Thehooded crow (Corvus cornix), also called thescald-crow orhoodie,[1] is aEurasian bird species in the genusCorvus. Widely distributed, it is found acrossNorthern,Eastern, andSoutheastern Europe, as well as parts of theMiddle East. It is an ashy grey bird with black head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, as well as a black bill, eyes, and feet. Like other corvids, it is an omnivorous and opportunistic forager and feeder.
The hooded crow is so similar in morphology and habits to thecarrion crow (Corvus corone) that for many years they were considered by most authorities to be geographical races of one species. Hybridization observed where their ranges overlapped added weight to this view. However, since 2002, the hooded crow has been elevated to full species status after closer observation; the hybridisation was less than expected and hybrids had decreased vigour.[2][3] Within the hooded crow species, four subspecies are recognized.
The hooded crow was one of the many species originally described byCarl Linnaeus in his landmark 175810th edition ofSystema Naturae; he gave it thebinomial nameCorvus cornix.[4] Linnaeus specified thetype locality as "Europa", but this was restricted to Sweden by the German ornithologistErnst Hartert in 1903.[5][6] Thegenus nameCorvus isLatin for "raven" while thespecific epithetcornix is Latin for "crow".[7] The hooded crow was subsequently considered asubspecies of thecarrion crow for many years,[8] hence known asCorvus corone cornix, due to similarities in structure and habits.[9] "Hooded crow" has been designated as the official name by theInternational Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[10] It is locally known as a 'hoodie craw' or simply 'hoodie' inScotland and as a grey crow inNorthern Ireland.[11] It is also known locally as "Scotch crow" and "Danish crow". InIrish, it is calledcaróg liath, or the "grey crow", as its name also means in theSlavic languages and inDanish. It is referred to as the "fog crow" (Nebelkrähe) in German, and the "dolman crow" (dolmányos varjú) in Hungarian.[citation needed]
Four subspecies of the hooded crow are now recognised;[10] previously, all were considered subspecies ofCorvus corone.[12] A fifth subspecies,C. c. sardonius (Kleinschmidt, 1903) has been listed,[6] although it has been alternately partitioned betweenC. c. sharpii (most populations),C. c. cornix (Corsican population), and theMiddle EasternC. c. pallescens.[citation needed]
C. c. cornix Linnaeus, 1758 – the nominate race, occurs in Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe south toCorsica.[citation needed]
C. c. capellanusSclater, PL, 1877 – sometimes considered a separate species. This distinctive form occurs inIraq and southwesternIran. It has very pale grey plumage, which looks almost white from a distance.[13] It is possibly distinct enough to be considered a separate species.[14]
A map of Europe indicating the distribution of thecarrion and hooded crows on either side of a contact zone (white line) separating the two species
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix) and carrion crow (Corvus corone) are two closely related species whose geographical distribution across Europe is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It is believed that this distribution might have resulted from the glaciation cycles during thePleistocene, which caused the parent population to split into isolates which subsequently re-expanded their ranges when the climate warmed causing secondary contact.[3][15] Jelmer Poelstra and coworkers sequenced almost the entire genomes of both species in populations at varying distances from the contact zone to find that the two species were nearly genetically identical, both in their DNA and in its expression (in the form ofmRNA), except for thelack of expression of a small portion (<0.28%) of the genome (situated on avian chromosome 18) in the hooded crow, which imparts the lighter plumage colouration on its torso.[3] Thus the two species can viably hybridize, and occasionally do so at the contact zone, but the all-black carrion crows on the one side of the contact zone mate almost exclusively with other all-black carrion crows, while the same occurs among the hooded crows on the other side of the contact zone. They concluded that it was only the outward appearance of the two species that inhibits hybridization.[3][15]
Except for the head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, which are black and mostly glossy, the plumage of the hooded crow is ash-grey, with the dark shafts giving it a streaky appearance. Thebill and legs are black; theiris dark brown. Only onemoult occurs, in autumn, as in other crow species. Male hooded crows tend to be larger than females, although the two sexes are otherwise similar in appearance. Their flight is slow, heavy and usually straight.[citation needed] Their length varies from 48 to 52 cm (19 to 20 in). When first hatched, the young are much blacker than the parents. Juveniles have duller plumage with bluish or greyish eyes, and initially possess a red mouth. Wingspan is 105 cm (41 in) and weight is on average 510 g.[16]
The hooded crow, with its contrasted greys and blacks, is visually distinct from both the carrion crow and therook, but thekraaⓘ call notes of the hooded and carrion crows are almost indistinguishable.[9]
The hooded crow breeds in northern and eastern Europe, and closely allied forms inhabit southern Europe and western Asia. Whereits range overlaps with that of the carrion crow, as in northernBritain,Germany,Denmark, northernItaly, andSiberia, their hybrids are fertile. However, the hybrids are less well-adapted than purebred birds (one of the reasons behind its reclassification as a distinct species from the carrion crow).[17]
