Abu Abd Allah al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ibn Abi Amir ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi (Arabic:المغيرة بن شعبة بن أبي عامر بن مسعود الثقفي,romanized: Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn Masʿūd al-Thaqafī);c. 600–671), was a prominentcompanion of the Islamic prophetMuhammad and was known as one of the four 'shrewds of the Arabs' (duhat al-Arab). He belonged to the tribe ofThaqif ofTa'if, who were part of the early Islamic elite. He served as governor ofKufa, one of the two principalArab garrisons and administrative centers of Iraq, under CaliphUmar in 642–645. In his old age, al-Mughira was again made governor of Kufa, serving under theUmayyad caliphMu'awiya I from 661 until his death in 671. During his second governorship, he ruled with virtual independence from the caliph.

Al-Mughira was the son of Shu'ba ibn Abi Amir and belonged to the Banu Mu'attib clan of theBanu Thaqif tribe ofTa'if.^[1] His clan were the traditional protectors of the shrine ofal-Lat, one of manyArabian polytheistic deities worshiped in thepre-Islamic period.^[1] His uncle wasUrwah ibn Mas'ud, a companion of theIslamic prophetMuhammad.^[1] Al-Mughira offered his services to the latter inMedina after being exiled from Ta'if for assaulting and robbing his associates in their sleep while they were travelling together.^[1] Muhammad and the nascent Muslim community had taken refuge in Medina as a result of their exile fromMecca. Muhammad with the help of al-Mughira persuaded the Thaqif to embrace Islam.^[1] He participated in the Muslims' attempted pilgrimage to Mecca, which was halted by theQuraysh atHudaybiyya in April 628.^[2] Later, when Ta'if submitted to Muslim rule in 630, al-Mughira was tasked with overseeing the demolition of the al-Lat shrine.^[1]

Muhammad passed away in 632 and leadership of the emergent Muslim state passed toAbu Bakr (r. 632–634), who kept al-Mughira in some administrative capacity.[1] Most high-ranking government posts went to members of the Quraysh, the tribe to which Muhammad and Abu Bakr belonged.^[1] At theBattle of Yarmouk in August 636, al-Mughira lost sight in one of his eyes.^[3] CaliphUmar (r. 634–644) appointed him governor ofBasra,^[1] a garrison town founded by the Arabs which was used as the springboard for theMuslim conquest of Persia

In 642, Umar appointed al-Mughira governor ofKufa, the other Arab garrison town of Iraq.^[1] Two years later, a former slave of al-Mughira, known asAbu Lu'lu'a, assassinated Umar while the latter was praying in Medina.^[1] Umar's successor, CaliphUthman (r. 644–656), kept al-Mughira as governor for another year until replacing him withSa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.^[4] Al-Mughira retired from public life and returned to Ta'if upon the accession of CaliphAli (r. 656–661) following Uthman's assassination in 656.[1] From his hometown, he observed the chaotic events of theFirst Muslim Civil War between the supporters of Ali, who made Kufa his capital, and the bulk of the Quraysh, who opposed Ali's caliphate.^[1] When Ali andMu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor ofSyria who had taken up the cause of avenging the death of hisUmayyad kinsman Uthman, decided to settle theBattle of Siffin by arbitration in 657, al-Mughira, without invitation by either side, attended the talks atAdhruh.^[1]

During the chaos that ensued in the aftermath of Ali's assassination in 661, al-Mughira apparently forged a letter by Mu'awiya, who had since claimed the caliphate, giving al-Mughira responsibility of leading the annualHajj pilgrimage to theKa'aba in Mecca.^[1] According to the orientalistHenri Lammens, al-Mughira's "shocking morals", lack of attachment to theAlids (kinsmen and partisans of Ali), non-involvement in the "jealousies of the Quraysh[sic], as well as the narrow-mindedness of theAnsar" (another faction of the Muslim elite), and membership of the "intelligent and enterprising tribe of Thaqif[sic]", all gained the attention of Mu'awiya, who reappointed him governor of Kufa in 661.^[1] Al-Mughira was known in the tradition as one of the principal "shrewds" of his era "who could get himself out of the most hopeless difficulty".^[1] Indeed, he was able to maintain relatively cordial relations with the influential Alids of Kufa and utilized them to counter their enemies, theKharijites.^[1] The latter were composed of Ali's erstwhile supporters who defected from him as a result of the arbitration with Mu'awiya, assassinated him and continued to rebel against the authorities in Iraq. According to Lammens, "by setting them [Alids and Kharijites] against one another he rendered harmless the most dangerous elements of disorder in his province".^[1] Moreover, by "combination of mildness and astuteness, and by knowing when to shut his eyes, al-Mughira succeeded in avoiding desperate measures" against the politically turbulent factions of Iraq and was able to maintain his governorship.^[1]Al-Baladhuri mentions in hisGenealogies of the Nobles (Arabic: أنساب الأشراف; Ansab al-Ashraf), that Mughira ibn Shu'ba used to say, "Allah, curse so-and-so (meaning 'Ali) for he disobeyed what is in Your Book and abandoned the sunnah of Your Prophet, divided unity, shed blood and was slain as an oppressor."^[5] He is also said to have proposed to Mu'awiya to nominate his sonYazid as his caliphal successor.

Al-Mughira died of the plague sometime between 668 and 671 at the age of 70.^[1] According to the historiansal-Waqidi (d. 823) andal-Mada'ini (d. 843), al-Mughira died in August or September 670.^[3] He was succeeded byZiyad ibn Abih, whom he had groomed as his successor.^[1] Upon becoming the governor of Iraq in 694,al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf appointed al-Mughira's sons al-Mutarrif, Urwa and Hamza his deputy governors inal-Mada'in, Kufa andHamadhan, respectively, on account of their shared Thaqafi descent.^[6]

• Humphreys, R. Stephen, ed. (1990).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5.^{[dead link‍]}
• Lammens, H. (1993)."al-Mughīra b. Shuʿba". InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E.;Heinrichs, W. P. &Pellat, Ch. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 347.ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
• Landau-Tasseron, Ella, ed. (1998).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIX: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and their Successors: al-Ṭabarī's Supplement to his History. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-2819-1.^{[dead link‍]}
• Morony, Michael G., ed. (1987).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVIII: Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Muʿāwiyah, 661–680 A.D./A.H. 40–60. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-87395-933-9.^{[dead link‍]}
• Rowson, Everett K., ed. (1989).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXII: The Marwānid Restoration: The Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 693–701/A.H. 74–81. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-88706-975-8.^{[dead link‍]}

• Companions of the Prophet
• 600 births
• 701 deaths
• Banu Thaqif
• People from Taif
• Rashidun governors of Kufa
• Umayyad governors of Kufa
• 7th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate
• 7th-century deaths from plague (disease)
• Rashidun governors of Basra
• Rashidun governors of Arminiya

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Articles containing Arabic-language text
• All articles with dead external links
• Articles with dead external links from April 2021