Indian Commander of the Fleet on 2 October.[47] On 22 April 1958, Vice Admiral Katari assumed the command of the Indian Navy from Carlill as the first Indian Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy.[48] With the departure in 1962 of the last British officer on secondment to the Navy, Commodore David Kirke, the Chief of Naval Aviation, the Indian Navy finally became an entirely Indian service.[49]
The first engagement in action of the Indian Navy was against thePortuguese Navy during theliberation of Goa in 1961.Operation Vijay followed years of escalating tension due to Portuguese refusal to relinquish itscolonies in India. On 21 November 1961, Portuguese troops fired on the passenger linerSabarmati nearAnjadip Island, killing one person and injuring another.[50] During Operation Vijay, the Indian Navy supported troop landings and provided fire support. ThecruiserINS Delhi sank one Portuguesepatrol boat,[51] while frigatesINS Betwa andINS Beas destroyed the Portuguese frigateNRP Afonso de Albuquerque.[52] The 1962Sino-Indian War was largely fought over theHimalayas and the Navy had only a defensive role in the war.[53]
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At the outbreak ofIndo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Navy had one aircraft carrier, two cruisers, nineteen destroyers and frigates, and one tanker. Of these twenty-ships ten were under refit. The others were largely involved coastal patrols. During the war, the Pakistani Navyattacked the Indian coastal city of Dwarka, although there were no military resources in the area. While this attack was insignificant, India deployed naval resources to patrol the coast and deter further bombardment.[54] Following these wars in the 1960s, India resolved to strengthen the profile and capabilities of its Armed Forces.[55]
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The dramatic change in the Indian Navy's capabilities and stance was emphatically demonstrated during theIndo-Pakistani War of 1971. Under the command of AdmiralSardarilal Mathradas Nanda, the navy successfully enforced anaval blockade ofWest andEast Pakistan.[56] Pakistan's lone long-rangesubmarinePNS Ghazi was sunk following an attack by thedestroyerINS Rajput off the coast ofVisakhapatnam in the midnight of 3–4 December 1971.[57][58] On 4 December, the Indian Navy successfully executedOperation Trident, a devastating attack on the Pakistan Naval Headquarters ofKarachi that sank a minesweeper, a destroyer and an ammunition supply ship. The attack also irreparably damaged another destroyer and oil storage tanks at the Karachi port.[59] To commemorate this, 4 December is celebrated as the Navy Day.[60] This was followed byOperation Python on 8 December 1971, further deprecating the Pakistan Navy's capabilities.[59] Indian frigateINS Khukri, commanded by Captain M. N. Mulla was sunk byPNS Hangor, whileINS Kirpan was damaged on the west coast.[61] In theBay of Bengal, theaircraft carrierINS Vikrant was deployed to successfully enforce thenaval blockade on East Pakistan.Sea Hawk and theAlizé aircraft from INSVikrant sank numerous gunboats and Pakistanimerchant marine ships.[62] To demonstrate its solidarity as an ally of Pakistan, the United States sentTask Force 74 centred around the aircraft carrierUSS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. In retaliation,Soviet Navy submarines trailed the American task force, which moved away from the Indian Ocean towards Southeast Asia to avert a confrontation.[63] In the end, the Indian naval blockade of Pakistan choked off the supply of reinforcements to the Pakistani forces, which proved to be decisive in the overwhelming defeat of Pakistan.[64]
Since playing a decisive role in the victory, the navy has been a deterrent force maintaining peace for India in a region of turmoil. In 1983, the Indian Navy planned forOperation Lal Dora to support the government ofMauritius against a feared coup.[65] In 1986, inOperation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian Navy averted an attempted coup in theSeychelles.[66] In 1988, India launchedOperation Cactus, to successfully thwart a coup d'état byPLOTE in theMaldives. Naval maritime reconnaissance aircraft detected the ship hijacked by PLOTE rebels.INS Godavari and Indian marine commandos recaptured the ship and arrested the rebels.[67] During the 1999Kargil War, the Western and Eastern fleets were deployed in the Northern Arabian Sea, as a part ofOperation Talwar.[68] They safeguarded India's maritime assets from a potential Pakistani naval attack, and also deterred Pakistan from attempting to block India's sea-trade routes.[69] The Indian Navy's aviators flew sorties and marine commandos fought alongside Indian Army personnel in the Himalayas.[70]
In October 1999, the Navy along with theIndian Coast Guard rescuedMVAlondra Rainbow, a pirated Japanese cargo ship.[71]
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In the 21st century, the Indian Navy has played an important role in maintaining peace for India on the maritime front, in spite of the state of foment in its neighbourhood. It has been deployed for humanitarian relief in times of natural disasters and crises across the globe, as well as to keep India's maritime trade routes free and open.[72]
The Indian Navy was a part of the joint forces exercises,Operation Parakram, during the2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff. More than a dozen warships were deployed to the northernArabian Sea.[73] In October, the Indian Navy took over operations to secure theStrait of Malacca, to relieveUS Navy resources forOperation Enduring Freedom.[74]
