Amillennium (pl.millennia ormillenniums) is a period of one thousandyears, one hundreddecades, or tencenturies,[1][2] sometimes called akiloannum (ka), orkiloyear (ky). Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of thecalendar in consideration and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point.[clarification needed] The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (seemillenarianism).
The wordmillennium derives from theLatinmille,thousand, andannus, year.[3]
All aboard for the millennium! byOpper andKeppler, 1896
There was a public debate leading up to thecelebrations of the year 2000 as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood as the beginning of the "new" millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previousdecades,centuries, and millennia, but not so much for decades. The issue arises from the difference between the convention of usingordinal numbers to count years and millennia, as in "the third millennium", or using avernacular description, as in "the two thousands". The difference of opinion comes down to whether to celebrate, respectively, the end or the beginning of the "-000" year. The first convention is common in English-speaking countries, but the latter is favoured in, for example, Sweden (tvåtusentalet, which translates literally as thetwo thousands period).
Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000, to January 1, 2001) argued that theAnno Domini system of counting years began with theyear 1 (there was noyear 0) and therefore the first millennium was from the year 1 to the end of the year 1000, the second millennium from 1001 to the end of 2000, and the third millennium beginning with 2001 and ending at the end of 3000. Similarly,the first millennium BC was from the year 1000 BC to the end of the year 1 BC.
Popular culture supported celebrating the arrival of the new millennium in the transition from 1999 to 2000 (i.e., December 31, 1999, to January 1, 2000), in that the change of the hundreds digit in the year number, with the zeroes rolling over, is consistent with the vernacular demarcation of decades by their 'tens' digit (e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as "the1980s" or "the eighties"). This has been described as "theodometer effect".[4] Also, the "year 2000" had been a popular phrase referring to an oftenutopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set. There was also media and public interest in theY2K computer bug.
A third position was expressed by Bill Paupe, honorary consul forKiribati: "To me, I just don't see what all the hoopla is about ... it's not going to change anything. The next day the sun is going to come up again and then it will all be forgotten."[5] Even for those who did celebrate, in astronomical terms, there was nothing special about this particular event.[6]
Stephen Jay Gould, in his essay "Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000)", discussed the "high" versus "pop" culture interpretation of the transition. Gould noted that the high culture, strict construction had been the dominant viewpoint at the 20th century's beginning, but that the pop culture viewpoint dominated at its end.[7]
The start of the 21st century and 3rd millennium wascelebrated worldwide at the start of the year 2000. One year later, at the start of the year 2001, the celebrations had largely returned to the usual ringing in of just another new year,[8] although some welcomed "the real millennium", including America's official timekeeper, theU.S. Naval Observatory,[9] as well asCuba[10] andJapan.[11]
The popular[12] approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of "a millennium" and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight between December 31, 1999, and January 1, 2000, with the cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combining to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal date.[12]
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