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In railway engineering, "gauge" is the transverse distance between the inner surfaces of the heads of two rails, which for the vast majority of railway lines is the number of rails in place. However, it is sometimes necessary fortrack to carry railway vehicles with wheels matched to two different gauges. Such track is described asdual gauge – achieved either by addition of a third rail, if it will fit, or by two additional rails. Dual-gauge tracks are more expensive to configure with signals and sidings, and to maintain, than two separate single-gauge tracks. It is therefore usual to build dual-gauge or othermulti-gauge tracks only when necessitated by lack of space or when tracks of two different gauges meet inmarshalling yards or passenger stations. Dual-gauge tracks are by far the most common configuration, buttriple-gauge tracks have been built in some situations.
The rail gauge is the most fundamental specification of a railway.Rail tracks andwheelsets are built withinengineering tolerances that allow optimum lateral movement of the wheelsets between the rails. Pairs of rails that become too wide or narrow in gauge will cause derailments, especially if in excess of normal gauge-widening on curves.[1][note 1]
Given the requirement for gauge to be within very tight limits, when the designed distance between the pair of wheels on a wheelset differs even slightly from that of others on a railway, track must be built to two specific gauges. That is achieved in a variety of ways: most commonly by adding a third rail, more rarely by adding another pair of rails; and rarer still, when three gauges are present, by four rails.
_track%2c_South_Australian_Railways.jpg)
An interactive 3D view of dual-gauge track components is
here
Dual-gauge track can consist of three rails, sharing one "common" rail; or four rails, with the rails of the narrower gauge lying between those of the broader gauge. In the three-rail configuration, wear and tear of the common rail is greater than with the two other outer rails. In dual gauge lines, turnouts (railroad switches) are more complex than in single-gauge track, and trains must be safely signalled on both of the gauges.Track circuits and mechanical interlocking must also operate on both gauges.[4]
Multi-gauge track is very often associated with a break-of-gauge station, where rail vehicles or vehicle contents are transferred from one gauge to another. A break of gauge causes delay and increases congestion, especially on single-track lines. Essentially, two trains are required to do what a single train would normally accomplish. When traffic passes mainly in one direction, full wagons taken to the border have to be returned as empties, and a train of empty wagons has to be brought to the break of gauge from the other side to fetch the cargo. Congestion is also caused by unloading and reloading.[5][6]: 74–75 The problem is worsened when there is a disparity between the capacity of locomotives and vehicles on the two gauges: typically, one broad-gauge trainload needs three narrow-gauge trains to carry.[7]
Constructing dual-gauge track with three rails is possible when the two adjacent rails can be separated at the base by at least the space required by rail fastening hardware such as spikes and or rail clips – typically 40 millimetres (1.6 inches). If the two gauges are closer than that, four rails must be used. Depending on the rail fasteners used and the weight of rails (heavy rails are bigger), the practicable difference between the two gauges is in the range 145 millimetres (5.7 inches) to 200 millimetres (7.9 inches).[8]
| Gallery: Dual gauge (3 rails) | |
|---|---|
_at_Belo_Horizonte%2c_Brazil(cropped).jpg) |  |
| 1600 / 1000 mm (5 ft 3 / 3 ft 33/8 in) [a] | 1600 / 1435 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 in). [b] |
_track_and_turnout_at_Jenny%2c_Sweden.jpg) |  |
| 1435 / 891 mm (4 ft 81/2 / 2 ft 113/32 in) [c] | 1435 / 1000 mm (4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 33/8 in) [d] |
%2c_Hakone_Tozan_Line%2c_Japan_(cropped).jpg) | |
| 1435 / 1067 mm (4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in) [e] | |
.png)
In some places, the dimensions of two gauges needing to be collocated are too close to allow a three-rail configuration – for example:
In such cases, four rails are needed to provide the dual gauge.
Four rails might also be installed because of other engineering or operational factors, even though three rails would suffice: an example is on theChemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme (Somme Bay railway), which combines standard and metre gauge – 435 millimetres (17.1 inches) different, well within the parameters for three rails.