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The navy plays an important role in providing humanitarian relief in times of natural disasters, including floods, cyclones and tsunamis. In the aftermath of the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the Indian Navy launched massive disaster relief operations to help affected Indian states as well asMaldives,Sri Lanka andIndonesia. Over 27 ships, dozens of helicopters, at least six fixed-wing aircraft and over 5000 personnel of the navy were deployed in relief operations.[75] These includedOperation Madad inAndhra Pradesh andTamil Nadu,Operation Sea Waves in theAndaman and Nicobar Islands,Operation Castor in Maldives,Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka andOperation Gambhir in Indonesia.[76] Gambhir, carried out following the2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, was one of the largest and fastest force mobilisations that the Indian Navy has undertaken. Indian naval rescue vessels and teams reached neighbouring countries less than 12 hours from the time that the tsunami hit.[77] Lessons from the response led to decision to enhance amphibious force capabilities, including the acquisition oflanding platform docks such asINS Jalashwa, as well as smaller amphibious vessels.[78]
During the2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Indian Navy launchedOperation Sukoon and evacuated 2,280 persons from 20 to 29 July 2006 including 436 Sri Lankans, 69 Nepalese and 7 Lebanese nationals from war-torn Lebanon.[79][80] In 2006, Indian naval doctors served for 102 days on boardUSNS Mercy to conduct medical camps in thePhilippines, Bangladesh, Indonesia andEast Timor.[81] In 2007, Indian Navy supported relief operations for the survivors ofCyclone Sidr in Bangladesh.[82] In 2008, Indian Naval vessels were the first to launch international relief operations for victims ofCyclone Nargis in Myanmar.[83][84] In 2008, the navy deployedINS Tabar andINS Mysore into theGulf of Aden to combatpiracy in Somalia.[85]Tabar prevented numerous piracy attempts, and escorted hundreds of ships safely through the pirate-infested waters.[86] The navy also undertook anti-piracy patrols near theSeychelles, upon that country's request.[87][88]
In February 2011, the Indian Navy launchedOperation Safe Homecoming and rescued Indian nationals from war torn Libya.[89] Between January–March, the navy launchedOperation Island Watch to deter piracy attempts by Somali pirates off theLakshadweep archipelago. This operation has had numerous successes in preventing pirate attacks.[90][91][92] During the2015 crisis in Yemen, the Indian Navy was part ofOperation Raahat and rescued 3074 individuals of which 1291 were foreign nationals.[93] On 15 April 2016, aPoseidon-8I long-range patrol aircraft managed to thwart a piracy attack on the high seas by flying over MVSezai Selaha, a merchant vessel, which was being targeted by a pirate mother ship and two skiffs around 800nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi) fromMumbai.[94]
India enacted its first domestic anti-piracy legislation as the Maritime Anti-Piracy Act 2022, on 20 December 2022 criminalizing maritime piracy and empowering the Indian Navy and other government agencies with the authority to respond to threats at sea.[95] In 2024, Chief AdmiralR. Hari Kumar referred to the new law as a "great enabler" in the navy's anti-piracy success.[96] That year,The Economic Times referred to the Indian Navy's commitment in combating maritime piracy as "unwavering".[95]
In January 2024, the Indian Navy deployed over 10 warships underOperation Sankalp to protect commercial shipping in the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea in the wake ofHouthi-led attacks on merchant vessels. Some of the ships deployed included guided missile destroyers like theINS Kolkata,INS Kochi,INS Chennai andINS Mormugao, as well as frigates like theINS Talwar andINS Tarkash. On 5 January, the INS Chennai prevented the hijacking of the Liberian merchant vessel MV Lila Norfolk. Although India declined to join the multinational US-ledOperation Prosperity Guardian, the Indian Navy continued to share information and coordinate operations with the United States, United Kingdom, and France.[97]
In May 2024, the Navy officially replaced the terms "Jack" and "Jackstaff" with "National Flag" and "National Flag Staff". The words Jack and Jackstaff originates from the Royal Navy's traditions which implies for national flag and the short pole on the bow of the ship to host the flag in 'naval parlance', respectively.[98]
As of August 2015, the Indian Navy is classified as a Rank 3 navy (Power projection to regions adjacent to its own) on theTodd-Lindberg navy classification system of naval strength.[99][100] The principal roles of the Indian Navy are:[101][102]
While thePresident of India serves as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces, the organisational structure of the Indian Navy is headed by theChief of Naval Staff (CNS), who holds the rank ofAdmiral.[103] While the provision for the rank ofAdmiral of the Fleet exists, no officer of the Indian Navy has yet been conferred this rank.[104] The CNS is assisted by the Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS), aVice Admiral; the CNS also heads the Integrated Headquarters (IHQ) of the Ministry of Defence (Navy), based in New Delhi. The Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS), a vice-admiral, is a Principal Staff Officer (PSO), along with theChief of Personnel (COP) and theChief of Materiel (COM), both of whom are also vice-admirals.[103] The Director General Medical Services (Navy) is a Surgeon Vice-Admiral, heads the medical services of the Indian Navy.[105]
The Indian Navy operates two operationalcommands and one training command. Each command is headed by aFlag Officer Commanding-in-Chief (FOC-in-C) of the rank ofVice Admiral.[106] The Eastern and Western commands each have a Fleet commanded by aRear Admiral. TheWestern Fleet based atMumbai is commanded by theFlag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF) and theEastern Fleet, based atVisakhapatnam, is commanded by theFlag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF). Apart from the two fleets, there is a Flotilla each, based at Mumbai, Visakhapatnam and Port Blair, that provide Local Naval Defence in their respective regions.[107]
