| Pōhutukawa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Pōhutukawa trees atCornwallis Beach | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | Metrosideros |
| Species: | M. excelsa |
| Binomial name | |
| Metrosideros excelsa | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa),[2] also known as theNew Zealand Christmas tree,[3][4] oriron tree,[5] is a coastalevergreen tree in themyrtle family,Myrtaceae, that produces a brilliant display of red (or occasionally orange, yellow[6] or white[7]) flowers, each consisting of a mass ofstamens. The pōhutukawa is one of twelveMetrosideros speciesendemic to New Zealand. Renowned for its vibrant colour and its ability to survive even perched on rocky, precarious cliffs, it has found an important place in New Zealand culture for its strength and beauty, and is regarded as a chiefly tree (rākau rangatira) byMāori.[8]
The generic nameMetrosideros derives from theAncient Greekmētra or 'heartwood' andsideron or 'iron'. Thespecies nameexcelsa is fromLatinexcelsus, 'highest, sublime'.Pōhutukawa is aMāori word. Its closest equivalent in other Polynesian languages is theCook Island Māori wordpo'utukava, referring to a coastal shrub with white berries,Sophora tomentosa.[9] The-hutu- part of the word comes from*futu, the Polynesian name for the fish-poison tree (Barringtonia asiatica; compare withFijian:vutu andTongan:futu),[10][11][12] which has flowers similar to those of the pōhutukawa.
Pōhutukawa grow up to 25 metres (82 ft) high, with a spreading, dome-like form. They usually grow as a multi-trunked spreading tree. Their trunks and branches are sometimes festooned with matted, fibrousaerial roots. The oblong, leathery leaves are covered in dense white hairs underneath.[2]
The tree flowers from November to January with a peak in early summer (mid to late December), with brilliant crimson flowers covering the tree, hence the nickname New Zealand Christmas tree. The first published reference to pōhutakawa as a Christmas tree was in 1857, in a newspaper report of a feast held byEruera Patuone.[13][14] There is variation between individual trees in the timing of flowering, and in the shade and brightness of the flowers. In isolated populationsgenetic drift has resulted in local variation: many of the trees growing around the Rotorua lakes produce pink-shaded flowers, and the yellow-floweredcultivar 'Aurea' descends from a pair discovered in 1940 onMōtītī Island in theBay of Plenty.[citation needed]
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The pōhutukawa's natural range is the coastal regions of theNorth Island of New Zealand, north of a line stretching fromNew Plymouth (39° S) toGisborne (38° S),[15] where it once formed a continuous coastal fringe. By the 1990s, pastoral farming and introduced pests had reduced pōhutukawa forests by over 90%.[8] It also occurs naturally on the shores of lakes in theRotorua area and inAbel Tasman National Park at the top of South Island.[citation needed]
The tree is renowned as a cliff-dweller, able to maintain a hold in precarious, near-vertical situations. Like itsHawaiian relative theʻōhiʻa lehua (M. polymorpha), the pōhutukawa has been shown to be efficient in the colonisation oflava plains – notably onRangitoto, a volcanic island in the Hauraki Gulf.[2]
In New Zealand, pōhutukawa are under threat from browsing by the introducedcommon brushtail possum which strips the tree of its leaves.[8] A charitable conservation trust,Project Crimson, has the aim of reversing the decline of the pōhutukawa and otherMetrosideros species – its mission statement is "to enable pōhutukawa and rata to flourish again in their natural habitat as icons in the hearts and minds of all New Zealanders".[citation needed]
