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Mintaka Pass

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Coordinates:37°00′14″N74°51′04″E / 37.0039°N 74.8511°E /37.0039; 74.8511

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mountain pass between Gilgit-Baltistan and Xinjiang

Mintaka Pass
A Pakistani border marker near Mintaka Pass
Elevation	4,709 metres (15,449 ft)
Location	China–Pakistan border
Range	Karakorum Mountains
Coordinates	37°00′14″N74°51′04″E / 37.0039°N 74.8511°E /37.0039; 74.8511
Mintaka Pass Location of the Mintaka Pass within the greaterKarakoram region Show map of Southern Xinjiang Mintaka Pass Mintaka Pass (Gilgit Baltistan) Show map of Gilgit Baltistan

Mintaka Pass

Chinese name

Traditional Chinese

明鐵蓋達坂

Simplified Chinese

明铁盖达坂

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	míngtiěgě dábǎn

Uyghur name

Uyghur

مىڭ تىكە داۋانى‎

Kyrgyz name

Kyrgyz

مئڭ تەكە اشۇۇسۇ
Миң-теке ашуусу

TheMintaka Pass orMingteke Pass^[1] orMintika Pass^[2](Chinese:明铁盖达坂^[3]) is amountain pass in theKarakorum Mountains, between northernPakistan andXinjiang inChina. In ancient times, the Mintaka Pass and the nearbyKilik Pass, 30 km (19 mi) to the west, were the two main access points intoGojal (the upper Hunza Valley) from the north. TheHunza Valley is a mountainous valley nearGilgit in theGilgit-Baltistan region ofPakistan. In addition, the two passes were also the routes used to reachChalachigu Valley andTaghdumbash Pamir from the south. The name of the pass – Mintaka means "a thousandibex" inKyrgyz.^[4]^[5]

History

[edit]

During ancient times, Mintaka Pass and Kilik Pass were the shortest and quickest ways intoNorthern India from theTarim Basin and were usually open all year, but extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. FromTashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km (43 mi) south to the junction of the Minteke River, modern dayChalachigu River. Heading some 80 km (50 mi) west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km further, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza, from where one could travel over the infamousrafiqs or "hanging passages" toGilgit and, from there, on to either Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains.^[6]

Laden animals could be taken over theMintaka and Kilik passes into upperHunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried bycoolie (porters) toGilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded ontopack animals again and taken either east toKashmir and then on toTaxila (a long route), or west toChitral which provided relatively easy access to eitherJalalabad, orPeshawar viaSwat.

The "Sacred Rock of Hunza" has numerouspetroglyphs depicting mounted horseman and ibex along with Kharoshthi inscriptions that mentionSaka andPahlava rulers. Historians assess thatMaues must have used the Karakorum route via Mintaka or Kilik passes to captureTaxila in the first century BCE.^[7]

Mintaka Pass was the main route used until the recent advance of glaciers. After the glaciation of Mintaka Pass,Kilik Pass has been favoured by caravans coming from China and Afghanistan as it is wider, free of glaciers and has enough pasture for caravan animals.^[8]

Current status

[edit]

In 1966, when theKarakoram Highway connecting Pakistan and China was being constructed, Pakistan initially favored routing through Mintaka Pass. However, China, citing the fact that Mintaka was more susceptible to air strikes, recommended the steeper and higherKhunjerab Pass instead.^[5] Eventually, the newKarakoram Highway was built through theKhunjerab Pass.

As of late 2010s, on the Pakistani side, there are some trekking companies that offer tours to Mintaka Pass.^[2] On the Chinese side, the entire valley around Mintaka Pass is closed to visitors; however, local residents and herders from the area are permitted to access.^{[citation needed]}

Summit of Mintaka Pass. 1918
A pre-1947 Indian map showing Mintaka Pass as the primary thoroughfare

Footnotes

[edit]