The Eastern and Western commands each also have a Commodore commanding submarines (COMCOS) - theCommodore Commanding Submarines (East) and theCommodore Commanding Submarines (West).[108] TheFlag Officer Submarines, the single-point class authority for submarines is based at the Eastern Naval Command. The Southern Naval Command is home to theFlag Officer Sea Training (FOST).[109]
Additionally, theAndaman and Nicobar Command is a unified Indian Navy,Indian Army,Indian Air Force, andIndian Coast Guardtheater command based at the capital,Port Blair.[110]Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command (CINCAN) receives staff support from, and reports directly to the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) in New Delhi. The Command was set up in theAndaman and Nicobar Islands in 2001.[111]
| Post | Location | Current Holder |
|---|---|---|
| Chief of the Naval Staff | New Delhi | AdmiralDinesh K Tripathi, PVSM, AVSM, NM[114] |
| Vice Chief of the Naval Staff | Vice AdmiralKrishna Swaminathan, AVSM, VSM[115] | |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff | Vice AdmiralTarun Sobti, AVSM, VSM[116] | |
| Chief of Personnel | Vice AdmiralSanjay Bhalla, AVSM, NM[117] | |
| Chief of Materiel | Vice AdmiralKiran Deshmukh, AVSM, VSM[118] | |
| Commands | HQ Location | Current FOC-in-C |
| Western Naval Command | Mumbai | Vice AdmiralSanjay Jasjit Singh, AVSM, NM[119] |
| Eastern Naval Command | Visakhapatnam | Vice AdmiralRajesh Pendharkar, AVSM, VSM[120] |
| Southern Naval Command | Kochi | Vice AdmiralVennam Srinivas, AVSM, NM[121] |
Indian Navy has its operational and training bases inGujarat,Karnataka,Goa,Maharashtra,Lakshadweep,Kerala,Odisha,Tamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh,West Bengal, andAndaman and Nicobar Islands. These bases are intended for various purposes such as logistics and maintenance support, ammunition support, air stations, hospitals,MARCOS bases, coastal defence, missile defence, submarine and missile boat bases, forward operating bases etc.[122][123][124] Of these,INS Shivaji is one of the oldest naval bases in India. Commissioned in February 1945 as HMIS Shivaji, it now serves as the premier Technical Training Establishment (TTE) of the Indian Navy.[125]
In May 2005, the Indian Navy commissionedINS Kadamba atKarwar, 100 kilometres (62 mi) fromGoa.[126] Built under the first phase of theProject Seabird, at first it was an exclusively Navy controlled base without sharing port facilities with commercial shipping.[127] The Indian Navy also has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam.[128] The Navy operates a monitoring station, fitted with radars and surveillance gear to intercept maritime communication, inMadagascar. It also plans to build a further 32 radar stations in Seychelles, Mauritius, Maldives and Sri Lanka.[129] According toIntelligence Online, published by a France-based global intelligence gathering organisation, Indigo Publications, the Navy is believed to be operating a listening post inRas al-Hadd, Oman. The post is located directly across fromGwadar Port inBalochistan, Pakistan, separated by approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) of the Arabian Sea.[130]
The navy operatesINS Kattabomman, aVLF andELF transmission facility at Vijayanarayanapuram nearTirunelveli in Tamil Nadu.[131] INSAbhimanyu andINS Karna are two bases dedicated forMARCOS.[132][133]Project Varsha is a highly classified project undertaken by the Navy to construct a hi-tech base under theEastern Naval Command. The base is said to house nuclear submarines and also a VLF facility.[134][135]
Indian Navy has a specialized training command which is responsible for organisation, conduct and overseeing of all basic, professional and specialist training throughout the Navy. The Commander in Chief of Southern Command also serves as the Commander in Chief of Training Command. The Chief of Personnel (CoP) at HQ of Indian Navy is responsible for the framework of training and exercises the responsibility through Directorate of Naval Training (DNT).[136] The training year of Indian Navy is defined from 1 July to 30 June of the following year.[137]
Seaman training is held atINS Chilika, Orissa.
Officer training is conducted atIndian Naval Academy (INA) atEzhimala, on the coast ofKerala. Established in 2009, it is the largest naval academy in Asia. Cadets fromNational Defence Academy also move to INA for their later terms.[138] The Navy also has specialized training establishments for gunnery, aviation, leadership, logistics, music, medicine, physical training, educational training, engineering, hydrography, submarines etc. at several naval bases[139] along the coastline of India.[140] Naval officers also attend the tri-service institutionsNational Defence College,College of Defence Management andDefence Services Staff College for various staff courses to higher command and staff appointments. The Navy'sWar college is theNaval War College, Goa.[136] A dedicated wing for naval architecture under Directorate of Naval Architecture atIIT Delhi is operated by the Navy.[141] Indian Navy also trains officers and men from the navies of friendly foreign countries.[137]
As of 1 June 2019[update], the Navy has 10,012 officers and 57,240 sailors against a sanctioned strength of 11,557 officers and 74,046 sailors.[142] This strength is inclusive of personnel fromNaval Air Arm,Marine Commando Force andSagar Prahari Bal and exclusive of personnel fromArmed Forces Medical Services.[143]
India uses theMidshipman rank in its navy, and all future officers carry the rank upon entering theIndian Naval Academy. They are commissionedSub-lieutenants upon finishing their course of study.[144][145]
While the provision for the rank ofAdmiral of the Fleet exists, it is primarily intended for major wartime use and honour. No officer of the Indian Navy has yet been conferred this rank. Both theArmy andAir Force have had officers who have been conferred with the equivalent rank –Field MarshalsSam Manekshaw andCariappa of the Army andMarshal of the Indian Air ForceArjan Singh.[104]