Pōhutukawa wood is dense, strong and highly figured. Māori used it for beaters and other small, heavy items. It was frequently used in shipbuilding, since the naturally curvy shapes made strongknees.[16] Extracts are used intraditional Māori healing for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, sore throat and wounds.[17]
Pōhutukawa are popular in cultivation, and there are fine examples in mostNorth Island coastal cities. Vigorous and easy to grow, the tree flourishes well south of its natural range, and has naturalised in theWellington area and in the north of theSouth Island. It has also naturalised onNorfolk Island to the north. Pōhutukawa have been introduced to other countries with mild-to-warm climates, including south-eastern Australia, where it is naturalising on coastal cliffs nearSydney. In coastalCalifornia, it is a popular street and lawn tree, but has caused concern inSan Francisco where its root systems are blamed for destroying sewer lines and sidewalks.[18] In parts ofSouth Africa, pōhutukawa grow so well that they are regarded as aninvasive species. The Spanish city ofA Coruña has adopted the pōhutukawa as a floral emblem.[19]
At least 39cultivars of pōhutukawa have been released. Duncan & Davies nurseries were a leading force in the mid-20th century, while the late Graeme Platt has been responsible for 16 different cultivars so far, including a rare white-flowering tree. Cultivars include:[6]
| Cultivar name | Year introduced | Flower colour | Introduced by | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. excelsa 'Aurea'[6] | 1947 | Greenish-yellow | Duncan & Davies | Sourced fromMōtītī Island. |
| M. excelsa 'Blockhouse Bay'[6] | mid-1980s | Bright red | Graeme Platt | Sourced fromBlockhouse Bay, Auckland. |
| M. excelsa 'Butterscotch'[6] | 1993 | Fire Red[20] | Duncan & Davies | Reddish stems and reddish-gold new leaves becoming butter-yellow and finally green with age. Sourced fromM. excelsa 'Sunglow'. |
| M. excelsa 'Centennial'[6] | - | - | Graeme Platt | Reverse-variegated cultivar, erect growth habit. Sourced from Auckland Domain centennial plantings. |
| M. excelsa 'Christmas Cheer'[6] | - | Crimson | Bob Bayly | Consistently flowering around Christmas time. Flowers in large clusters. |
| M. excelsa 'Dalese'[6] | 2010 | Orange-red[21] | Lyndale Nurseries | Compact, low-growing selection. Often incorrectly sold asM. tomentosa 'Dalese', especially in Australia. |
| M. excelsa 'Fire Mountain'[6] | mid-1970s | Orange-scarlet | Felix Jury / Duncan & Davies | Very bright flowers and spreading habit. Sourced fromWaitara riverbank plantings. |
| M. excelsa 'Firestone'[6] | 1983 | Fire-red | Graeme Platt | Bright flowers and sprawling form. Sourced fromMt Moehau,Coromandel Peninsula. |
| M. excelsa 'Flame Crest'[6] | 1991 | Orange-scarlet | Cyril Watson & George Smith / Duncan & Davies | Tall, erect form. Sourced from Kawaroa Park,New Plymouth. |
| M. excelsa 'Gold Finger'[6] | 1986 | Deep crimson | Duncan & Davies | Reverse-variegated form with bright gold leaves. |
| M. excelsa 'Golden Dawn'[22][23] | 2003 | Melon Pink | Robert Harrison | Reverse-variegated cultivar from Australia. Grows to around 5 metres (16 ft). Grew fromM. excelsa 'Pink Lady' under cultivation. 10–20% chance of variegation reverting. |
| M. excelsa 'Gold Nugget'[6] | 2000 | - | Jim Rumbal / Duncan & Davies | Variegated cultivar with fresh green margins and yellow centres. |
| M. excelsaHauraki'[6] | - | Red | Graeme Platt | Outstanding sized flowers and tall, erect form. Sourced fromLong Bay Regional Park,Auckland. |
| M. excelsa 'Kopere'[6] | 2007 | Orange-red | Graeme Platt | Vibrant flowers and glossy green leaves. Sourced from Brooks Bay, near Awhitu Regional Park,Auckland. |
| M. excelsa 'Lighthouse'[6] | 1983 | Crimson[24] | Graeme Platt | Early flowering (November). Sourced fromRangitoto Island. |
| M. excelsa 'Manukau'[6] | 1990 | Orange-red | Graeme Platt | Well-balanced flower heads that also bloom inside the canopy of the tree. Sourced fromManukau City shopping centre. |
