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Most rule sets formixed martial arts (MMA) competitions have evolved since the early days ofVale Tudo. As a result of health, legal, and moral concerns, many different rulesets were created, which give different countries and promotions very different tactics and strategies. Similarly,shoot wrestling organizations, such asShooto, expanded their rulesets to integrate elements of Vale Tudo into their sport. However, for the most part, fighters accustomed to one rule set can easily acclimate to the others.
The most prevalent rule set in the world being used currently is theUnified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, adopted by all state athletic commissions in the United States that regulate MMA and is used most notably in theUltimate Fighting Championship. The Unified Rules are thede facto rules for MMA in theUnited States, and have been adopted by other promotions and jurisdictions worldwide. Other notable sets include Shooto's, which were the first to mandate padded gloves, and Pride rules, afterPRIDE Fighting Championships, which were also adopted by UFC; and most recently the Global MMA Ruleset, a blend of best practices from Asian (PRIDE) and non-Asian rules (Unified), used byONE Championship.
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Some main motivations for these rule changes included:
Weight classes emerged when knowledge aboutsubmission holds spread. When more fighters became well-versed in submission techniques and avoiding submissions, differences in weight became a substantial factor.
Headbutts were prohibited because it was a technique that required little effort and could quickly turn the match into a bloody mess. Headbutting was common among wrestlers because their skill in takedowns allowed them to quickly transfer bouts to the ground where they could assault opponents with headbutts while not being required to alter their position. There has been some criticism that techniques banned from MMA, including headbutts, are actually very effective fighting techniques.[1]
Small, open-fingergloves were introduced to protect fists in punches while still allowing for effective grappling. Gloves were first mandatory in Japan's Shooto league, but are now mandatory in matches for nearly every promotion. Although some fighters may have well conditioned fists, others may not. The small bones in an unprotected and unconditioned fist are prone to break when it hits a torso or forehead with power. Gloves also reduce the occurrence of cuts (and stoppages due to cuts) and encourage fighters to use their hands for striking, both of which enable more captivating matches.
Time limits were established to avoid long fights on the ground with little perceivable action. No time limit matches also complicated the airing of live events. Similar motivations produced the "stand up" rule, where the referee can stand fighters up if it is perceived both are resting on the ground or are not advancing toward a dominant position.
In April 2000, theCalifornia State Athletic Commission (CSAC) voted unanimously in favor of regulations that later became the foundation for the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. However, when the legislation was sent to California's capital for review, it was determined that the sport fell outside the jurisdiction of the CSAC, rendering the vote superfluous.[2]
In September 2000, theNew Jersey State Athletic Control Board (NJSACB) began to allow MMA promoters to conduct events in New Jersey. The intent was to allow the NJSACB to observe actual events and gather information to establish a comprehensive set of rules to effectively regulate the sport.[3]
On April 3, 2001, the NJSACB held a meeting to discuss the regulation of MMA events. This meeting attempted to unify the myriad of rules and regulations which had been utilized by the different MMA organizations. At this meeting, the proposed uniform rules were agreed upon by the NJSACB, several other regulatory bodies, numerous promoters of MMA events and other interested parties in attendance. At the conclusion of the meeting, all parties in attendance were able to agree upon a uniform set of rules to govern the sport of MMA.[3]
The rules adopted by the NJSACB have become the de facto standard set of rules for professional MMA across North America. All state, provincial, & municipal athletic commissions that regulate MMA have assimilated these rules into their existingunarmed combat competition rules and statutes. For a promotion to hold MMA events in a sanctioned venue, the promotion must abide by the commission's body of rules.
On July 30, 2009, a motion was made at the annual meeting of theAssociation of Boxing Commissions to adopt these rules as the "Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts". The motion passed unanimously.[4]
Every round is five minutes in duration with a one-minute rest period in-between rounds. Non-title matches must not normally exceed three rounds, but the governing commission can grant dispensation for non-title five round bouts, as is usually done for the Main Event in the UFC.[5][6] Title matches can be sanctioned for five rounds.[3]
All competitors must fight in approved shorts, without shoes or any other sort of foot padding. Shirts (except in women categories),gis or long pants (including gi pants) are not allowed. Fighters must use approved light gloves (4–6 ounces) that allow fingers to grab. Amouthguard andgroin guard are also required and are checked by a State Athletic Committee official before being allowed to enter the cage/ring.[3] Furthermore, approved leg and chest (in the case of women) protectors must be provided by the contestant.[7]
Theten-point must system is used for all fights. Three judges score each round with ten points to the winner and nine points or fewer to the other fighter. InNew Jersey, the fewest points a fighter can receive is 7.[3] If the round is even, both fighters receive ten points. Penalty points (usually one point for each offence, occasionally two points) decided by the referee are deducted from each judge's score for that round for the offending fighter.
