Narcís Monturiol | |
|---|---|
 Monturiol circa 1880 | |
| Born | Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (1819-09-28)28 September 1819 |
| Died | 6 September 1885(1885-09-06) (aged 65) Sant Martí de Provençals (currentlyBarcelona) |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation(s) | Inventor, engineer, artist, politician |
| Known for | Submarine pioneer; inventor of theIctíneo I andIctíneo II |
Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (Catalan pronunciation:[nəɾˈsizmuntuɾiˈɔliəstəriˈɔl]; 28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish Catalan inventor, artist and engineer born in Figueres,Catalonia. He was the inventor of the firstair-independent andcombustion-engine-driven submarine.
Monturiol i Estarriol was born in the city ofFigueres,Catalonia Spain. He was the son of acooper. Monturiol went to high school inCervera and got a law degree inMostoles in 1845. He solved the fundamental problems of underwater navigation. In effect, Monturiol invented the first fully functional engine-driven submarine.[1][2]
Monturiol never practiced law, instead turning his talents to writing and publishing, setting up a publishing company in 1846, the same year he married his wife Emilia. He produced a series of journals and pamphlets espousing his radical beliefs in feminism, pacifism, andutopiancommunism. He also founded the newspaper "La Madre de Familia", in which he promised "to defend women from the tyranny of men" andLa Fraternidad, Spain's first communist newspaper.
Monturiol's friendship withAbdó Terrades led him to join the Republican Party and his circle of friends included such names as musicianJosep Anselm Clavé, and engineer and reformistIldefons Cerdà. Monturiol also became an enthusiastic follower of the utopian thinker and socialistÉtienne Cabet; he popularised Cabet's ideas throughLa Fraternidad and produced a Spanish translation of his novelVoyage en Icarie. A circle formed roundLa Fraternidad raised enough money for one of them to travel to Cabet's utopian community,Icaria.
Following therevolutions of 1848, one of his publications was suppressed by the government and he was forced into a brief exile in France. When he returned to Barcelona in 1849, the government curtailed his publishing activities, and he turned his attention to science and engineering instead.
A stay inCadaqués allowed him to observe the dangerous job ofcoral harvesters where he even witnessed the death of a man who drowned while performing this job. This prompted him to think of submarine navigation and in September 1857 he went back to Barcelona and organized the first commercial society in Spain dedicated to the exploration of submarine navigation with the name ofMonturiol, Font, Altadill y Cia. and a capital of 10,000pesetas.
In 1858 Monturiol presented his project in a scientific thesis, titledThe Ictineo (Fish-Ship). The first dive of his firstsubmarine,Ictineo I, took place in September 1859 in the harbour of Barcelona.
Ictíneo I was 7 m (23 ft) long with abeam of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) anddraft of 3.5 m (11 ft). Her intended use was to ease the harvest ofcoral.Ictíneo I's prow was equipped with a set of tools suited to the harvest of coral. During the summer of 1859, Monturiol performed more than 20 dives inIctíneo I, with his business partner and shipbuilder as crew.Ictíneo I possessed good handling, but her top speed was disappointing, as it was limited by the power of human muscles.
Ictíneo I was eventually destroyed by accident in January 1862, after completing some fifty dives, when a cargo vessel ran into her at herberth.
A modern replica ofIctíneo I stands in the garden entrance to the Marine Museum in Barcelona.
TheIctíneo II was originally intended as an improved version of the handpoweredIctíneo I. The Spanish Navy pledged support to Monturiol but did not actually supply it, so he had to raise funds himself, writing a letter to the nation to encourage a popular subscription which raised 300,000 pesetas from the people of Spain and Cuba and was used to form the companyLa Navegación Submarina to develop theIctíneo II.
Monturiol's ultimate plan envisaged a vessel custom-built to house his new engine, which would be entirely built of metal and with the engine housed in its own separate compartment. Due to the state of his finances, construction of the metal vessel was out of the question. Instead, he managed to assemble enough funds to fit the engine into the woodenIctíneo II for preliminary tests and demonstrations.
On 22 October 1867,Ictíneo II made her first surface journey under steam power, averaging 3.5 kn (4.0 mph; 6.5 km/h) with a top speed of 4.5 kn (5.2 mph; 8.3 km/h). On 14 December, Monturiol submerged the vessel and successfully tested his air-independent engine, without attempting to travel anywhere.
On 23 December that same year, Monturiol's company went bankrupt and could attract no more investment.[3] The chief creditor called in his debt, and Monturiol was forced to surrender his sole asset,Ictíneo II. The creditor subsequently sold her to a businessman, and the authorities, who taxed all ships, issued its new owner with a tax bill. Rather than pay the bill, he dismantled the submarine and sold it for scrap.[4] A replica can be seen at the harbor of Barcelona.
In 1868 Monturiol returned to political life. A member of the Federal Party, he was a deputy in the Constituent Assembly of theFirst Spanish Republic (1873), and shortly afterwards became the director ofFabrica Nacional del Timbre (NationalStamp Factory) inMadrid for a few months, where he implemented a process to speed up the manufacturing of adhesive paper. Monturiol's other inventions included a system for copying letters, a continuous printer, a rapid-firing cannon, a system to enhance the performance of steam generators, a stone cutter, a method for preserving meat, and a machine for making cigarettes.[5]
Monturiol died in 1885, inSant Martí de Provençals, now a suburb of Barcelona.
No othersubmarine employed an anaerobic propulsion system until 1940 when the German Navy tested a system employing the same principles, theWalterturbine, on the experimentalV-80 submarine and later on theType XVII submarines. The problem of air-independent propulsion was finally resolved with the construction of the first nuclear powered submarine, theUSSNautilus.
Spain honored Monturiol on a postage stamp in 1987 (purportedly his death centennial; the reason for the discrepancy is unclear).[6]
He has two monuments: one in Barcelona (Avinguda Diagonal-Carrer Girona) and other at the end of theRambla in Figueres, his native city, better known for anotherFiguerenc,Salvador Dalí.
TheSpanish Navy has honored his name giving it to what will be the first launched submarine of air independent propulsion in active service in the Spanish Navy, theS-82 Narciso Monturiol (the S-81 Isaac Peral being launched the last due to construction issues).
In 2013 a crewedsubmersible capable of reaching depths of 1,200 m (3,900 ft) was namedIctineu 3 honouring Monturiol's inventions,Ictineo I andIctineo II.[7]