Four rails are necessary where the centre-line of rail vehicles on both tracks must be closely aligned with the centre-line of the track in tunnels or other constricted locations. Such configurations, when they revert back to standard parallel lines as soon as room is available, are termed "gauntlet track" (US: "gantlet track").[9][1]
Four rails must be placed identically on either side of the central axis of dual-gaugeturntables (and six rails on triple-gauge turntables) so that they match the configuration of the fixed rails leading to and from the turntable, regardless of the direction in which the turntable is facing.
| Gallery: Dual gauge (4 rails) | |
|---|---|
 |  |
| 1435 / 1000 mm (4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 338 in). In the foreground, the narrow gauge diverges via a fixed-rail configuration. [f] | 1520 / 1435 mm (4 ft 1127/32 / 4 ft 81/2 in). The gauges of this track are as follows (numbering the rails from left to right).1520 mm gauge: rails 1 and 3;1435 mm gauge: rails 2 and 4. [g] |
 | |
| 1524 / 1435 mm (5 ft 0 / 4 ft 81/2 in). A line comprising European standard gauge and "Russian" gauge, a legacy of the formersatellite states of theSoviet Union. The 89 mm difference between the two gauges is too small to allow a three-rail configuration. [h] | |
In rare situations, three different gauges may converge on to a rail yard and triple-gauge track is needed to meet the operational needs of the break-of-gauge station – most commonly where there is insufficient space to do otherwise. Construction and operation of triple-gauge track and its signalling, however, involves immense cost and disruption, and is undertaken when no other alternative is available.[10]
| Gallery: Triple gauge (4 rails) | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | .jpg) |
| 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). Turnout, 4-rail triple-gauge both ways, from the points end. [i] | 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). Turnout, 4-rail triple-gauge both ways, from the crossing end. [j] |
 | .jpg) |
| 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). Three-rail dual-gauge track is joined by four-rail triple-gauge. [k] | 1600 / 1435 / 1067mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 in / 3 ft 6 in). Standard-gauge car on 4-rail triple-gauge track. Narrow gauge track is two central rails; broad gauge is far left rail and second from right. [l] |
.jpg) | .jpg) |
| 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). A six-rail triple-gauge turntable. It must always present the same positioning of rails at both ends, so all four rails must be symmetrical to the central axis. This is made possible only by reducing the profile of the middle rail on either side. [m] | 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). When the Sydney–Perth rail corridor wasconverted to standard gauge in the late 1960s, dual-gauge track in theGladstone yard had to be replaced by all-new triple-gauge track. The result was an inordinately complex marshalling yard. [n] |
The following table shows localities where triple gauge has been necessary.
| Occurrences of triple gauge | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place | Narrowest gauge | Middle gauge | Broadest gauge | Notes |
| Volos, Greece | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge closed in the 1970s,1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge closed in 1998 |
| Jenbach, Austria | 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) | Still in use[when?] | ||
| Montreux, Switzerland | 800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in) | |||
| Capolago, Switzerland | Metre gauge line closed in 1950 | |||
| Växjö, Sweden | 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) | 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | Until 1974 or later[11] | |
| Latour-de-Carol, France | 1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) | Three gauges since 1928; still in use in 2024. |
| Hendaye, France | Still in use | |||
| Barcelona, Spain | Approach toPort of Barcelona, still in use as of September 2024 | |||
| Gladstone, South Australia[note 2] | 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 1968–1983 (Some has been reconstructed at theNational Railway Museum, Port Adelaide.)[14] | |
| Peterborough, South Australia | 1968–1983. (Some has been preserved at theSteamtown Heritage Rail Centre in Peterborough.)[15] | |||
| Toronto, Canada | 1676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | Reported as impending in 1872.[16] Subsequentlyconverted to1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge. | ||
| Gallery: Multi-gauge devices | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |  |
| 1600 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 3 ft 6 in). A dual-gaugecentraliser that directs narrow-gauge livestock cars to the centre of the broad gauge so that they can be shunted without snagging the platforms. [o] | 1600 / 1435 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 in). A simple dual-gauge common-railchange-over device. It directs standard-gauge rolling stock from the common rail in the left foreground to the right-hand rail in readiness for the turnout in the distance. [p] |
 | _(cropped).jpg) |
| 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). Triple-gauge common-railchange-over device: from one common rail (right foreground) to narrow gauge in the middle (in the distance). [q] | 1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm (5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). A four-rail triple-gauge track that joins a three-rail dual-gauge track. Thechange-over device in the foreground directs standard-gauge rolling stock into a four-rail configuration. [r] |
Three gauges are the maximum found on operating railway lines and in railway yards, but some rolling stock manufacturers collocate more than three lines in their works, depending on the particular gauges of their customers.
