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 ALego Minifigures hiker from Series 16 released in 2016 | |
| Type | construction toy accessory |
|---|---|
| Company | Lego |
| Country | Denmark |
| Availability | 1978–present |
| Materials | plastic |
ALego minifigure, often simply referred to as aLego figure or aminifig, is a smallplasticarticulatedfigurine made of special Lego bricks produced byDanish building toy manufacturerThe Lego Group. They were first produced in 1978 and have been a success, with over 4 billion produced worldwide as of 2020.[1][2] Minifigures are usually found within Lego sets, although they are also sold separately ascollectables inblind bags (e.g. under theLego theme of thesame name), or can be custom-built inLego stores and onlego.com. While some are named as specific characters, either licensed from already existing franchises or of Lego's own creation, many are unnamed and are designed simply to fit within a certain theme (such aspolice officers,astronauts andpirates). They are highly customizable, and parts from different figures can be mixed and matched, resulting in many combinations.
There are also other types of figures from Lego sets, such as animals,Duplo figures ormini-doll figures. The Lego minifigure is, together with the Lego brick, the company'smascot and one of the mostpopular toys of all time. Minifigures are collected by both children and adults.
Similar figures, often called "Lego compatible minifigures", are also produced by various other companies (often asclones/knock-offs), such asKre-O (called Kreons), Lepin,Cobi, Block Tech, orMega Bloks.
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A precursor to the minifigure was released in 1975. These were at the same scale as the current minifigures, but had a different design. They had solid torsos without separate movable arms, solid lower body pieces that were not moveable, and heads without printed features.[3] They had a small variety of headpieces in various colors, including caps, pigtail hair and cowboy hats.
The first modern minifigures were released in 1978, included inCastle,Space, andTown sets.[4] These were designed by Jens Nygaard Knudsen,[5] who had come up with the idea for having the torsos, legs, and arm pieces interchangeable. As these were made into pieces, the company decided to give them a simple facial expression, rendered as two solid black dots for eyes and a smile painted in solid black, and without any gender or racial components, believing that these factors would be "determined by the child's imagination and play".[6] The arms incorporated clips as "hands" which allowed to figures to hold a wide range of different utensils and tools.
In 1989 for the launch ofPirates theme, some minifigures also included hooks for hands, as well as peg legs; this was the first departure from the traditional body parts. Starting with Lego Pirates in 1989 and spreading to Lego Town and Lego Castle in the next few years, minifigures were also produced with different facial expressions such as facial hair, eye patches, feminine makeup, and sunglasses.[4] Most of these early facial additions were still centered around the two eyes and smile, however starting in 1997 with Willa the Witch of the Fright Knights facial expressions became more complex including open mouths and detailed eyes.
Another departure from traditional parts was the use of spring-loaded legs. These legs are joined at the top. These legs were only featured in basketball sets, 2002–2003. Other leg variations include short legs for children or dwarfs, or long legs (used in theToy Story andAvatar themes).
In 2003, the first minifigures with naturalistic skin tones (as opposed to theyellow used until this point) were released, as part of theLego Basketball theme; these minifigures were also created in the likeness of living people[4] (additionally this also includedLando Calrissian in theStar Wars theme). In April 2004, theHarry Potter theme began to use natural skin tones, andLego Star Wars followed in June, and by 2005 the use of natural skin tones was expanded to all licensed products; in which figures were created to represent film actors and other living people. Popular examples between 2005 and 2008 includeStar Wars,Marvel,Batman,The Lord of the Rings andIndiana Jones minifigures.[4]
By 2006, Lego had reportedly produced 4 billion minifigures.[4] There are at least 3,655 different minifigures produced between 1975 and 2010 and the number of new minifigures per year is increasing rapidly. In 2010 more than 300 new minifigures were introduced.[7] Some minifigures repeatedly appear across multiple Lego sets, while others can be very rare, often vastly increasing their resale value. In 2019, the number ofLego Star Wars minifigures has surpassed 1000, with theBattlefront II protagonistIden Versio (bearing code sw1000).[8][9][10]
The height of a typical minifigure is 4 centimetres (1.6 in). Minifigures generally feature six parts (widely referred to astools in the toy industry):head,torso,hips,arms,hands, andlegs; these six parts allow seven points ofarticulation:swivel head, swivel arms, swivelwrists, and swivel legs. Minifigures are usually packaged as three separate parts in Lego sets: head, torso and legs. The plastic isacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a tough material that makes LEGO figures durable.[11]
The plastic is melted into specially designed molds that produce the different parts of the minifigure. Some of the molds are also accessories such as weapons (swords, guns,lightsabers, etc.) or everyday accessories (cups, food, tools, etc.). Heads and torsos nearly always need further decoration, and sometimes the arms and legs as well. This difficult process is why the figures are more expensive than any other Lego products. After being printed, the head is placed on the torso, the legs attached, and the arms are snapped on. The figures are finally bagged and readied for sale.
