Micronutrients are essential elements required byorganisms in small quantities to perform various biogeochemical processes and regulatephysiological functions of cells andorgans.[1][2] By enabling these processes, micronutrients support the health of organisms throughout life.[3][4][5]
Cycling of iron as a micronutrient in the marine ecosystem.
Micronutrient abundance in the environment greatly influences biogeochemical cycles at the microbial level which large ecological communities rely on to survive.[9] For example,marine primary producers are reliant upon bioavailable dissolvediron forphotosynthesis.[10][11][12]Secondary and tertiary producers in oceans are therefore also reliant on the presence of sufficient dissolved iron concentrations.
Inadequate intake of essential nutrients predisposes humans to variouschronic diseases, with some 50% of American adults having one or more preventable disease.[3] In the United States, foods poor in micronutrient content and high infood energy make up some 27% of dailycalorie intake.[3] One US national survey (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006) found that persons with high sugar intake consumed fewer micronutrients, especiallyvitamins A, C, and E, and magnesium.[3]
A 1994 report by the World Bank estimated that micronutrient malnutrition costs developing economies at least 5 percent of gross domestic product.[13] TheAsian Development Bank has summarized the benefits of eliminating micronutrient deficiencies as follows:
Along with a growing understanding of the extent and impact of micronutrient malnutrition, several interventions have demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of correction and prevention. Distributing inexpensive capsules, diversifying to include more micronutrient-rich foods, or fortifying commonly consumed foods can make an enormous difference. Correcting iodine, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies can improve the population-wide intelligence quotient by 10–15 points, reduce maternal deaths by one-fourth, decrease infant and child mortality by 40 percent, and increase people's work capacity by almost half. The elimination of these deficiencies will reduce health care and education costs, improve work capacity and productivity, and accelerate equitable economicgrowth and national development. Improved nutrition is essential to sustain economic growth. Micronutrient deficiency elimination is as cost-effective as the best public health interventions and fortification is the most cost-effective strategy.[14]
Salt iodization is a major strategy for addressingiodine deficiency, which is a major cause of mental health problems. In 1990, less than 20 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt.[15] By 1994, international partnerships had formed in a global campaign for Universal Salt Iodization. By 2008, it was estimated that 72 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt,[16] and the number of countries in which iodine deficiency disorders were a public health concern reduced by more than half from 110 to 47 countries.[15]
Vitamin A deficiency is a major factor in causingblindness worldwide, particularly among children.[17] Global vitamin A supplementation efforts have targeted 103 priority countries. In 1999, 16 percent of children in these countries received two annual doses of vitamin A. By 2007, the rate increased to 62 percent.[18]
Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A has uncertain benefits on reducing the risk of subclinical vitamin A deficiency.[19]
Fortification of staple foods may improveserum zinc levels in the population. Other effects such as improvingzinc deficiency, children's growth, cognition, work capacity of adults, or blood indicators are unknown.[20] Experiments show that soil andfoliar application of zinc fertilizer can effectively reduce thephytate zinc ratio in grain. People who eat bread prepared from zinc-enriched wheat show a significant increase in serum zinc, suggesting that the zinc fertilizer strategy is a promising approach to addresszinc deficiencies in humans.
Boron is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud dieback[citation needed].
Copper,iron,manganese,molybdenum, andzinc are cofactors essential for the functioning of many enzymes.[23] For plants, deficiency in these elements often results in inefficient production of chlorophyll, manifested inchlorosis[citation needed].
^World Bank (1994).Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries. Development in Practice Series.
^Asia Development Bank (October 2000). [www.adb.org/Documents/TARs/REG/tar_oth34014.pdfRegional Initiative to Eliminate Micronutrient Malnutrition in Asia Through Public-Private Partnership]. TAR: OTH 34014. Retrieved on: 2011-10-13.
^abFlour Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, USAID, TheWorld Bank, UNICEF,Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies, p. 19.
^UNICEF,The State of the World's Children 2010, Statistical Tables, p. 15.
^"Vitamin A". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 25 February 2021. Retrieved1 December 2023.
^Flour Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative,USAID, The World Bank, UNICEF,Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin A and mineral deficiencies, p. 17.