Transfer of freight and passengers between different gauges does not necessarily involve dual-gauge track: there may simply be two tracks that approach either side of a platform without overlapping. In Australia, 13 break-of-gauge stations existed by 1945 as a result of longstanding interstate rivalries: three different gauges had persisted since the 1850s and the five mainland state capitals were not linked by standard gauge until 1995.[17] Huge costs and long delays were imposed bytrans-shipment of freight at break-of-gauge stations, whether manually, by gantry crane or by wheelset or bogie exchange.[6]: 67 DuringWorld War II, breaks of gauge in Australia added immense difficulty to the war effort by needing extra locomotives and rolling stock, and more than 1600 service personnel and a large pool of civilians, at transfer points for an annual average transfer of about 1.8 million tonnes of freight.[18]
To cost and inefficiency was added, in the case of passengers, considerable inconvenience. In 1896, atAlbury station on theSydney–Melbourne railway, famed American writer Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) had to change trains in the middle of a "biting-cold" night in 1896 and there formed his pungent view of "the paralysis of intellect that gave that idea birth".[19]
In some locations, an alternative to building long lengths of dual-gauge track has been to change the wheels onrolling stock, either by dropping and changing wheelsets fromfour-wheeled vehicles or exchanging bogies (US: trucks) under eight-wheeled vehicles. With this arrangement, a short length of dual-gauge track is only needed within the facility. A benefit is that the contents of fully loaded cars are not disturbed. The scheme was first adopted on the French–Spanish border and in Poland. It introduces delay into transit times compared with dual-gauge operation, but is much quicker than trans-shipping: when introduced in 1962 in Melbourne, Australia, on the route between Sydney and Adelaide, the freight handling time per train dropped from five days to less than two. The process involved disconnecting thebrake rigging andbogiecentre pins have to be disconnected before the vehicle is lifted and new bogies are wheeled underneath.[20][note 3]
In Europe, a similar principle embodies low-profile, small-wheeledtransporter wagons, which carry vehicles built for one gauge on a line with a different gauge. A variant is therollbock (Rollböcke in German), used under two-axle standard-gauge vehicles: each wheelset is carried on a small four-wheeled narrow-gauge trolley.[22] The entire train is converted in minutes at a slow walking pace, each rollbock being automatically matched to its wheelset from underneath.[note 4]
A further variant is "train on train", in which an entire narrow-gauge train is carried on standard-gaugeflatcars on which continuous rail has been fitted.[24][25][26]
Differences in gauge are also accommodated bygauge-adjustable wheelsets, which as of 2022[update] were installed under some passenger vehicles on international links between Spain and France, Sweden and Finland, Poland and Lithuania, and Poland and Ukraine. In Spain, change-over facilities are extensive, since although1668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) track predominates, and high-speed lines are laid to1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge, there are many lines with narrower gauges (1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)metre gauge and others).[27]
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InVictoria, there are sections of1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track betweenSouthern Cross station andWest Footscray,Sunshine andNewport,Albion andJacana,North Geelong andGheringhap,Maryborough andDunolly, and in various goods yards and industrial sidings. Until 2008, there was a dual-gauge line betweenWodonga andBandiana.
AtAlbury railway station,New South Wales, a1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge line was in place until 2011. A dual-gauge line was withinTocumwal railway station until 1988, when the standard gauge component was put out of use.