TheAssociation of Boxing Commissions has published a guideline of what judges in the US should consider most when scoring a round. "Effective striking/grappling" (defined as legal strikes that inflict more damage on one fighter in that round, as well as successful takedowns, reversals, and submission attempts) is seen as the primary criterion, with judges also asked to take each round on its own merits rather than consider cumulative impact of strikes. "Effective aggression" (where judges consider who made more of an effort to finish the fight in that round) is a secondary criterion, followed by cage generalship and dictating the pace of the fight. The ABC also encourages its judges to score rounds 10-8 if a judge feels that one fighter has landed a substantial amount of "impactful" strikes or spent large amounts of time in dominant grappling positions, as "it is absolutely essential to the evolution of the sport and to demonstrate fairness to fighters" that rounds where a fighter controls much of the action are properly scored to reward that fighter.[8]
At the end of the fight, each judge submits their total score for all rounds for each fighter, to determine the result by the following criteria:
As set out by the Association of Boxing Commissions:[9]
When a foul is charged, the referee in their discretion may deduct one or more points as a penalty. If a foul incapacitates a fighter, then the match may end in a disqualification if the foul was intentional, or a "no contest" if unintentional. If a foul causes a fighter to be unable to continue later in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw.
Historically, PRIDE's rules events and Bushido events.[11] However, it was announced on November 29, 2006, that Bushido events would be discontinued.[12] When holding events in theUS, PRIDE abided by the Unified Rules, but added the prohibition against elbows to the head.
The first round is ten minutes in duration and the second and third rounds are five minutes in duration. There is a two-minute rest period between each round.
PRIDE allowed fighters some latitude in their choice of attire, most notably the allowance of agi or amateurwrestling shoes, but open finger gloves, a mouthguard, and a protective cup were mandatory.
If the match reaches its time limit then the outcome of the bout is determined by the three judges. The fight is scored in its entirety and not round-by-round. After the conclusion of the bout, each judge must decide a winner. Matches cannot end in a draw. A decision is made according to the following criteria in this order of priority:
If a fight is stopped on advice of the ring doctor after an accidental but illegal action, e.g., a clash of heads, and the contest is in its second or third round, the match will be decided by the judges using the same criteria.
PRIDE allowed the following techniques that the Unified Rules disallowed:
In addition to the common fouls, PRIDE Fighting Championships considerselbow strikes to the head and face to be fouls.
In the event that a fighter is injured by illegal actions, then at the discretion of the referee and ring doctor, the round is resumed after enough time has been given for the fighter to recover. If the match cannot be continued due to the severity of the injury then the fighter who perpetrated the action will be disqualified.
PRIDE Bushido events instituted distinct variations to the full PRIDE rules:
PRIDE discontinued Bushido events in late-2006 and their rules were last used for lightweight and welterweight fights atPRIDE Shockwave 2006.[12][13] As the lightweight and welterweight divisions will now be on the main PRIDE shows, the rules for the lighter classes are also changing to reflect standard PRIDE rules.[14]
ONE Championship MMA rule set uses the Global MMA Rule Set[15] which blends a combination of Best Practices from Asian and Non-Asian Rules. ONE also has Competitions for Muay Thai, Kickboxing and Grappling rulesets.
ONE has a number of weight classes for its fighters to compete in, with a World Champion and top five competitors being rankedONE Championship Rankings in each Weight Class.
The weight classes for ONE are:[16]
| Weight Class | Upper Limit (lb) | Upper Limit (kg) | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atomweight | 115lb | 52.2kg | Female |
| Strawweight | 125lb | 56.7kg | Male / Female |
| Flyweight | 135lb | 61.2kg | Male / Female |
| Bantamweight | 145lb | 65.8kg | Male / Female |
| Featherweight | 155lb | 70.3kg | Male |
| Lightweight | 170lb | 77.1kg | Male |
| Welterweight | 185lb | 83.9kg | Male |
| Middleweight | 205lb | 93kg | Male |
| Light-Heavyweight | 225lb | 102.1kg | Male |
| Heavyweight | 265lb | 120.2kg | Male |
Unlike the UFC, ONE does not allow weight cutting, ONE will assign an athlete his or her weight class based on their "walking weight" (based on the daily training weight). An athlete's "walking weight" is monitored regularly throughout the time an athlete is with contracted to ONE. Fights are strictly only offered to an athlete based on his or her "walking weight".
Upon arrival at the start of event week athletes' weights will be checked. Every athlete must be within the restrictions of the contracted weight class or catchweight limit.
During event week, all athletes participate in a combined weigh-in and hydration test. Every athlete must submit a urine sample for a hydration check. If the athlete passes this test, he or she can weigh-in. The athlete's must weigh-in within the restrictions of the contracted weight class or catchweight limit.
