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InChristianity, aminister is a person authorised by achurch or other religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such asweddings,baptisms orfunerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community. The term is taken fromLatinminister ("servant", "attendant").[1] In some church traditions the term is usually used for people who have beenordained, but in other traditions it can also be used for non-ordained.
In theCatholic Church, theEastern Orthodox Church, theOriental Orthodox Church,Anglicanism andLutheranism, the concept of apriesthood is emphasized, though in the Church of England there are nearly as many non-ordainedlicensed lay ministers as there are paid clergy.[2] In other traditions such asBaptist,Methodist, andReformed groups likeCongregationalists andPresbyterians, the term "minister" usually refers to a member of theordainedclergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in aparachurch ministry; such a person may serve as anelder (presbyter),pastor, preacher,bishop, orchaplain.
Ministers are also described as being aman of the cloth. With respect toecclesiastical address, many ministers arestyled as "The Reverend"; however, some use "Pastor" or "Father" as a title.
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TheChurch of England defines the ministry of priests as follows:
Priests are called to be servants and shepherds among the people to whom they are sent. With their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of God's new creation. They are to be messengers, watchmen and stewards of the Lord; they are to teach and to admonish, to feed and provide for his family, to search for his children in the wilderness of this world's temptations, and to guide them through its confusions, that they may be saved through Christ forever. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christ's name the absolution and forgiveness of their sins.
With all God's people, they are to tell the story of God's love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, and to walk with them in the way of Christ, nurturing them in the faith. They are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lord's table and lead his people in worship, offering with them a spiritual sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving. They are to bless the people in God's name. They are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death. Guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all God's people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith.[3]
Ministers may perform some or all of the following duties:
Four styles of minister have been identified:
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Depending on the denomination, the requirements for ministry vary. All denominations require the minister to have avocation, a sense ofcalling. In regards to training, denominations vary in their requirements, from those that emphasize natural gifts to those that also require advancedtertiary education qualifications; for example, from aseminary,theological college oruniversity.[citation needed]
One of the clearest references is found in1 Timothy 3:1–16, which outlines the requirements of abishop (episkopos:Koine Greekἐπίσκοπος, interpreted aselder by some denominations):
This is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work. A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach; Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, not covetous; One that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity; (For if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?) Not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil. Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must thedeacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience. And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless. Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well.
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TheCatholic,Eastern Orthodox,Anglican,Lutheran,Reformed and someMethodist denominations have applied the formal, church-based leadership or anordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import. The churches have three orders of ordained clergy:
In several countries, the clergy were one of theestates of the realm, with separate representation in parliament. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation in northern Europe, the formation of a partly hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth and clerical positions were frequently inheritable.[citation needed] Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class.
High Church Anglicanism andHigh Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian sacraments. The countries that were once a part of theSwedish Empire, i.e.Finland and theBaltics have more markedly preserved Catholic traditions and introduced far less Reformed traditions, hence the role of bishops, priests and deacons are notably more visible.
Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals and ceremonies. Among these central traditions have beenbaptism,confirmation,penance,anointing of the sick,holy orders, marriage, themass or thedivine service, andcoronations. These so-called "social rituals" have formed a part of humanculture for tens of thousands of years. Anthropologists see social rituals as one of manycultural universals.
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The termrector (from theLatin word forruler) orvicar may be used for priests in certain settings, especially in the Catholic and Anglican traditions.
In theEpiscopal Church in the United States, a parish, which is responsible for its own finances, is overseen by a rector. A bishop is nominally in control of a financially assisted parish but delegates authority to a vicar (related to the prefix "vice" meaning substitute or deputy).
The term "pastor" means "shepherd" and is used several times in theNew Testament to refer to church workers. Many Protestants use the term as a prenominal title (e.g., Pastor Smith) or as a job title (like Senior Pastor or Worship Pastor).[citation needed]
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The English wordclergy derives from the same root asclerk and can be traced to the Latinclericus which derives from the Greek wordkleros meaning a "lot" or "portion" or "office". The term Clerk in Holy Orders is still the official title for certain Christian clergy and its usage is prevalent incanon law.Holy orders refer to any recipient of the sacrament of ordination, both the major orders (bishops,priests anddeacons) and the now less known minor orders (acolyte,lector,exorcist andporter) who, save for certain reforms made at the Second Vatican Council in the Roman Catholic Church, were called clerics orclerk, which is simply a shorter form ofcleric. Clerics were distinguished from the laity by having received, in a formal rite of introduction into the clerical state, thetonsure orcorona (crown) which involved cutting hair from the top and side of the head leaving a circlet of hair which symbolised theCrown of Thorns worn by Christ at his crucifixion.