^Dueck, Harold J. (1 October 2008).Uncommon Providence.Xulon Press. p. 224.ISBN 9781606478738. Retrieved7 February 2017.We were approaching the Mingteke Pass at 15,000 feet above sea level.
^^a ^bNisar Ali Rozi."Treks / Kilick". Hunza Adventure Tours. Retrieved7 February 2017.
^中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦政府关于中国新疆和由巴基斯坦实际控制其防务的各个地区相接壤的边界的协定 [China-Pakistan Border Agreement] (in Chinese). 2 March 1963 – viaWikisource.明铁盖达坂（山口）
^Kumara Padmanabha Sivasankara Menon (1947).Delhi-Chungking: A Travel Diary. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 48.'the Pass of the thousand Ibex'–for that is what Mintaka means in the local language
^^a ^b刘欣 (3 May 2013)."重寻玄奘之路" [Rediscover the path taken by Xuanzang] (in Chinese). 东方早报 (Dongfang Daily). Retrieved2 February 2017."明铁盖"在柯尔克孜语中是"一千只公黄羊"的意思...1966年，时任新疆军区副司令员的张希钦在主持修筑中巴公路时，为避敌国空袭，放弃了巴方主张的走宽阔的明铁盖达坂的方案，而取道地势高峻的红其拉甫山口。
^Hill, John E. (September 2003)."Section 20 The Kingdom of Suoche 莎車 (Yarkand).".The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.University of Washington. Retrieved7 February 2017.
^Puri, B. N. (1996),"The Sakas and Indo-Parthians"(PDF), inJános Harmatta (ed.),History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to AD> 250, UNESCO Publishing, pp. 185–186,ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5
^"Historical Kilik and Mintika Pass".www.gojal.net. 2006. Archived fromthe original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved2 February 2017.

Xinjiang topics

Ürümqi (capital)

History

Pre-Han dynasty	Tocharians Western Regions Loulan Shule Yuezhi Kucha Karasahr Xiongnu Gaochang Khotan
Han dynasty	Protectorate of the Western Regions Chief Official of the Western Regions Kingdom of Khotan Sixteen Kingdoms Gaochang Göktürks First Western Eastern Second
Tang dynasty	Protectorate General to Pacify the West Four Garrisons of Anxi Beiting Protectorate Tibetan Empire Uyghur Khaganate Qocho Kara-Khanid Khanate Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin Qara Khitai
Yuan dynasty	Mongol Empire *Chagatai Khanate Moghulistan Kara Del Turpan Khanate Yarkent Khanate Dzungar Khanate Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungar–Qing Wars Dzungar genocide Kumul Khanate
Qing dynasty	Qing rule Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas Afaqi Khoja revolts Holy War of the Seven Khojas General of Ili Reconquest of Xinjiang
Republic of China	Xinjiang Wars First East Turkestan Republic Second East Turkestan Republic Ili Rebellion
PR China	PRC incorporation

Geography

"Three Mountains and Two Basins"	Altai Mountains Junggar Basin Dzungaria Tian Shan Tarim Basin Taklamakan Desert Kunlun Mountains
Other Landscapes	Cities Gurbantünggüt Desert Kumtag Desert Turpan Depression Karakoram Mountains Pamir Mountains
Transportation	Hexi Corridor Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway Southern Xinjiang railway Northern Xinjiang railway Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway Kuytun–Beitun railway Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway Hami–Lop Nur railway Kashgar–Hotan railway China Railway Ürümqi Group

Education
Research

Culture

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Category
Commons

Mountain passes of China

Geography of China

On the border

Kazakhstan	Dzungarian Gate
Kyrgyzstan	Bedel Pass Irkeshtam Pass Torugart Pass
Tajikistan	Beyik Pass Kulma Pass Nezatash Pass
Afghanistan	Wakhjir Pass Tegermansu Pass
Pakistan	Khunjerab Pass Kilik Pass Mintaka Pass Mustagh Pass
India	Bum La Pass Cho La Diphu Pass Dongkha La Indira Col Jelep La Karakoram Pass Kepang La Kongka Pass Lipulekh Pass Mana Pass Nathu La Rezang La Shipki La Spanggur Gap Tulung La
Nepal	Korala Lho La Nangpa La South Col
Myanmar	Diphu Pass Isu Razi Pass
Vietnam	Friendship Pass

In the interior

On theGreat Wall	Dajingmen Gubeikou Jiayu Pass Huangya Pass Jingxing Pass Juyong Pass Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass (Pingxingguan) Shanhai Pass (Shanhaiguan) Yang Pass Yanmen Pass Yumen Pass
Guanzhong area	Dasan Pass (Sanguan) Tong Pass (Tongguan) Wu Pass
Xinjiang area	Dehra La Hindutash Iron Gate Pass Kirgizjangal Pass (Heiqia) Mazar Pass Muzart Pass Sanju Pass
Tibet area	Cherko la Laken La Lanak La Lhagba La Mayum La North Col Semo La Tanggula Pass
Other	Biandukou Cho La, Sichuan Hangu Pass Hulao Pass Jianmen Pass Kunlun Pass Lazikou Pass Mei Pass