The highest ranked naval officer in organisation structure is theChief of Naval Staff, who holds the rank of admiral.[145]
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Indian Navy[146] |   |   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||||||||||||
| Admiral एडमिरल | Vice admiral वाइस एडमिरल | Rear admiral रियर एडमिरल | Commodore कमोडोर | Captain कैप्टन | Commander कमांडर | Lieutenant commander लेफ़्टिनेंट कमांडर | Lieutenant लेफ्टिनेंट | Sub-lieutenant सब लेफ्टिनेंट | Midshipman मिडशिपमैन | |||||||||||||||
In the Indian Navy, the sailors are initially listed as, Seaman 2nd class. As they grow through the ranks they attain the highest rank of enlisted personnel, Master chief petty officer 1st class. Sailors who possess leadership qualities and fulfill requisite conditions in terms of education, age etc. may be commissioned through Commission worthy and Special Duties (CW & SD) scheme.[144]
| Rank group | Junior commissioned officers | Non commissioned officer | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian Navy[146][147] |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Master chief petty officer I मास्टर चीफ पेटी ऑफिसर फर्स्ट क्लास | Master chief petty officer II मास्टर चीफ पेटी ऑफिसर सेकेंड क्लास | Chief petty officer चीफ पेटी ऑफिसर | Petty officer पेटी ऑफिसर | Leading Seaman लीडिंग सीमैन | Seaman Ist class सीमैन फर्स्ट क्लास | Seaman IInd class सीमैन सेकंड क्लास | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indian Navy has appointed Rajendra Kumar Behera MCPO I as the first Navy MCPO on 1 May 2022.[148]
The naval air-arm of the Indian Navy currently operates twenty-oneair squadrons. Of these, ten operate fixed-wing aircraft, eight are helicopter squadrons and the remaining three are equipped withunmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Building on the legacy inherited from the Royal Navy prior to Indian independence, the concept ofnaval aviation in India started with the establishment of Directorate of Naval Aviation at Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in early 1948. Later that year officers and sailors from the Indian Navy were sent to Britain forpilot training. In 1951, the Fleet Requirement Unit (FRU) was formed to meet the aviation requirements of the navy.[149]
On 1 January 1953, the charge ofCochin airfield was handed over to the navy from theDirectorate General of Civil Aviation. On 11 March, the FRU was commissioned at Cochin with ten newly acquiredSealand aircraft. The navy's first air station,INSGaruda, was commissioned two months later. From February 1955 to December 1958, tenFirefly aircraft were acquired. To meet the training requirements of the pilots, the indigenously developedHAL HT-2 trainer was inducted into the FRU. On 17 January 1959, the FRU was commissioned asIndian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 550, to be the first Indian naval air squadron.[149]
Currently the air arm operates an aircraft carrierINSVikramaditya with ability to carry over thirty aircraft including MiG 29K, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Sea King and domestic-built HAL-Dhruv and Chetak helicopters.[150][151] The Kamov-31 choppers also provide theairborne early warning cover for the fleet.[152] In the anti-submarine role, theSea King,Ka-28, and the domestic builtHAL Dhruv are used.[153][154] TheMARCOS also use Sea King and HAL Dhruv helicopters while conducting operations. Maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations are carried out by theBoeing P-8 Poseidon[155][156] and theIlyushin 38.[157][158][159] Indian Navy is also procuring 24Lockheed Martin MH-60R Multi Role Helicopters under the foreign military sales from the US.[160]
TheUAV arm consists of theIAI Heron and Searcher-IIs that are operated from both surface ships and shore establishments for surveillance missions.[161][162][163]
The Indian Navy also maintains an aerobatic display team, theSagar Pawan. The Sagar Pawan team will be replacing their present KiranHJT-16 aircraft with the newly developedHJT-36 aircraft.[164]
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TheMarine Commando Force (MCF), also known asMARCOS, is aspecial operations unit that was raised by the Indian Navy in 1987 forAmphibious warfare,Close Quarter CombatCounter-terrorism,Direct action,Special reconnaissance,Unconventional warfare,Hostage rescue,Personnel recovery,Combat search and rescue,Asymmetric warfare,Foreign internal defence,Counterproliferation,Amphibious reconnaissance includingHydrographic reconnaissance.[132] Since their inception MARCOS proved themselves in various operations and wars, notable of them includeOperation Pawan,Operation Cactus,UNOSOM II,Kargil War andOperation Black Tornado.[165][166] They are also actively deployed on anti-piracy operations throughout the year.[167][168]
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The names of all in service ships and naval bases of the Indian Navy are prefixed with the lettersINS, designatingIndian Naval Ship orIndian Navy Station,[170] whereas the sail boats are prefixed with INSV (Indian Naval Sailing Vessel).[171] The fleet of the Indian Navy is a mixture of domestic built and foreign vessels, as of May 2023[update], the surface fleet comprises 2aircraft carriers,[172][173] 1amphibious transport dock,[174] 7landing ship tanks,[174][175] 13destroyers,[172] 13frigates,[176][177] 20corvettes,[176][178][179][180] 10 large offshorepatrol vessels,[181] 4fleet tankers,[182] 7Survey ships,[183] 1research vessel,[171] 3training vessels[171] and variousauxiliary vessels,Landing Craft Utility vessels,[175] and smallpatrol boats.[182][184]