In 1900, inSouth Australia, a three-rail dual-gauge system was proposed in order to avoid a break of gauge. However, designing turnouts was considered to be difficult due to the difference of only 165 millimetres (6.5 inches) between the1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and the1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. After twenty years, the proposal was abandoned.[28][29][30] Much later, theSouth Australian Railways successfully adopteddual-gauge turnouts.[31]
InWestern Australia,1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) of double-track dual-gauge extends for 120 km (75 mi) of themain line fromEast Perth toNortham. Dual-gauge track is also used from the triangle atWoodbridge toCockburn Junction, then toKwinana on one branch andNorth Fremantle on the other. The signalling system detects the gauge of the approaching train and puts the signals to stop if the route is set for the wrong gauge.
InQueensland, there is a section of1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track between the rail freightyards atAcacia Ridge andPark Road station, which is utilised by both passenger and freight trains. Freight trains to the Port of Brisbane utilise the dual gaugeFisherman Islands line that runs parallel to theCleveland railway line from Park Road toLindum. Passenger trains use the dual-gauge section of theBeenleigh railway line running parallel to the electric suburban narrow gauge of the Queensland Rail city network over theMerivale Bridge into platforms 2 and 3 atRoma Street Station. This is used by standard gauge interstateNew South Wales TrainLinkXPT services toSydney. In 2012, a dual-gauge line was installed between Acacia Ridge andBromelton to serve a new freight hub at Bromelton.
The 1700 kilometres (1100 miles) longInland Railway, under construction in 2022, will have about 300 kilometres (190 miles) of dual gauge.
TheBangladesh Railway uses three rails to avoid breaks of gauge between its broad-gauge and metre-gauge lines. TheJamuna Bridge andPadma Bridge, which link the east–west and north–south rail systems respectively, havefour-rail dual-gauge tracks. Of the 2,875 kilometres (1,786 mi) Bangladesh Railway system, about 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) hasfour-rail dual-gauge.[citation needed][dubious –discuss]
Tram tracks in Brussels once combined1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)metre gauge lines forinter-urban trams and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) lines for urban trams in a three-rail layout. In 1991, the interurban trams went out of service and then the network used only standard-gauge track.
TheSofia tramway uses a mixture of narrow and standard gauge. A 2.6 km (1.6 mi) section of track between Krasna polyana depot and Pirotska street is dual-gauge shared by1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) route 22 and1009 mm (3 ft 3+23⁄32 in) route 11.
The new port ofKribi may serve 1000mm gauge bauxite traffic as well as 1435mm gauge iron ore traffic.
In theCzech Republic, there is 2 km of dual gauge1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) track nearJindřichův Hradec. In 1985, its original four rails were converted to three rails. In 2004, in Jindřichův Hradec at a switch where a dual gauge railway bifurcates, a Junák express fromPlzeň toBrno derailed due to a signalling error. The standard gauge train had been switched on to the narrow gauge track.
TheChemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme in France is dual gauge betweenNoyelles-sur-Mer andSaint-Valery-sur-Somme. The line has four rails with metre gauge laid within standard gauge. There are some dual-gauge (standard and Iberian) sidings at Cerbère on the Spanish border.
In the 1970s, theStuttgarter Straßenbahnen tram lines underwent a gauge conversion from1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge to standard gauge. This was part of an upgrade to theStuttgart Stadtbahn. In 1981,1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) dual-gauge track was constructed so that new DT-8 Stadtbahn cars and old trams could share the network. In 2008, a further gauge conversion was completed. The Stuttgart Straßenbahn Museum operates1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge trams on weekends and special occasions.
InKrefeld on Ostwall, tram lines are dual gauge so that standard1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Rheinbahn U76Stadtbahn cars and1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge trams may share the lines. At the north end of the route, at the junction with Rheinstraße, the trams reverse. There, the standard gauge line ends, while the metre gauge lines continue. At the Hauptbahnhof, on Oppumer Straße, dual gauge track continues. At the ends of Oppumer Straße, the two tracks diverge.
InMülheim there is a similar situation. TheDuisburg tram line 901 meets thelocal line 102. The tram system in Duisburg uses1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track while the tram route fromWitten to Mülheim uses1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge tracks. Two lines share a tunnel section between theMülheim (Ruhr) Hauptbahnhof and Schloss Broich then diverge at street level.
