Transliteration of Chinese |
---|
Mandarin |
Wu |
Yue |
Min |
Gan |
Hakka |
Xiang |
Polylectal |
See also |
Meyer–Wemperomanization was the system used by twoRoman Catholicmissionaries inHong Kong,Bernard F. Meyer andTheodore F. Wempe, for romanizingCantonese in theirStudent's Cantonese English Dictionary published in 1935.[1]
Although some[2] attribute development of the system to them, there was nothing new in it[1]: Explanatory Notes as their entire schema followed the system devised in the last decade of the 19th century known asStandard Romanization (SR), which, in turn, was almost identical to John Chalmers' system of 1870.[3] Chalmers' system was significant in that it was the first system to virtually do away with diacritics entirely, the sole survivor being his final ö, which is eu in the Standard Romanization while being in this one oeh.
p [p] | p' [pʰ] | m [m] | f [f] | |
t [t] | t' [tʰ] | n [n] | l [l] | |
k [k] | k' [kʰ] | ng [ŋ] | h [h] | |
kw [kw] | k'w [kʰw] | oo, w [w] | ||
ts [ts] | ts' [tsʰ] | s [s] | i, y [j] | |
ch [tɕ] | ch' [tɕʰ] | sh [ɕ] |
The distinction between thealveolarsibilants ([ts],[tsʰ], and[s]) andalveolo-palatal sibilants ([tɕ],[tɕʰ], and[ɕ]) has been lost in modern Cantonese, though the distinction still existed at the time this system was devised. SeeCantonese phonology for more information.
a [aː] | aai [aːi] | aau [aːu] | aam [aːm] | aan [aːn] | aang [aːŋ] | aap [aːp] | aat [aːt] | aak [aːk] |
ai [ɐi] | au [ɐu] | am, om [ɐm] | an [ɐn] | ang [ɐŋ] | ap, op [ɐp] | at [ɐt] | ak [ɐk] | |
e [ɛː] | ei [ei] | eng [ɛːŋ] | ek [ɛːk] | |||||
i [iː] | iu [iːu] | im [iːm] | in [iːn] | ing [eŋ] | ip [iːp] | it [iːt] | ik [ek] | |
oh [ɔː] | oi [ɔːy] | o [ou] | on [ɔːn] | ong [ɔːŋ] | ot [ɔːt] | ok [ɔːk] | ||
oo [uː] | ooi [uːy] | oon [uːn] | ung [oŋ] | oot [uːt] | uk [ok] | |||
oeh [œː] | ui [ɵy] | un [ɵn] | eung [œːŋ] | ut [ɵt] | euk [œːk] | |||
ue [yː] | uen [yːn] | uet [yːt] | ||||||
m [m̩] | ng [ŋ̩] |
The finalsm andng can only be used as standalonenasal syllables.
Diacritics are used to mark the sixtones of Cantonese.[4] The tone mark should be placed above the first letter of the final.
No. | Description | Contour | Tone mark | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | high flat/high falling | 55 / 53 | No mark | ma |
2 | high rising | 35 | Acute accent ( ´ ) | má |
3 | mid flat | 33 | Grave accent ( ` ) | mà |
4 | low falling | 21 | Circumflex ( ˆ ) | mâ |
5 | low rising | 23 | Breve ( ˘ ) | mă |
6 | low flat | 22 | Macron( ¯ ) | mā |