The Navy has two aircraft carriers in active service, one of which is theINSVikramaditya, which serves as the flagship of the fleet.[173]Vikramaditya (formerlyAdmiral Gorshkov) is a modifiedKiev-classaircraft carrier procured at a total cost $2.3 billion from Russia in December 2013. A second aircraft carrier, the indigenously builtINSVikrant was commissioned on 2 September 2022.[185] The Navy has anamphibious transport dock of theAustin class, renamed asINSJalashwa in Indian service. It also maintains a fleet oflanding ship tanks.[174]
The navy currently operates threeVisakhapatnam, threeKolkata, threeDelhi and threeRajput-classguided-missile destroyers.[172] The ships of theRajput class are being replaced by the next-generationVisakhapatnam-class destroyers (Project 15B) which feature a number of improvements.[186]
In addition to destroyers, the navy operates several classes of frigates such as threeShivalik (Project 17 class) and sixTalwar-class frigates.[176] Seven additional modifiedShivalik-class frigates (Project 17A class frigates) are on order, all of which are under various stages of construction. Smallerlittoral zonecombatants in service are in the form of corvettes, of which the Indian Navy operates theKamorta,Kora,Khukri,Veer andAbhay-class corvettes.[176][178][179]Replenishment tankers such as theJyoti-class tanker,INS Aditya and the newDeepak-class fleet tanker help improve the navy's endurance at sea.[182]
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As of August 2024[update], the Navy's sub-surface fleet includes threeArihant-classSSBN and 16 conventionally-powered attacksubmarines.[187] The conventional attack submarines of the Indian Navy consist of fiveKalvari (FrenchScorpène-class submarine design), sevenSindhughosh (RussianKilo-class submarine design), and the fourShishumar (GermanType 209/1500 design) classes.[188][189][190]
India previously possessed a singleAkula-classnuclear-poweredattack submarine namedINS Chakra. She was leased to India for a period of ten years, between 2012 and 2021. Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines.[191] Negotiations are on with Russia for the lease of the second Akula-class submarine.[192][187]
INS Arihant was launched on 26 July 2009 inVisakhapatnam, and was secretly commissioned into active service in August 2016.[193] The Navy plans to have six nuclear-poweredballistic missile submarines in service in the near future.[194]Arihant is both the first boat of theArihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and the first nuclear-powered submarine to be built in India.[195]
India is planning to entirely modernise its submarine fleet. Initially, it was planned that 24 conventionally powered attack submarine would be acquired. First 12 submarines (6Project 75 and 6Project 75I) would be inducted by 2012 and the next 12 indigenousProject 76 submarines would be inducted by 2030. However, this was revised in 2015. Now, the planned numbers stand at 4 SSBNs, 6 SSNs and 18 conventionally poweredattack submarines. The clearance forProject 75 Alpha submarines was approved by the Government on 18 February 2024.[196] As of August 2024[update], the Navy's planned acquisitions of submarines include :–
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| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat Aircraft | |||||
| MiG-29 | Russia | multirole | MiG-29K | 40[205] | 7KUB variants provideconversion training |
| Maritime patrol | |||||
| Boeing P-8 | United States | ASW /patrol | P-8I | 12[206] | |
| Dornier 228 | Germany | surveillance | 228-201[207] | 31[208][209] | 6 on order[209] |
| Britten-Norman BN-2 | United Kingdom | utility /patrol | BN-2B/2T[210] | 4[206] | |
| Helicopters | |||||
| HAL Dhruv | India | utility | Mk. I / Mk. III | 24[206] | |
| Kamov Ka-31 | Russia | AEW | 14[206] | employs aPlanar array radar | |
| Kamov Ka-27 | Russia | ASW | Ka-28 | 14[206] | |
| SH-60 Seahawk | United States | ASW /SAR | MH-60R | 6[211] | 24 on order[212] |
| Westland Sea King | United Kingdom | SAR / utility | Mk.42B/C[213] | 19[206][214][215] | |
| HAL Chetak | France/India | liaison / utility | 42[206] | ||
| Trainer Aircraft | |||||
| Pipistrel Virus | Slovenia | Ab initio trainer | 12[216] | ||
| BAE Hawk | United Kingdom | Jet trainer | Hawk 132 | 17[206] | |
| HAL Kiran | India | Jet trainer | 20[206] | ||
| UAV | |||||
| IAI Heron | Israel | Surveillance | Mk 1 | ~8 | [217] |
| MQ-9 Reaper | United States | Surveillance/Combat | SeaGuardian | 2[218] | (On lease) 15 on order[219] |
| Drishti-10 | Israel/India | surveillance | 2[220][221] | ||
The Navy use a mix of indigenously developed and foreign mademissile systems. These include submarine-launched ballistic missiles, ship-launched ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-ship missiles, air-to-air missiles, surface-to-air missiles, torpedoes, air-to-air guns, main guns and anti-submarine rocket launchers. Its inventory comprises 100 mm (3.9 in)AK 190 gun with a range of 21.5 kilometres (13.4 mi), 130 kilometres (81 mi)KH-35E 4 Quad Uran, ASWRBU-2000 etc.[222]
In recent years,BrahMos has been one of the most advanced missile system adapted by the Indian Navy. It has been jointly developed by India'sDefence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and RussianNPO Mashinostroyeniya. BrahMos is the world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation.[223] The BrahMos has been tailored to meet Indian needs and features a large proportion of India-designed components and technology, including its fire control systems, transporter erector launchers, and its onboard navigational attack systems. The successful test of Brahmos fromINS Rajput provides Indian Navy with precision land attack capability.[224]
India has also fitted itsBoeing P-8I reconnaissance aircraft with all-weather,active-radar-homing, over-the-horizonAGM-84L Harpoon Block II missiles andMk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight Torpedoes.[225] Indian warships' primary air-defence shield is provided byBarak 1 surface-to-air missile while an advanced versionBarak 8 is in development in collaboration with Israel.[226] India's next-generationScorpène-class submarines will be armed withExocet anti-ship missile system. Among indigenous missiles, ship-launched version ofPrithvi-II is calledDhanush, which has a range of 350 kilometres (220 mi) and can carry nuclear warheads.[227]