The tram network betweenWerne toBad Honnef is large with various operators and gauges. The trams inWuppertal used1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track on east–west lines and1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge track on north–south lines.Trams in Duisburg used1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track on lines south of theRuhr and1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge tracks on lines north of the Ruhr. The north lines closed in the 1960s and 1970s. Duisburg's three routes were converted to1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track.
Ghana is converting its narrow gauge to standard gauge, and is installing dual-gauge sleepers as an intermediate stage.
In Greece, the line betweenAthens andElefsis (now closed) was dual gauge in order to allow the1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge trains of thePeloponnese rail network to pass. It also allowed standard gauge trains to reach the Elefsis shipyards. InVolos, a short section of track between the main station and the harbour used an unusual triple gauge, to accommodate standard gauge trains fromLarissa, metre gauge trains fromKalambaka, and the600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge trains of thePelion railway.
In 1899, in theDutch East Indies, dual gauge track was installed betweenYogyakarta andSolo. The track was owned by theNederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij, a private company, which in 1867 had built the1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge line. The third rail was installed to allow passengers and goods travelling over the1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gaugeStaatsspoorweg (state railway) a direct connection. At a later date, the government constructed new tracks to allow greater capacity and higher speeds. In 1940, a third rail was installed between Solo and Gundih on the line toSemarang, allowing1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge trains to travel between Semarang, Solo and Yogyakarta via Gambringan, on the line toSurabaya instead of on the original line via Kedungjati.
In 1942 and 1943 inJava, underJapanese military occupation, conversion took place from4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) to1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) on theBrumbung–Kedungjati–Gundih main line and the Kedungjati–Ambarawa branch line.
Until the 1970s, a short section of dual gauge1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) line existed inNorth Sumatra on a joint line of theDeli Railway and theAtjeh Tram.
Some sugar mill railways inJava have dual-gauge sections.
Ireland'sUlster Railway underwent a gauge conversion from 1880mm to the new Irish standard of1600 mm (5 ft 3 in). TheDublin & Drogheda Railway underwent a gauge conversion because the gauges were too close to allow a dual-gauge line.
The Potenza – Avigliano Lucania line in Italy is a dual gauge rail with1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) tracks.
In Japan, the national standard is1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge. Dual gauge is used where the1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Shinkansen (bullet train) lines join the main network. For example, part of theŌu Main Line became part of theAkita Shinkansen and was converted to dual gauge in a limited section. The longest (82.1 km (51.0 mi)) dual gauge section in Japan is near, and in, theSeikan Tunnel. Sections of theHakone Tozan Line are among a number of other dual-gauge lines.
Mexico previously had1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and914 mm (3 ft) dual gauge track.
The first railway lines in theNetherlands were constructed with a track gauge of1945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in). For the 1939 centennial celebration, an exact replica of the country's first locomotive"De Arend" was built using the original blueprints. Since 1953, the locomotive is housed at the DutchNational Railway Museum, where in recent years, a dual-gauge track has been constructed in the rail yard, allowing for the locomotive to drive back and forth on special occasions.[32]
In Poland, there is 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) of1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track in theGreater Poland Voivodeship, linkingPleszew with a nearby mainline station. It is served by narrow-gauge passenger trains and standard-gauge freight trains.
In Portugal there were sections of dual gauge railways[33]
InDouro Line withCorgo Line, betweenRégua railway station and Corgo bifurcation, over a length of 1,100 m. The Corgo Line is currently closed for operation.
InMinho Line betweenTrofa andFamalicão themeter gaugeGuimarães line run inside the 1,668 miberian gauge in an extension of 10 km. This section has been dismantled in 2004 with the regauging of Guimarães Line and duplication and electrification of the Minho line betweenErmesinde andBraga.
Between 2008 and 2012, a 2 km (1.2 mi) dual-gauge cross-border track was rebuilt betweenKhasan, Russia, andRajin, North Korea; its gauges were the Russian1520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) and Korean1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in).[34]Similar arrangements exist on the approach toKaliningrad, where1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track extends from the Polish border with some sections of dual gauge.