Minifigure heads are cylindrical, and attach to a long, narrow cylinder molded onto the top of the torso, which allows the head to rotate. This feature also allows items to be attached to the figures over the torso, such as air tanks, jet packs,paper orfabriccapes,breastplates or beards. The heads have a stud on top which is the same size as studs on standard Lego bricks which could allow one to be placed on it. The head is the only component of the minifigure which can be used for other applications - blank minifigure heads have often been used in Lego sets to replicate other objects such as lampshades and electrical appliances.
Head accessories vary widely, and includehair,helmets andhats. The legs rotate independently to 90 degrees forward, and nearly 45 degrees backward. Minifigures also connect to standard Lego bricks in both a sitting or standing position. The hands of a minifigure resemble the letterC, which allows them to hold many Lego accessories as well as bricks, tiles, and plates. There are hundreds of a vast variety of accessories, includingswords,axes,wands,cups,guns,blasters andlightsabers. Additionally, the tops of the hands are the same size as the studs on most Lego bricks, which allows them to be placed on top of them. These variations allow minifigures to be customized, keeping with the modular design of Lego elements.
While nearly all minifigure heads, torsos, arms, hands and legs are the same size and shape, some sets have included figures that deviate from the standard.
Lego torsos often have black or white squares on the neck joint, this is to help with the automatic printing process when producing minifigures.
Minifigures built from special, uniquely molded pieces were first introduced in "Life on Mars".Martians are composed of five tools: two pairs of double arms, a mechanical torso, a conjoined leg piece, and a head. This configuration is also used for manyStar Warsdroids; standardbattle droids follow the same pattern, whilesuper battle droids feature a head fixed to a torso,General Grievous has space for four arms, andIG-88 has a head constructed of other Lego pieces.R2-D2 and otherastromech droids are constructed from unique parts, with a separate top, body and legs. The robots ofExo-Force,Mars Mission commander aliens andBionicle miniatures have a design similar to theStar Warsbattle droids, but with separate legs, movable hands, and a head affixed to a small torso.Hagrid, the half-giant character from theHarry Potter series uses a larger minifigure body, with only the head being separable.
Skeletons, use the standard minifigure head, but unique torsos, arms, and legs designed to resemble a skeletal structure; although different, these figure parts are still detachable. Skeleton figures and others alike stir up controversy on whether they should be considered a minifigure or just a "figure", due to the lack of standard minifigure parts. Additionally, some minifigures, mostly pirates, sometimes includepeg legs andhook hands.
Shorter legs, without joints at the hip, are sometimes used to create minifigures which are shorter in stature than standard figures (i.e. children,dwarfs,gnomes,goblins,Ewoks and other small characters likeYoda orThe Penguin). Such pieces were first created forStar Wars sets but have since been used elsewhere. In 2018, a medium-sized pair of legs was introduced, sized between the shorter legs and regular legs. These legs had a joint at the hip to allow individual movement of the legs, and were used to represent younger teenagers, introduced for the rebootedHarry Potter theme.
Some minifigures, particularly in Castle and Pirate sets, use large sloped bricks instead of legs, to resembledresses orskirts. However, these sloped bricks are taller than standard minifigure legs. In 2018, a special skirt piece was released, shorter, more softly curved on the back, and with regular leg pins to connect to the torso, instead of the studs on ordinary bricks.
Skirts have also been produced, either as new molds, or as separate parts made in fabric.The first skirt mold appeared for theMinnie Mouse andAlice minifigures within the Disney Collectible Minifigures theme. Fabric skirts have appeared inHarry Potter andThe Simpsons.