The K-15Sagarika (Oceanic)submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), which has a range of at least 700 km (some sources claim 1000 km) forms part of India's nuclear triad and is extensively tested to be integrated with theArihant class of nuclear submarines.[228][229] A longer range submarine launched ballistic missile calledK-4 is under induction process, to be followed byK-5 SLBM.[230]
Sangraha is a jointelectronic warfare programme betweenDefence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy. The programme is intended to develop a family of electronic warfare suites, for use on different naval platforms capable of detecting, intercepting, and classifying pulsed,carrier wave,pulse repetition frequency agile, frequency agile andchirpradars. The systems are suitable for deployment on various platforms like helicopters, vehicles, and ships. Certain platforms, along withESM (Electronic Support Measures) capabilities, haveECM (Electronic Countermeasure) capabilities such as multiple-beam phased array jammers.[231]
The Indian Navy also relies on information technology to face the challenges of the 21st century. The Indian Navy is implementing a new strategy to move from a platform centric force to a network centric force by linking all shore-based installations and ships via a high-speed data networks and satellites.[232][233][234] This will help in increased operational awareness. The network is referred to as the Navy Enterprise Wide Network (NEWN). The Indian Navy has also provided training to all its personnel in Information Technology (IT) at the Naval Institute of Computer Applications (NICA) located in Mumbai. Information technology is also used to provide better training, like the usage of simulators and for better management of the force.[235]
The Navy has a dedicated cadre for matters pertaining to information technology cadre named as Information Technology Cadre,[236] under the Directorate of Information Technology (DRI). The cadre is responsible for implementation for enterprise wide networking and software development projects, development activities with respect to cyber security products, administration of shore and on-board networks, and management of critical Naval Networks and software applications.[237]
India's first exclusive defence satelliteGSAT-7 was successfully launched by European space consortium Arianespace's rocket fromKourou spaceport inFrench Guiana in August 2013. GSAT-7 was fabricated by theIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to serve for at least seven years in its orbital slot at 74°E, providingUHF,S-band,C-band andKu-band relay capacity. Its Ku-band allows high-density data transmission, including both audio and video. This satellite also has a provision to reach smaller and mobile terminals.[238]
GSAT-7 approximately has a footprint of 3,500–4,000 kilometres (2,200–2,500 miles; 1,900–2,200 nautical miles) over the Indian Ocean region, including both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal region. This enables the Navy to operate in a network-centric atmosphere having real-time networking of all its operational assets at sea and on land.[238]
On 15 June 2019 the navy placed an order forGSAT-7R satellite as a replacement for GSAT-7. The satellite costs Rs 1589 crores (US$225.5 million) and is expected to be launched by 2020.[239][240]
ThePresident of India is entitled to inspect his/her fleet, as he/she is the supreme commander of theIndian Armed Forces. The first president's fleet review by India was hosted byRajendra Prasad on 10 October 1953. President's reviews usually take place once in the President's term. In all, twelve fleet reviews have taken place, including two International fleet reviews in 2011 and 2016. The latest fleet review was held in February 2022 at Visakhapatnam, by PresidentRam Nath Kovind.[241]
The Indian Navy also conducted an International fleet review namedBridges of Friendship in February 2001 in Mumbai. Many ships of friendly Navies from all around the world participated, including two from the US Navy.[242] The second international fleet review, theInternational Fleet Review 2016, was held off Visakhapatnam coast in February 2016 where Indian Navy's focus was on improving diplomatic relations and military compatibility with other nations.[241]
India often conducts naval exercises (likeMaritime Partnership Exercise) with other friendly countries designed to increase naval cooperation and also to strengthen cooperative security relationship. Some such exercises take place annually or biennially:
| Exercise | Navy/Navies | First Edition | Last Edition | Total Editions | Notes/ References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milan | Multilateral | 1995 | 2024 | 12 | [245] |
| Varuna | French Navy | 1993 | 2023 | 21 | [246] |
| Konkan | Royal Navy | 2004 | 2023 | 16 | [247][248] |
| INDRA | Russian Navy | 2003 | 2021 | 12 | [249][250] |
| MALABAR | US Navy,JMSDF,Royal Australian Navy (Flag exercise of theQUAD navies) | 1992 | 2023 | 26 | [251][252] |
| SIMBEX | Singapore Navy | 1994 | 2021 | 28 | [253] |
| IBSAMAR | Brazilian Navy,South African Navy | 2008 | 2022 | 7 | [254] |
| SITMEX | Singapore Navy,Thai Navy | 2019 | 2021 | 3 | [255] |
| SLINEX | Sri Lanka Navy | 2012 | 2020 | 8 | [256][257] |
| NASEEM-AL-BAHR | Oman Navy | 1993 | 2022 | 13 | [258][259] |
| AUSINDEX | Australian Navy | 2015 | 2023 | 5 | [260] |
| JIMEX | JMSDF | 2012 | 2023 | 11 | [261] |
| ZA'IR-AL-BAHR | Qatari Navy | 2019 | 2021 | 2 | [262][263] |
| SAMUDRA SHAKTI | Indonesian Navy | 2018 | 2023 | 4 | [264] |
| BONGOSAGAR | Bangladesh Navy | 2019 | 2023 | 5 | [265] |
| Zayed Talwar | UAE Navy | 2021 | 2023 | 2 | [266] |
| Al-Mohed Al-Hindi | Saudi Navy | 2021 | 2023 | 2 | [267] |
| AIKEYME | Africa | 2025 | 2025 | 1 | [268] |
_participating_in_the_International_Fleet_Review_2022.jpg)