In Spain, there is 21.7 km (13.5 mi) of dual gauge in theAVE line fromZaragoza toHuesca, usable for both1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard-gauge high-speed trains and1668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) Spanish network trains. Some dual-gauge sidings are at Port Bou on the French border. In 2009,Adif called for tenders for the installation of a third rail for standard-gauge trains on the 22 km (14 mi) betweenCastellbisbal and the Can Tunis freight terminal inBarcelona.[35]
The bridges at the borders ofSweden andFinland, betweenHaparanda andTornio have 2 km (1.2 mi) of dual gauge,1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and1524 mm (5 ft) track. At each end of the dual-gauge section are yards with standard and Finnish gauge areas to allow fortrans-shipment.Four rails are used because the gauges are close and thebridge structure is wider than normal to allow for the offset from the centreline of each gauge. A Rafilgauge changer is at the Tornio yard. BetweenVästervik andJenny, Sweden, there is a891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge line and dual-gauge track in the Västervik station area.
In Switzerland, dual-gauge1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track and1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) track exists betweenLucerne andHorw of theZentralbahn, betweenNiederbipp andOberbipp of theOberaargau-Jura Railways and betweenChur andDomat/Ems ofRhB. All three allow narrow-gauge passenger trains and standard-gauge freight trains to operate. A ″non-stop″ scheme (albeit with a pause to change locomotives) on theMontreux-Interlaken route was inaugurated in December 2022.[36] The formerZollikofen-Worblaufen-Deisswil dual gauge was cut back to Papiermühle when the factory in Deisswil closed.[when?]
The railway tracks between the border withSlovakia atSolomonovo and the border withRomania atNevetlenfolu are dual-gauge,1520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). This is in part due to the Austro-Hungarian heritage of theZakarpattia Oblast, but also has military and political importance, as it allows standard-gauge trains to run between Romania and Slovakia by bypassingHungary, otherwise impossible due to the break-of -gauge between the Russian-gauge network of Ukraine and standard-gauge networks of Romania and Slovakia.
TheGreat Western Railway in Britain was originally built to a broad gauge of 2134 mm (7 ft 0 in), subsequently widened to 2140 mm (7 ft 01⁄2 in). After a"gauge war", the gauge wasconverted to1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). A dual-gauge system was easily installed as the gauges were well separated and the line had woodensleepers. A short section of broad and standard gauge is at theGreat Western Society site atDidcot.
The port authority inDerry,Northern Ireland, used a dual-gauge line in a street-level network to transfer freight. Two of the city's stations were on a narrow914 mm (3 ft) gauge. The other two city stations were on broad1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge.
TheFairbourne Railway inGwynedd,Wales, has a section of dual gauge track from Fairbourne station to Car Park crossing installed in the late 2010s to allow visiting15 in (381 mm) gauge trains to run on part of the line, which was converted to12+1⁄4 in (311 mm) gauge in 1986, usually as part of special events.
In Los Angeles, the1067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Los Angeles Railway and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Pacific Electric Railway ran on dual gauge track on somedowntown streets.[when?]
From 1880 to 1902, theBurlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway (standard gauge) and theBurlington and Northwestern Railway (narrow gauge) shared a dual-gauge mainline fromBurlington, Iowa, toMediapolis, 23 kilometres (14 miles) to the north.
The early operational years of theState Belt Railroad inSan Francisco featured dual-gauge tracks to accommodate regional railroads of the time, whichinterchanged via ferry.
Until 1941, theColorado and Southern Railway used both standard-gauge and narrow-gauge tracks, and had a dual-gauge line betweenDenver andGolden, Colorado.
Until the 1960s, theDenver and Rio Grande Western Railroad'sAlamosa–Durango Line fromAlamosa, Colorado, toAntonito was dual-gauge (914 mm (3 ft) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)).
Previously, in its yard atMount Union, Pennsylvania, theEast Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company used dual-gauge tracks.
In Vietnam, near the border with China, there is1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) and1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track betweenHanoi andĐồng Đăng. Other smaller dual-gauge sections exist elsewhere in the north-east of the country.[37]
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