Other legs include smoke legs,mermaid tail legs,snake tail legs andoctopus legs.
Minifigures have also featured unique head sculpts that differ from the traditional cylindrical shape; the first wasJar Jar Binks, included in a Star Wars set in 1999 Since then various other minifigures likeYoda,C-3PO,Harry Potter goblin figures,tuskens,geonosians,Zeb Orrelios,Kit Fisto,Plo Koon,Davy Jones andBossk also use non standard heads. Kit Fisto was the first minifigure to not use anacrylonitrile butadiene styrene head, usingrubber instead.[12] Traditional accessories, such as hairpieces, hats and helmets, cannot be placed on these non-standard heads. Some minifigures, such aswookiees,gamorrean guards andewoks use, instead of a normal head, a special piece, consisting of head and chest, which fits over the body.Pong Krell uses a similar piece consisting of a head, chest and two additional arms. TheSpongeBob SquarePants minifigure has a sculpted Lego brick head that fits like a standard head, covering the whole torso similar to the ghost figures, except that these figures use short or standard legs instead of a brick.
An enormous variety of clothing and accessories has been produced for minifigures, including hairstyles, caps, hats, and helmets. InStar Wars sets, troopers have uniquely sculpted helmets, adapting the original character designs to the minifigure format. Some minifigures, likeBalin fromThe Hobbit, have a hair piece that exends as a beard to the chest,Exo-Force minifigures featureanime-style hair, as does theNightwing minifigure from theBatmanArkham Asylum set. OldBoba Fett andJango Fett minifigures had helmet pieces which back half stretched down to the minifigures' back in the form of ajet pack.
Classic ghost figures have a full-body cape which attaches to the head of the minifigure, and solid bricks as legs.
The minifigures ofThe Lord of the Rings characterGollum consists only of three pieces. One piece forms the body, consisting of torso, head and legs, in a crawling position and two arms specially made for this minifigure. Some other minifigures likeThe Phantom Menace characterSebulba consists entirely of only one piece.
Lego released multiple minifigures made ofmetal instead of plastic. 10 000 gold-coloredchrome minifigures of theStar Wars characterC-3PO (4521221) were released in random Lego Star Wars sets in 2007.[12][13] The most extreme design variations were an edition of five minifigures ofC-3PO, released in 2008,[14][12][15] and two minifigures of the characterBoba Fett, released in 2010,[16] cast in solid 14-karatgold with a figure estimated to cost between $10,000 and $15,000.[16]NASA'sJuno spacecraft which entered orbit around theplanet Jupiter in 2016 carries three specially commissioned minifigures on board. Cast from space-gradealuminum, the minifigures represent the astronomerGalileo, theRoman deity Jupiter and his wifeJuno. This also set the record for the furthest distance travelled by a Lego minifigure.[17][16]
Various minifigures from multiple themes have been released askeychains. The pieces of these figures are inseparable and ametalchain and keychain ring are attached to their heads. Various minifigures were also released as a part ofpens in theLego Writing theme.
In some Lego products, figures other than standard minifigures are used. A catalog that shows all these Lego figures is available.[18]
Lego also features a variety of similar figures for non-anthropomorphic animals and other creatures likehorses,dogs,cows,goats,sheep,pigs,cats,rats,mice,wolves,bears,chimpanzees,gorillas,monkeys,lions,tigers,leopards,saber-toothed cats,skunks,koalas,elephants, a variety ofdinosaurs,spiders,snakes, smallerfish,sharks,squids,owls,crabs,parrots,alligators,centaurs or the varactyl fromRevenge of the Sith.
TheFriends theme, released in 2012, included mini-doll figures, a more doll-like construction with more realistic anatomy, soon introduced into other themes chieflyaimed at girls. Even though the mini-dolls in the LegoFriends theme have more realistic anatomy, the mini-dolls' legs can only move ninety degrees into a sitting position. The mini-dolls' legs are also molded together and can not move separately as the traditional Lego minifigure legs can. The mini-doll in theLego Friends theme is slightly taller than the traditional minifigure.[19]
Lego Duplo includes figures that have less articulation than standard minifigures and cannot be disassembled forsafety reasons. Likewise, theFabuland collection, produced in the 1980s, consisted of largeranthropomorphizedanimal characters, which also could not be easily disassembled.Belville andScala, Lego products marketed to girls, also include larger scale figures. These figures are similar to Technic figures in articulation, but feature less angular body sculpts. Scala figures more closely resembledolls, in that clothes are separate from the figures and hair is made of strands rather than molded plastic. TheBaby line included figures that could not move at all and had the size a bit bigger than the Duplo figures.