Coordinated patrols include: Indo–Thai CORPAT (28 editions),[269] Indonesia–India CORPAT (33 editions),[270] IMCOR with Myanmar (8 editions).[271] The Indian Navy conducted a naval exercise with thePeople's Liberation Army Navy in 2003,[272] and also sent ships to the South China Sea to participate in the fleet review.[273] In 2005,TROPEX (Theatre-level Readiness Operational Exercises) was held during which Indian Navy experimented the doctrine of influencing a land and air battle to support theIndian Army and theIndian Air Force.[274] TROPEX has been conducted annually every year with an exception to 2016.[275] In 2007, Indian Navy conducted naval exercises withJapan Maritime Self-Defence Force and U.S. Navy in the Pacific,[276] and also signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint naval patrolling in the Asia-Pacific region.[277] In 2007, India conducted naval exercises withVietnam,[278] Philippines,[279] andNew Zealand.[280] In 2007, India and South Korea conducted an annual naval exercise,[281] alongside India's participation in the South Korean International Fleet Review in 2008.[282] The first Atlantic Ocean deployment of the Indian Navy happened in 2009. During this deployment, the Indian Naval fleet conducted exercises with the French, German, Russian and British navies.[283] Once in two years navies from the Indian Ocean region meet at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands for theExercise MILAN.[284] In 2021 India assisted in US-ledExercise Cutlass Express as a trainer.[285][286]
In 2007 India held the firstIndian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) with an objective to provide a forum for all thelittoral nations of the Indian Ocean to co-operate on mutually agreed areas for better security in the region.[287][288] Since the past decade, Indian naval ships have made goodwill port calls toIsrael,[289][290]Turkey,[291]Egypt,[292]Greece,[293]Thailand,[294]Indonesia,[295] Australia,[296]New Zealand,[297]Tonga,[298] South Africa,[299]Kenya,[300]Qatar,[301] Oman,[302]United Arab Emirates,[303] Bahrain,[304] Kuwait,[305] and various other countries.
The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions. Thesailing ship and training vesselINS Tarangini began circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003, intending to foster good relations with various other nations; she returned to India in May 2004 after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations.[306]
Lt. Cdr.M. S. Kohli led the Indian Navy's first successful expedition toMount Everest in 1965;[307] the Navy's ensign was again flown atop Everest on 19 May 2004 by a similar expedition. Another Navy team also successfully scaled Everest from the north face, a technically more challenging route.[308] The expedition was led by Cdr Satyabrata Dam of the submarine arm. Cdr. Dam is a mountaineer of international repute and has climbed many mountains including thePatagonias, theAlps among others.[309] In 2017, to commemorate 50 years of the Navy's first expedition in 1965, a team set off to climb Mount Everest.[307]
An Indian Navy team comprising 11 members successfully completed an expedition to the Arctic pole. To prepare, they first traveled toIceland, where they attempted to summit a peak.[310] The team next flew to easternGreenland; in theKulusuk andAngmassalik areas, they usedInuit boats to navigate the region's ice-chokedfjords. They crossed northward across theArctic Circle, reaching seventy degrees North on skis. The team scaled an unnamed peak of height 11,000 feet (3,400 m) and named itIndian Peak.[311]
The Indian Naval ensign first flew inAntarctica in 1981.[312] The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv 2006 by traversing to theSouth Pole on skis. With this historic expedition, they have set the record for being the first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the Geographic South Pole.[313] Also, three of the ten member team—the expedition leader—Cdr. Satyabrata Dam, leading medical assistants Rakesh Kumar and Vikas Kumar are now among the few people in the world to have visited the two poles and summited Mt. Everest.[314] Indian Navy became the first organisation to reach the poles and Mt. Everest. Cdr.Dilip Donde completed the first solo circumnavigation by an Indian citizen on 22 May 2010.[315] Cdr.Abhilash Tomy became the first Indian to complete a solo, non-stop circumnavigation of the world on a sailboat not fitted with any technology or navigational aids.[316][317]
Navika Sagar Parikrama (lit. 'Sailors' Sea Circumambulation') was a circumnavigation of the globe by female officers of the Indian Navy. The six-member all-woman team circumnavigated and managed the whole operation in their first-ever global journey, with their shipINSV Tarini that lasted 254 days.[318]Navika Sagar Parikrama II is led by two women officers.[319]
By the end of the 14th Plan (2020), the Indian Navy was expected to have over 150 ships and close to 500 aircraft. In addition to the existing mission of securing both sea flanks in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, the navy was tasked with responding to emergencies far away from the Indian mainland. Marine assault capabilities were to be enhanced by setting up a new amphibious warfare facility atKakinada, Andhra Pradesh.[320]
Since then, the Indian Navy has initiated Phase II expansion ofINS Kadamba, its third largest naval base, nearKarwar. Phase II will involve expansion of the berthing facilities to accommodate 40–45 more front-line warships, including the aircraft carrier INSVikramaditya, raise manpower to 300 officers and around 2,500 sailors, and build a naval air station with a 6,000-foot runway. This is to be followed by Phase IIA and IIB, at the end of which INS Kadamba will be able to base 50 front-line warships.[321][322][323][324] The Indian Navy is also in the process of constructing a new naval base,INS Varsha, atRambilli for itsArihant class submarines.[325]