On event day, those athletes who made weight and passed the hydration test on the previous day do not have to weigh-in. However, athletes who miss weight or fail a hydration test, must pass the hydration test and make weight on event day.
If an athlete fails the hydration test on event day, he or she is not permitted to compete. Should an athlete pass the hydration test but weigh-in above the restrictions of the contracted weight class, then the bout may take place at a catchweight if the athlete is within 5 percent of his or her opponent's official weight, and if the opponent agrees to competing at this catchweight. Additionally, a percentage of the athlete’s purse will be given to the opponent due to failure to make the contracted weight.
Post-bout weight may not exceed 5 percent over the weight class or catchweight limit. If an athlete were to commit this offense, he or she will be held to the rules below:
Similar to the Unified Rules, each bout is three rounds of five minutes per round, with a one-minute break between rounds, except for World Championship bouts will be five rounds of five minutes per round, with a one-minute break between rounds.
Under the Global MMA Rule Set attire is limited to:
Unlike the Unified Rules, in ONE the following techniques are legal and will not result in a foul:
Soccer kicks were also previously legal in ONE, but have been banned since 2016 as part of the company's worldwide expansion plans.[18]
Other than those listed above, fouls for the Unified Rules and ONE are the same.
In ONE and under the Global Rule Set, fouls are dealt with by the referee, and uses a yellow/red card system that will affect the fighters purse and potentially be factored in by the judges.
The referee may choose to issue Cautions, Warnings, Yellow Cards or Disqualifications based on the nature, severity, and repetition of the fouling behavior. In doing so, the referee must have thoroughly considered whether the athlete has, through their violation, damaged their opponent’s chances of victory, and if the violation was deliberately committed.[17]
When the action slows in the standing position, the referee will give the command “action”. When the action slows on the ground, the referee will give the commands “improve your position” or “work to finish”. If the action has not increased, the referee may stand the athletes or penalize with a yellow card. If a yellow card is displayed, the bout will resume from the standing position. Cageside judges may display a red or blue marker as a signal to the referee and cornermen that the athlete from the corner displayed is stalling. Cornermen should take this display into account and encourage their athlete to compete more actively and aggressively.
A caution is given in the event of a minor violation. It may occur without stopping the action of the bout.
In the event of repeated or a more significant violation, the referee will issue an official warning to the fighter. The referee will stop the action and make it clear and obvious that the athlete has been warned for their infraction.
Any flagrant disregard for the rules or stalling, may result in a yellow card. A yellow card will result in a 10% deduction in the athlete’s prize money (purse) and may factor in the judges' decision. Each yellow card is a successive 10% deduction from the athlete’s earnings. If an athlete is penalized with a yellow card, the fouled opponent will be given the choice to resume the bout from the same position as when the foul occurred or from a standing position.
At the referee’s discretion an athlete may be disqualified based on repetitive or severe fouling. If an athlete is disqualified the company may deduct a minimum of 30% to a maximum of 100% of the athletes pay.
In the event that a bout lasts the rounds, the decision for winner will go to the judges score. The scoring in ONE is significantly different to that of the Unified Rules in that matches are scored in their entirety, and not round-by-round. This difference means fighters who perform extremely well in the final round even after a slow start, and score well in the judging criteria are still able to win the bout (compared to UFC where if a fighter loses the first two rounds, but comes back in the last, they will lose the whole bout.)[19]
The judging criteria that ONE Judges use for scoring a bout are listed below in descending order of importance:
RIZIN Fighting Federation uses a ruleset largely similar to that of PRIDE's, which is appropriate given the involvement of longtime Japanese MMA promoterNobuyuki Sakakibara in both promotions. Men's fights in RIZIN are either two rounds with Round 1 lasting 10 minutes and Round 2 lasting 5 minutes, or 3x5 minute rounds. Championship fights in RIZIN are 3x5 minute rounds, as are all women's MMA matches, and all matches are held in a ring in order to allow for both MMA and kickboxing fights to be held on the same card. Judging is done based on the entirety of a fight and the criteria goes damage/effective aggression, effort to finish the fight, and ring generalship, in that order. Soccer kicks and knees to the head of a grounded opponent are both legal. Elbows (including 12-6 elbows) to the head of a grounded opponent are allowed if both fighters agree to permit them.[20]
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MMA is often referred to as "cage fighting" in the US as it is associated with the UFC's octagonal caged fighting area. Most major MMA promotions in the US, Canada and Britain use the "cage" as a result of directly evolving from the firstUFC events. There are variations on the cage such as replacing the metal fencing with a net, or using a different shape for the area other than an octagon, as the term "The Octagon" is trademarked by the UFC (though the 8-sided shape itself is not trademarked). In Japan, Brazil and some European countries such as the Netherlands an area similar to a standardboxing ring is used, but with tighter ropes and sometimes a barrier underneath the lowest rope to keep grappling athletes from rolling out of the ring. The usage of the ring in these countries is derived from the history of Vale Tudo,Japanese pro-wrestling and other MMA related sports such askickboxing.