Creator sets also often feature animals built entirely of more classic Lego bricks. Somedroids fromStar Wars, such asdroidekas, dwarf- and homing spider droids and pit droids and various animals and other creatures, appearing in themes likeHarry Potter,The Lord of the Rings orVikings, like dragons, the giant dogFluffy, orgiant spiders likeShelob,Aragog or themirkwood spiders are entirely brick-built. Some of these figures are still considered "minifigures". At theLegoland parks, the standardizedMiniland design has long been used as a template for brick-built figures, and has occasionally appeared in sets.[20]
Lego Nanofigures are miniature versions of original minifigures, following the same general shape, but without any moving parts, roughly the same height as a regular minifigure's legs. From 2010, they were initially produced in metal colors to represent trophies and statuettes, but from 2011 onwards they got printing to represent characters in sets produced in micro-scale, too small for regular minifigures, or to represent diminutive characters such asAnt-Man. They are also available in smaller scale sets such as71043 "Hogwarts Castle".
Within theLego Games theme, the Lego microfigures were released. For that name, they are about half the size of the regular Lego minifigure. The microfigures have a fixed head, small, non-movable legs which somewhat resemble normal minifigure legs, and a hint of shoulders for arms.
Bigfigures are Lego figurines that are taller and more muscular then regular minifigures which were introduced in 2008. Though most share the same body shape and pose, There have been a few variations, such asJabba the Hutt fromStar Wars, or thewampa and therancor which are even bigger in size. Most bigfigures don't contain removable heads, though there have been recent exceptions, such asThanos. A precursor to the bigfigure was released in 1999 under theRock Raiders theme.
In 2016, a new mold for a minifigure-style human baby was introduced. Although similar to a microfigure in body shape, it has a detachable head and actual molded arms (albeit, non-posable). It has mainly made appearances inLEGO City sets, such as the "Fun at the Park" set. It was also notable for appearing as an accessory for the Babysitter in the 16th series ofLego Minifigures, and LEGO "10255 Assembly Square", which is the 2017Lego Modular Building. InThe Mandalorian sets, theGrogu figure uses this body mold.
Technic used larger scaleaction figures between 1986 and 2001. These figures featured more realistic sculpts, although still distinctively angular, and featured more articulation, including bendable elbows and knees. These figures are further distinguished from minifigures in that they cannot be easily disassembled; even the hair pieces are non-removable.
In 2001, Lego further expanded the minifigure system, with the introduction ofBionicle figures. These figures are a part of a fictional story developed by Lego and resemblebiomechanical creatures. Initially, these figures were produced without articulation, only able to hold tools and weapons.
Bionicle later got replaced withHero Factory in 2010. In 2005, Lego releasedBionicle playsets, with minifigure variations of characters that had previously been produced in the largerBionicle scale, notably the Toa and Visorak characters. While these minifigures did not feature movable parts, Lego releasedPiraka andInika playsets in 2006, which included minifigures with movable parts.
Other variations of the standard minifigure produced for Star Wars sets included the light-up light-saber (L.U.L.S.) minifigures. These figures were released as a part of the more expensiveStar Wars Episode III sets in 2005. These figures look like standard minifigures, but to facilitate internal electronics, their parts cannot be removed; the only exception to this is the headgear, the left hand and arm, and each of the legs from the hips. When the head is pressed down, anLED illuminates the light-saber blade. These figures rely on battery power for their special feature. The batteries last three hours and are not intended to be replaced, although replacement is possible.
Many fans, especially children, were amenable to this innovation. Others however, particularly adult collectors, found these figures contentious, considering them to be an unwelcome gimmick. The fact that in two cases unique characters were produced solely as L.U.L. minifigs, with no standard version available to collectors, was also an unpopular decision. Following the initial release of these figures Lego announced no more were to be produced, due to their unpopularity and more expensive production. One set, the "7261Clone Turbo Tank", which featured an L.U.L. version ofMace Windu, was even reissued with a standard version of the minifig and an extra Clone Trooper figure to make up the cost of the set.
