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Africa has a large quantity ofnatural resources, includingdiamonds,sugar,salt,gold,iron,cobalt,uranium,copper,bauxite,silver,petroleum,natural gas andcocoa beans, but alsotropical timber andtropical fruit.
Recently discoveredoil reserves have increased the importance of the commodity in African economies.Nigeria,Angola,Republic of the Congo,Equatorial Guinea,Algeria,Libya,Egypt, andSouth Sudan are among the largestoil producers in Africa.[1] TheUnited States andEuropean countries took most of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo's (DRC) oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by theUnited States Department of State at US$9 billion.[2]
Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order, from highest to lowest output:Nigeria,Libya,Algeria,Egypt andAngola. Other African oil producing countries areGabon, the DRC,Cameroon,Tunisia,Equatorial Guinea, theRepublic of the Congo,Ivory Coast, and more recently, Ghana. Exploration is taking place in a number of other countries that aim to increase their output or become first-time producers. Included in this list areChad,Sudan,Namibia,South Africa, andMadagascar, whilstMozambique andTanzania are potential oil producers.[3]
Types of Natural Resources in Africa
A notable part of Africa’s natural resources are minerals:
Africa has 30% of the remaining mineral resources in the world. 57% of Africa's export earnings comes from hydrocarbons. From 1980 to 2012, proven oil reserves in Africa grew by 150%.[4]
Ore resources in Africa are abundant[citation needed] while other continents are beginning to facedepletion of resources.[citation needed] The copper belt inHaut-Katanga Province, the diamond mines inSierra Leone,Angola, andBotswana are well-known for the abundance of mineral resources,[citation needed] albeit with a negative reputation[citation needed] arising from perceptions of their industries' involvement in corrupt practices, and links to violent rebel movements. The RUF (Revolutionary United Front) and theblood diamonds used to supply these rebel factions with arms is one such example.[citation needed]
In recent years,[when?] exploration activities have grown inWest Africa. However, lack of services became a problem for exploration companies. In 2020, West Africa received the third larger budget for exploration projects. From 2009 to 2019, West Africa accounted the major success in gold discoveries.[5] Exploration budgets in Africa fell 10% in 2020, reaching their lower levels in the last four years.[6]
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With a low population density[citation needed] Africa has beencolonized by non-African nations from the 16th century, allexploiting African resources to varying degrees. Some economists[7] have argued this history of outside exploitation demonstrates the 'scourge of raw materials' problem. In this situation, highly sought-after, yet rare, raw resources are present in a less-developed, less-powerful entity. Such a situation places intense pressures on the original "possessors" of the resources. In African nations, these pressures, it is argued, have led to wars and slowed development. While Western nations like theUnited States,Canada,Australia,France and theUnited Kingdom, as well as emerging economic powerhouses likeChina, continue to exploit Africa's natural resources, the value from the natural resources goes to the West and East Asia, rather than Africa, exacerbatingpoverty in Africa, despite Africa's abundance of natural resources.[8] A Guyanese historian,Walter Rodney, posits that foreign ownership of African natural resources is the "most direct way" that rich countries continue to dominate African states without formally colonizing them: "When citizens of Europe own the land and the mines of Africa, this is the most direct way of sucking the African continent."[9]