Though Christian in origin, the term can be applied by analogy to functions in other religious traditions. For example, arabbi can be referred to as being a clergy member.
Parson is a similar term often applied to ordained priests or ministers. The word is a variant on the English wordperson from the Latinpersona ("mask") used as a legal term for one having jurisdiction.
The similar words "Dominie", "Dominee" and "Dom", all derived from the Latindomine (vocative case of Dominus "Lord, Master"), are used in related contexts.Dominie, derived directly from Dutch, is used in the United States, "Dominee", derived from Dutch viaAfrikaans is used in South Africa as the title of a pastor of theDutch Reformed Church. In Scottish English dominie is generally used to mean just schoolmaster. In variousRomance languages, shortened forms of Dominus (Dom, Don) are commonly used for Catholic priests (sometimes also for lay notables as well) for exampleBenedictineMonks are titledDom, as in the styleDom Knight.[5][6] Dom or Dominus, as well as the English equivalent, Sir were often used as titles for priests in England up to the 17th century who held Bachelor of Arts degrees.[7]
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Chaplain as in English oralmoner (preferred in many other languages) or their equivalents refer to a minister who has another type of pastoral "target group" than a territorial parish congregation (or in addition to one), such as a military units, schools and hospitals.
The Spanish wordPadre ("father") is often informally used to address military chaplains, also in English andPortuguese (Brazil).
Elders (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος [presbuteros]; seePresbyter) in Christianity are involved in the collective leadership of a local church or of a denomination.
Lay people,volunteers, pastoral agents, communityleaders are responsible to bring teaching the gospel in the forefront helping the clergy to evangelize people. Agents ramify in many ways to act and be in touch with the people in daily life and developing religious projects, socio-political and infrastructural.[citation needed]
Monsignor is anecclesiastical title of honor bestowed on somepriests.[citation needed]
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There are contrasting views on the level of compensation given to ministers relative to the religious community. There is often an expectation that they and their families will shun ostentation. However, there are situations where they are well rewarded for successfully attracting people to their religious community or enhancing the status or power of the community.
Theordination of women has increasingly become accepted within many global religious faith groups, with some women now holding the most senior positions in these organizational hierarchies. There is disagreement between various global church denominations, and within membership of denominations, regarding whether women can be ministers. In 2021 excavations at the site of aByzantine-era Christianbasilica revealed floor mosaics which provide evidence of women serving as ministers, includingdeacons, in the church.[15]
There was notable contention over the issue ofordination of non-celibate gay people in the 1980s within theUnited Church of Canada, and in the 1990s and early 21st century within thePresbyterian Church USA. TheEpiscopal Church, the United States branch of the worldwideAnglican Communion, was as of 2016[update] divided over the issue of ordination of non-celibate gay people. This conflict severely damaged relationships between Anglicans in North America and in thethird world, especiallyAfrica and southeastAsia, and hascaused a schism in the American Anglican church.
Ministers, individually or as a class, have been accused ofsacerdotalism, the assertion or belief that the minister is an intermediary between God and humanity, or between God and an individual. The view or attitude arose with development of the priesthood as a profession.[16]
In the majority of churches, ordained ministers are styled "The Reverend". However, as stated above, some are styled "Pastor" and others do not use any religious style or form of address, and are addressed as any other person, e.g. as Mr, Ms, Miss, Mrs or by name.[citation needed]
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In Anglican churches, the style for ordained ministers varies according to their office, as below.[17][18]
In all cases, the formal style should be followed by a Christian name or initial, e.g. the Reverend John Smith, or the Reverend J. Smith, but never just the Reverend Smith.
These are formal styles. In normal speech (either addressing the clergy or referring to them) other forms of address are often used. For all clergy, this may include the titles "Father" (male) or "Mother" (female), particularly in theAnglo-Catholic tradition, or simply the appropriate secular title (Mister, Doctor, etc.) for that person, particularly in the Evangelical tradition; it is also increasingly common to dispense with formal addresses and titles in favour of verbal address simply by given name. Bishops may be addressed as "My Lord", and less formally as "Bishop". Similarly, archbishops may be addressed as "Your Grace", and less formally as "Archbishop". The titles "My Lord" and "Your Grace" refer to the places held by theseprelates in theChurch of England within theorder of precedence of the state; however, the same titles are also extended to bishops and archbishops of other Anglican churches, outside England.As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of theCatholic Church, some parishes and dioceses in "Low Church" or Evangelical circles prefer to use the titlepresbyter or "minister" in order to distance themselves from the more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word "priest". While priest is the official term for a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide, the ordination rite of certain provinces (including theChurch of England) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the titleThe Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters).[19]
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In the Catholic Church, the form of address depends on the office the person holds, and the country in which he is being addressed as they are usually identical to the titles used by their feudal or governmental equals. In most English-speaking countries, the forms of address are:
In France, secular priests (diocesan priests) are addressed "Monsieur l'Abbé" or, if a parish priest, as "Monsieur le Curé". In Germany and Austria priests are addressed as "Hochwürden" (meaning "very worthy") or with their title of office (Herr Pfarrer, i.e. Mr. Parson). in Italy as "Don" followed by his name (e.g. "Don Luigi Perrone").