The choice of cage or ring is more than aesthetic, however, as it impacts the type of strategies that a fighter can implement. For example, a popular and effective strategy in a cage is to pin an opponent into the area where the fence meets the mat, and then pummel him with strikes.Randy Couture is well known for this tactic. Defensively, the cage is often used as support to fend off take-down attempts, or as a support to get from underneath an opponent (known as "walking up the cage"). These positions are not possible in a roped ring. On the other hand, the roped ring can result in entangled limbs and fighters falling through the ropes, requiring the referee to sometimes stop the fight and reposition the fighters in the center, as well as carrying the possibility for either fighter to sustain an injury. In either a cage or ring, a fighter is not allowed to grab the fence or ropes. Some critics[who?] feel that the appearance of fighting in a cage contributes to a negative image of MMA in popular media.
The following table shows what each MMA organization uses:
| Organization | Cage or Ring | Primary Event Location |
| BAMMA | 8-sided cage |  UK |
| Bellator FC | Circular cage |  USA |
| Cage Rage | 9-sided cage | UK |
| Cage Warriors | 8-sided cage | UK |
| DEEP | Ring (8-sided cage for Cage Impact series) |  Japan |
| Extreme Fighting Championship | 6-sided cage |  South Africa |
| Invicta Fighting Championships | 8-sided cage | USA |
| Jungle Fight | 8-sided cage (Has used ring) |  Brazil |
| King of the Cage | 8-sided cage | USA |
| KSW | Cage |  Poland |
| LUX Fight League | Circular cage |  Mexico |
| M-1 Global | Ring |  Russia |
| MFC | Ring (Has used circular cage) |  Canada |
| ONE | Circular cage (also uses a ring when there arekickboxing and/orMuay Thai bouts in the card) |  Singapore |
| Pancrase | 10-sided cage (Has used ring) | Japan |
| Pacific Xtreme Combat | Circular cage |  Philippines |
| RESPECT.FC | Ring |  Germany |
| Rizin Fighting Federation | Ring | Japan |
| Road FC | 8-sided cage |  South Korea |
| Full Contact Championship | 6-sided cage |  India India |
| GMC | 8-sided cage | Germany |
| RINGS | Ring | Japan |
| Super Fighting League | 8-sided cage (Has used 6-sided cage) | India |
| UFC | 8-sided cage | USA |
| URCC | Ring | Philippines |
| XFC | 8-sided cage | USA |
| World Series of Fighting | 10-sided cage | USA |
| ZST | Ring | Japan |
| Superior Challenge | 8-sided cage |  Sweden |
| One Pride MMA(id) | 8-sided cage |  Indonesia |
| Ultimate Warrior Challenge Mexico(es) | 6-sided cage | Mexico |
Defunct organizations:
| Organization | Cage or Ring | Primary Event Location |
| Affliction Entertainment | Ring | USA |
| Art of War FC | Ring |  China |
| Dream | Ring (Had used 6-sided cage) | Japan |
| EliteXC | 8-sided cage (Had used circular cage) | USA |
| K-1 Hero's | Ring | Japan |
| IFL | Ring (Had intended to use 6-sided ring) | USA |
| Legend FC (Hong Kong) | Ring |  Hong Kong |
| Pride FC | Ring | Japan |
| Strikeforce | 6-sided cage | USA |
| WEC | 8-sided cage (Had used 5-sided cage) | USA |
| World Victory Road | Ring | Japan |
UWW promotes amateur MMA with its own set of rules.[21]
Competitors shall wear UWW approved head guards, gloves, knee pads and shin-instep guards of their assigned red or blue colour. They shall also wear personal groin and mouth guards. Female competitors may wear a chest protector. Protection gear may not contain any metal part whatsoever. The protection gear shall be in a generally clean and serviceable condition and the padding shall not be displaced, broken or imperfect in any way.[22]
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In the U.S., state athletic and boxing commissions have played a crucial role in the introduction of safety rules because they oversee MMA in similar ways as they do for boxing. Small shows usually use more restrictive rules because they have less experienced fighters who are looking to acquire experience and exposure that could ultimately lead them to getting recruited into one of the larger, better paying promotions.In Japan and Europe, there is no regulating authority over MMA competitions, so these organizations have greater freedom in rules development and event structure.In general, a balanced set of rules with some organization-specific variances has been established and is widely used, and major rule changes are unlikely, allowing for fighters in one organization to transition to others easily.