India's planned second aircraft carrier,INSVishal (formerly known asIndigenous Aircraft Carrier-II), will displace around 65,000 tonnes and is expected to be delivered to the Indian Navy in the mid-2030s. With the future delivery ofVishal, the Navy's goal to have three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and a third in refit, will be achieved.[326][327]
In November 2011, theDefence Acquisition Council launched theMulti-Role Support Vessel. The Indian Navy has subsequently sent out an international RFP for up to 2 largelanding helicopter docks. The contenders are expected to tie up with local shipyards for construction of the ships.[328]
In addition to aircraft carriers and large amphibious assault ships, the Indian Navy is acquiring numerous surface combatants such as theProject 17A-class[329] andTalwar-class[330] frigates,ASW shallow water corvettes,[331]ASuW corvettes,[332] andMCM vessels.[333] It plans to buildProject 18-class destroyer andProject 17B-class frigate. New submarine classes under various stages of planning include theProject 75 Alpha,[334]Project 75I,[335] and the nuclear-poweredArihant class.[336] New auxiliary ships include; five replenishment oilers, a Missile Range Instrumentation Ship (MRIS) and an Ocean Surveillance Ship.[337]
In 2024, Sagar Defence Engineering Pvt Ltd demonstrated 850 nautical mile autonomous transit of, Matangi Autonomous Surface Vessel to the Indian Navy. The autonomous transit began from Mumbai and ended at Toothukudi. This demonstration was part of Indian Navy's Swavalamban 2024 self reliance in technology contest to enable the development of autonomous vessels for various military applications.[338] These boats are equipped with 12.7mm SRCG gun and is capable of day and night patrolling with speed above 50 knots. 12 such autonomous boats are to be acquired by the Indian Navy and will also be used to patrol Pangong Tso lake. The Indian Navy is also acquiring 30 autonomous underwater vehicles.[339] The Indian Navy is planning to procure 22 General AtomicsSea Guardian drones at an estimated cost of $2 billion.[340] This is the first instance of General Atomics drones being sold to a non-NATO military.[340]
The Indian Navy from 1950 to 2001 used a modified version of the British White Ensign, with the Union flag replaced with the Indian Tricolour in the canton. In 2001, this flag was replaced with a white ensign bearing the Indian Navy crest, as the previous ensign was thought to reflect India's colonial past.[341] However complaints arose that the new ensign was indistinguishable as the blue of the naval crest easily merged with the sky and the ocean. Hence in 2004, the ensign was changed back to theSt. George's cross design, with the addition of the emblem of India in the intersection of the cross. In 2014, the ensign as well as the naval crest was further modified to include theDevanagari script:सत्यमेव जयते (Satyameva Jayate) which means 'Truth Alone Triumphs' inSanskrit.[342]
The traditionalcrest of Indian Navy ships is topped by acrown featuring threesailing ships symbolising India's richmaritime history. The ribbon of the crown depicts theAshoka Chakra surrounded by ahorse and abull. Each ship has a uniquemotif which is encircled by a ring oflotusbuds.[343]
In August 2022, thePrime Minister's Office announced that the naval ensign featuring theSaint George's Cross would be irrevocably disposed of, in favour of a newer design derived from octagonal shaped imperial seal ofChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and hisMaratha Navy that would "do away with the colonial past" and reflect the "rich Indian maritime heritage".[344] The new ensign is slated to be revealed byprime ministerNarendra Modi on 2 September 2022, coinciding with the commissioning ceremony ofINSVikrant, the Indian Navy's first indigenously builtaircraft carrier.[344] The new ensign retains much the design of the 2001-04 ensign with the national flag as the canton, but with the addition of an octagonal navy blue shield based on Shivaji's royal seal surrounding the heraldic arms in gold and the addition of the official motto of the NavyMay the Lord of Waters Be Auspicious Unto Us (Shaṁ No Varunaḥ) in the Devanagari script.
| 2004, 2009, 2014 | |
| Author | Maritime Doctrines and Concepts Centre (MDCC) |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) |
| Website | https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-maritime-doctrine-2015-version |
The Indian Maritime Doctrine is a foundational primer document of the Indian Navy. Three editions have been published in 2004, 2009 and 2014. It has to be considered along with other foundational documents such as the naval strategyFreedom to Use the Seas (2007) and the updated editionEnsuring Secure Seas (2015).[345]
The 2004 edition (INBR 8) was published amidst a larger strategic overhaul in the country. It contains a large number of key words along with their definitions and grouped into a number of sections.[346] Select themes pervade throughout the document.[346] Some themes are subtle such as the ongoing and future transition to a blue-water navy and others are louder such as the text related to nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers.[346] There is justification and explanation for India's need for these transitions and acquisitions.[346] The 2009 edition was updated to include counter-terror, counter-piracy and coordination with other navies in these aspects.[346]
In the year 2009, theNational Geographic Channel created and broadcast a documentary series on the Indian Navy. It was titledMission Navy[347]
[...] current strength of 150 ships and submarines.
Q 1. What are the current Force Levels of the Indian Navy? [...] Ans. The Indian Navy's present force level comprises about 150 ships and submarines. [...]
The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.
India and Israel both use "INS" to mean Indian Naval Ship or Israeli Navy Ship.
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