Religious priests (members of religious orders) are addressed "Father" in all countries (Père, Pater, Padre etc.).
Up until the 19th century, secular clergy in English-speaking countries were usually addressed as "Mister" (which was, in those days, a title reserved for gentleman, those outside the gentry being called by name and surname only), and only priests in religious orders were formally called "Father". In the early 19th century it became customary to call all priests "Father".
In the Middle Ages, before the Reformation, secular priests were entitled as knights, with the prefix "Sir". See examples in Shakespeare's plays like Sir Christopher Urswick in Richard III. This is closer to the Italian and Spanish "Don" which derives from the Latin "Dominus" meaning "Lord;" in English, the prefix "Dom" is used for priests who aremonks, a prefix which was spelled "Dan" in Middle English. The French "Monsieur" (like the German "Mein Herr", the Italian "Signor" and the Spanish "Señor") also signifies "My Lord", a title commonly used in times past for any person of rank, clerical or lay.
The term "minister" is used by the Catholic Church in some cases, such as the head of the Franciscans being the Minister General.[20]
In the Greek-Catholic Church, all clergy are called "Father", including deacons, who are titled "Father Deacon", "Deacon Father", or simply "Father". Depending on the institution, seminarians may be titled "Brother", "Brother Seminarian", "Father Seminarian" or simply "Father". Their wives are usually addressed as "presvytera", "matushka" or "khourriyye" as in the Orthodox world and also by their first names. Greek-Catholic Patriarchs are addressed asYour Beatitude. Eastern clergy are usually addressed by their Christian or ordination name, not their surname.
The form of address for Orthodox clergy varies according to order, rank and level of education. The most common forms are the following:[21]
| Addressee's Title | Form of Address | Salutation |
|---|---|---|
| The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople | His All Holiness ... Archbishop of Constantinople and New Rome, Ecumenical Patriarch | Your All Holiness |
| Other Patriarchs | His Beatitude Patriarch ... of ... | Your Beatitude |
| Archbishops of independent Churches, Greece, Cyprus, etc. | His Beatitude Archbishop ... of ... | Your Beatitude |
| Archbishops of Crete, America, Australia, England (under Ecumenical Patriarchate) | His Eminence Archbishop ... of ... | Your Eminence |
| Metropolitans | His Eminence Metropolitan ... of ... | Your Eminence |
| Titular Metropolitans | His Excellency Metropolitan ... of ... | Your Excellency |
| Bishop / Titular Bishop | His Grace Bishop ... of ... | Your Grace |
| Archimandrite | The Very Reverend Father | Dear Father |
| Priest (Married and Celibate) | Reverend Father | Dear Father |
| Deacon | Reverend Deacon | Dear Father |
| Abbot | The Very Reverend Abbot | Dear Father |
| Abbess | The Reverend Mother Superior | Reverend Mother |
| Monk | Father | Dear Father |
| Nun | Sister | Dear Sister |
The form of address to the clergy of theArmenian Apostolic Church (belongs to the family of Oriental Orthodox Churches[22]) is almost the same.
| Addressee's Title | Form of Address | Salutation |
|---|---|---|
| Catholicos of All Armenians[23] | His Holiness, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians[24] | Your Holiness |
| Catholicos of Cilicia[25] | His Holiness, Catholicos of Cilicia[26] | Your Holiness |
| Patriarch[27] | His Beatitude, the Armenian Patriarch of ... | Your Beatitude |
| Archbishop | His Eminence | Your Eminence |
| Bishop | His Grace | Your Grace |
| Supreme Doctor Monk (TsayraguynVardapet;Armenian:ծայրագույն վարդապետ) | The Right Reverend Father | Right Reverend Father |
| Doctor Monk (Vardapet;Armenian:վարդապետ) | The Right Reverend Father | Right Reverend Father |
| Celibate priest (Armenian:աբեղայ) | The Very Reverend Father | Very Reverend Father |
| Archpriest (Armenian:ավագ քահանայ) | Archpriest Father | Dear Father |
| Priest (Married;Armenian:քահանայ) | Reverend Father | Dear Father |
| Deacon | Reverend Father | Dear Father |
| Monk | Brother | Dear Brother |
| Nun | Sister | Dear Sister |