| M. excelsa 'Maori Princess'[6] | 1970s | Red | Ian McDowell / Duncan & Davies | Open branched, upright tree. Sourced from Brougham Street,New Plymouth. |
| M. excelsa 'Midas'[23] | 1988 | Red | William (Bill) Robertson | Reverse-variegated cultivar from Australia, but slightly unstable (can revert to non-variegated status) |
| M. excelsa 'Mini Christmas'[7] | - | Red | Low growing cultivar from Australia, grows to around 1m tall. | |
| M. excelsa 'Moon Maiden'[6] | 1988 | Sulphur yellow | Duncan & Davies | Light grey-green foliage. Sourced fromM. excelsa 'Aurea'. |
| M. excelsa 'Mt Maunganui'[6] | 1993 | Red | Lyndale Nurseries | Sourced from Pitau Road,Mount Maunganui. Source tree of significance toNgāi Te Rangi iwi, where several Māori skeletons were found at its base. |
| M. excelsa 'Octopussy'[7] | 2004 | Red | Naturally Native NZ Plants Auckland | Weeping growth habit. Sometimes available as a standard. |
| M. excelsa 'Ohope'[6] | - | Red | Duncan & Davies[7] | Variegated form. Green leaves with cream margins. |
| M. excelsa 'Parnell'[6] | early 1970s | Red | Graeme Platt | Very large and widely spreading tree. Sourced fromParnell Rose Gardens,Auckland. |
| M. excelsa 'Pink Lady'[6] | 1988 | Melon Pink | Duncan & Davies | Small upright tree with compact flower heads. |
| M. excelsa 'Plus Four'[6] | 2002 | Bright Red | Graeme Platt | Upright growth habit. Sourced from Awhitu Golf Course,Auckland. |
| M. excelsa 'Pouawa'[6] | - | - | Graeme Platt / Rob Bayly | Long-lasting flowers. Sourced from north ofGisborne. |
| M. excelsa 'Rangitoto'[6] | mid-1980s | Dark Red | Tom Johnson / Dawn Nurseries | Upright, smallish tree. Sourced fromTe Atatū,Auckland from a plant originally sourced onRangitoto Island. |
| M. excelsa 'Royal Flame'[6] | 1988 | Deep-crimson | Jim Rumbal / Duncan & Davies | Upright tree, flowers have contrasting yellow anthers. Sourced fromWaitara West Marine Park. |
| M. excelsa 'Scarlet Pimpernel'[6] | 1976 | Scarlet | Felix Jury / Duncan & Davies | Small, compact growth. Suitable for containers & patios. Sourced from Princess Street,Waitara. |
| M. excelsa 'Sunglow'[6] | 1980 | - | Duncan & Davies | Variegated with gold leaf margins. flowers and form. Thought to be sourced from Oswald Blumhardt, plant breeder in Whangarei. |
| M. excelsa 'Tamaki'[6] | 1985 | Orange-red | Graeme Platt | Bright flowers. Sourced fromTamaki Drive,Auckland. |
| M. excelsa 'Te Kaha'[6] | mid-1980s | Red with orange hints. | Graeme Platt | Medium-sized bushy tree. Sourced fromTe Kaha Hotel,Bay of Plenty. |
| M. excelsa 'Titirangi'[6] | late-1980s | Scarlet | Graeme Platt | Erect tree with copious flowers. Sourced from Margan Ave,Auckland near the Titirangi Golf Course. |
| M. excelsa 'Upper Hutt'[6] | - | - | - | Reverse-variegated foliage. Sourced from public gardens inUpper Hutt. |
| M. excelsa 'Variegata'[6] | - | Red | - | Variegated leaves. Not to be confused withM. kermadecensis. 'Variegata'. |
| M. excelsa 'Vibrance'[6] | 1985 | Orange-red | Graeme Platt | Flowers have exceptionally long stamens. Sourced from Waiomu Bay,Coromandel Peninsula. |
| M. excelsa 'Whakarewarewa'[6] | late-1980s | Very dark red | Graeme Platt | Sourced fromWhakarewarewa,Rotorua. |
| M. excelsa 'White Caps'[7] | 2009 | White | Graeme Platt | Sourced fromPiha Beach,Auckland. |
A giant pōhutukawa atTe Araroa on the East Coast is reputed to be the largest in the country, with a height of 20 metres and a spread of 38 metres (125 ft).[25]
A pōhutukawa tree with an estimated age of 180 years known as 'Te Hā'[26] is fully established at an Auckland City park. 'Te Hā' is the largest urban specimen in the country. Plans to build a monument in honour of victims of theErebus Disaster in proximity to the tree activated significant local opposition in 2021.[27]