In theBritish Isles, the hooded crow breeds regularly inScotland, theIsle of Man, and the Scottish Islands; it also breeds widely in Ireland. In autumn, somemigratory birds arrive on the east coast of Britain. In the past, this was a more common visitor.[18]
Hooded crow searching arain gutter, probably for food, in BerlinThe hooded crow is a typicalomnivore
The hooded crow is omnivorous, with a diet similar to that of the carrion crow, and is a constant scavenger. It dropsmolluscs andcrabs to break them after the manner of the carrion crow, to the point that an oldScottish name for emptysea urchin shells was "crow's cups".[18] On coastal cliffs, the eggs ofgulls,cormorants, and other birds are stolen when their owners are absent, and hooded crows will enter the burrows ofpuffins to steal eggs. It will also feed on small mammals, scraps, smaller birds, and carrion. The hooded crow often hides food to feed on later, especially meat, nuts, and any insects that may be present on these, in places such as rain gutters, flower pots, or in the earth under bushes. Other crows will often watch a crow that hides food and then search the hiding place later when the first crow has left.[citation needed]
Nesting occurs later in colder regions: mid-May to mid-June in northwestRussia,Shetland, and theFaroe Islands, and late February in thePersian Gulf region.[13] In warmer parts of the European Archipelago, the clutch is laid in April.[19] The bulky stick nest is normally placed in a tall tree, but cliff ledges, old buildings, and pylons may be used. Nests are occasionally placed on or near the ground. The nest resembles that of the carrion crow, but on the coast, seaweed is often interwoven in the structure, and animal bones and wire are also frequently incorporated.[18][20] The four to six brown-speckled blue eggs are 4.3 cm × 3.0 cm (1+3⁄4 in × 1+1⁄8 in) in size and weigh19.8 g (11⁄16 oz), of which 6% is shell.[16] Thealtricial young are incubated for 17–19 days by the female alone, that is fed by the male. They fledge after 32 to 36 days. Incubating females have been reported to obtain most of their own food and later that for their young.[21]
The typical lifespan is unknown, but that of the carrion crow is four years.[22] The maximum recorded age for a hooded crow is 16 years, and 9 months.[16]
This species is a secondary host of theparasiticgreat spotted cuckoo, theEuropean magpie being the preferred host. However, in areas where the latter species is absent, such asIsrael andEgypt, the hooded crow becomes the normal corvid host.[23]
This species, like its relative, is regularly killed by farmers and on grouse estates. InCounty Cork, Ireland, the county's gun clubs shot over 23,000 hooded crows in two years in the early 1980s.[18] Since 1981, they have been protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, meaning it is illegal to knowingly kill, injure, or capture them.[24]
TheIUCN Red List does not distinguish the hooded crow from the carrion crow, but the two species together have an extensive range, estimated at 10 million square kilometres (4 million square miles), and a large population, including an estimated 14 to 34 million individuals in Europe alone. They are not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), so are evaluated asleast concern.[16][25] The carrion crow and hooded crow hybrid zone is slowly spreading northwest, but the hooded crow has on the order of three million territories in just Europe (excluding Russia).[20] This movement is also attested to by the fact that in April 2020 the hooded crow was redlisted in Sweden, where the Species Information Centre does distinguish between hooded and carrion crow.[26]
In Irish folklore, the bird appears on the shoulder of the dyingCú Chulainn,[27] and could also be a manifestation of theMorrígan, the wife ofTethra, or theCailleach.[28] This idea has persisted, and the hooded crow is associated withfairies in the Scottish highlands and Ireland; in the 18th century, Scottish shepherds would make offerings to them to keep them from attacking sheep.[29] InFaroese folklore, a maiden would go out onCandlemas morn and throw a stone, then a bone, then a clump of turf at a hooded crow – if it flew over the sea, her husband would be a foreigner; if it landed on a farm or house, she would marry a man from there, but if it stayed put, she would remain unmarried.[30]
The old name ofRoyston crow originates from the days when this bird was a common winter visitor to southern England, with the sheep fields aroundRoyston, Hertfordshire providing carcasses on which the birds could feed. The local newspaper, founded in 1855, is calledThe Royston Crow,[18] and the hooded crow also features on the town's coat of arms.[31]
The hooded crow is one of the 37 Norwegian birds depicted in the Bird Room of theRoyal Palace inOslo.[32]Jethro Tull mentions the hooded crow on the song "Jack Frost and the Hooded Crow" as a bonus track on the digitally remastered version ofBroadsword and the Beast and on theirThe Christmas Album.[33]
^Jones, Steve (1999):Almost Like A Whale: The Origin Of Species Updated. Doubleday, Garden City.ISBN978-0-385-40985-8
^abcdeCocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 418–425.ISBN978-0-7011-6907-7.
^Evans, G (1972).The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs. London: Warne. p. 18.ISBN978-0-7232-0060-4.
^abSnow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1478–1480.ISBN978-0-19-854099-1.
^Yom-Tov, Yoram (June 1974). "The effect of food and predation on breeding density and success, clutch size and laying date of the crow (Corvus corone L.)".Journal of Animal Ecology.43 (2):479–498.Bibcode:1974JAnEc..43..479Y.doi:10.2307/3378.JSTOR3378.
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