There was also at least one high endCity themed set ("Police HQ") that included a police officer with a light up 'torch'. Another L.U.L.S. minfig in police uniform appeared without the 'saber' part of the light saber and a yellow LED in the 'handle' of the light saber, reusing the L.U.L.S. design outside theStar Wars setting as an effective 'torch'. He appeared in a high endCity set based on a standard and well sellingCity "Police HQ" design. A complaint about the set was that the L.U.L.S. minifig was contained in a 'try me' compartment of the box allowing customers (and excited children) to wear down his battery while he was still on the shelf. The set was discontinued after a year with a separate identical design but with 3 extra normal minifgs replacing the L.U.L.S. minfig.
Yet another variation on the minifigure is themagnet figure, from such themes asStar Wars,Batman,Indiana Jones, andCity. The magnet figures are not included in regular sets but are instead sold in packs of three or more. Some of these include accessories and display base bricks. These figures include magnets in their legs, which allow them to stick to metal surfaces. Magnet figures are nearly indistinguishable from standard figures in appearance. Unlike the LUL figures, only the torso and the hips of magnet minifigures are inseparable.
Certain Lego sets released between 1974 and 1982 included much larger figures; the heads and hair were special pieces and the torso was a modified brick which connected to flexible hinge-like arm tubes and a towball hand brick with a stud. They are known as Homemaker figures (after the theme where they occurred) or maxifigures, a later term coined in analogy with the minifigure. This is the reason why the usual figures are "mini".[21] Objects, likealarm clocks, in the form of minifigures have also been released.
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Minifigure customisation, is the practice of modifying Lego minifigures. This can be as simple as mixing and matching parts, or as complex as painting or remolding plastic. Some custom minifigures are made by affixing stickers or decals to the figures. There are also third party businesses which sell custom decals and molded minifigure accessories, many of which are inspired by popular media. While a relatively recent phenomenon, minifigure customisation has rapidly become popular within the wider building community, although some maintain a "purist" approach, using only elements produced by Lego.
The Lego Group executives are using[when?] personalised minifigures in place ofbusiness cards, withemail addresses andtelephone numbers details on the front and back of the torso, and hair and facial features designed to resemble each executive. It is believed that over 100 of these exist.[22]
Both children andadult fans of Lego collect Lego Minifigures without collecting the sets. The Lego group produced 2.3 billion Minifigures between 1978 and 1998[23] and many people buy and sell these oneBay and other sites such asBrickLink.[citation needed]
Variousstop motionanimatedfilms andtelevision series are made using Lego minifigures.
The Lego Group produced various short films, feature films and video games featuring Lego minifigures and bricks. Most of these are based on other already existing franchises likeStar Wars orDC Comics. These films are created using primarily computer generated animation, they are styled in such a way as to emulate the look of stop-motionbrickfilms, even being influenced by some popular brickfilms. Multiple video games also feature Lego minifigures and bricks.
The minifigures featured in them have additionalarticulation and mobility, as well astextural modifications to create a realistic effect. Often these media feature a vast population of minifigures living in a vast Lego universe setting and rely heavily onmeta humor about this fact.
TheCollectible Minifigures (later renamed toLego Minifigures) theme, introduced on 5 March 2010, is a set of individually packaged "blind bag" minifigures. Each series consists of approximately 16 new and exclusive minifigures, with a random assortment of 60 polybags per box. A new series is released every three to four months, with some having a theme (e.g.monsters ormasquerade) and others including a wide variety of minifigs. Several blogs publish "feel guides" to help collectors figure out which minifigures are inside the opaque package. The minifigures can be based on fictional archetypes, history, or jobs, sports, life styles and hobbies (i.e. Punk Rocker, Dino Tracker, Caveman). All CMF minifigures come with a Lego "stand". Most CMF come with an (often unique) accessory and many have uniquely printed body parts.
Similar bags have also been released forMarvel,The Simpsons,Looney Tunes,DC,Harry Potter, andDungeons & Dragons.
