Above, from left to right: San Ildefonso Cathedral, the Canton Palace, the Monument to the Fatherland, the Municipal Palace, the Glorieta de la Paz, the Great Museum of the Maya World and a view of the Country Towers.
Mérida (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈmeɾiða]ⓘ,Yucatec Maya:Joꞌ)[4] is the capital of theMexican state ofYucatán, and the largest city in southeasternMexico. The city is also the seat of theeponymous municipality. It is located slightly inland from the northwest corner of theYucatán Peninsula, about 35 km (22 mi) inland from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. In 2020, it had a population of 921,770 while its metropolitan area, which also includes the cities ofKanasín andUmán, had a population of 1,316,090.[5]
Mérida is also the cultural and financial capital of the Yucatán Peninsula. The city's rich cultural heritage is a product of thesyncretism of theMaya andSpanish cultures during the colonial era. TheCathedral of Mérida, Yucatán was built in the late 16th century with stones fromnearby Maya ruins and is the oldest cathedral in the mainland Americas.[6] The city has the third largest old town district on the continent.[7] It was the first city to be namedAmerican Capital of Culture, and the only city that has received the title twice.[8]
Mérida is among the safest cities of Mexico as well as in the Americas.[9] In 2015, the city was certified as an International Safe Community by theKarolinska Institute of Sweden for its high level of public security.[10]Forbes has ranked Mérida three times as one of the three best cities in Mexico to live, invest and do business.[11] In 2022, theUN-Habitat's City Prosperity Index recognized Mérida as the city with the highest quality of life in Mexico.[12]
The "Pasaje de la Revolución" (Passage of the Revolution) designed by the Italian architect Giaccomo Piccone and inaugurated in 1918
Mérida was named afterMérida, Spain because the Maya ruins that the Spanishconquistadors found in the settlement ofTi'ho reminded them of the Roman ruins ofAugusta Emerita. Over time, the city acquired the nickname "La Ciudad Blanca" (The White City).[citation needed] This nickname may be due to the white color of thelimestone used to paint the façades of the city's colonial buildings. This hypothesis is reinforced by the fact that the city can be seen from outer space as a large whitish area in the middle of the immense green forest that covers the Yucatán Peninsula.[13] Other cities in Hispanic America share the same nickname for this reason, likeArequipa[14] andPopayan.[15] Folktale says that the name go back to the founding of the city when the Spanish conquistadors – motivated by security reasons and given the persistent rebellion of theindigenous Maya people – decided to allow only white-skinned Europeans to live in the city. Old arches at the entrance to the city would have been built for this reason, and beyond these were the Indian communities.[16] However, the first arches were not commissioned until 1690, almost 150 years after the city's foundation. The arch of San Juan and the one on 59th street marked the beginning of roads to Campeche and Izamal, respectively. Other arches served only decorative purposes, like the one Juan Quijano had erected in 1760 in front of his house at the intersection of 65th and 56th streets, which has since been demolished.[17] Additionally, the Nahua indigenous troops who accompanied Montejo's troops in the conquest of Yucatán settled in the neighborhoods of San Cristóbal, Santiago, and San Román, where they enjoyed the privilege of exemption from taxes for their military assistance.[18]
Mérida was founded in 1542 by the Spanishconquistadors, includingFrancisco de Montejo the Younger andJuan de la Cámara, and named after the town ofMérida in Extremadura, Spain. It was built on the site of theMaya city ofTi'ho (/tʼχoʼ/), which was also called Ichkanzihóo or Ichcaanzihó (/iʃkan'siχo/; "City of Five Hills") in reference to itspyramids. Many of the carved stones of the ruins of ancient Ti'ho were used in the construction of the early Spanish buildings of Mérida. These stones are visible, for instance, in the walls of the main cathedral. From colonial times through the mid-19th century, Mérida was a walled city designed to protect thepeninsulares andcriollos from periodic revolts by the indigenous Maya people.
In the late 19th century, the area surrounding Mérida prospered from the cultivation ofhenequen, the fiber of which was used in the production ofrope andtwine, as well as for the production oflicor del henequén, a traditional Mexican alcoholic drink. By the beginning of the 20th century, manufacturing focused mainly on tobacco, molasses, rum, soap, and leather products.[19]Korean immigration to Mexico began in 1905 when more than a thousand people arrived in Yucatán from the city ofJemulpo. These first Korean immigrants settled around Mérida as workers in henequen plantations.
Mérida is located in the northwest part of the state of Yucatán, which occupies the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. To the north isProgreso and the Gulf of Mexico.Valladolid andTizimín are to the east,Celestún is to the west, and the city ofCampeche is located to the southwest. There are many important Maya archae sites in the area, includingChichen Itza,Uxmal,Oxkintok,Sayil andKabah.
The city is located near the center of theChicxulub Crater. It has a very flat topography and is only 9 metres (30 ft)above sea level. The land outside of Mérida is covered with smaller scrub trees and former henequen fields. Almost no surface water exists, but severalcenotes (sinkholes that provide access to underground springs and rivers) are found in the area.
Mérida has acentro histórico typical of colonial Spanish cities. The street grid is based on odd-numbered streets running east–west and even-numbered streets running north–south, with Calles 60 and 61 bounding the "Plaza Grande" in the heart of the city. The more affluent neighborhoods are located to the north and the most densely populated areas are to the south.
Mérida features atropical savanna climate (Köppen:Aw).[21] The city lies in thetrade wind belt close to theTropic of Cancer, with the prevailing wind from the east. Mérida's climate is hot and its humidity is moderate to high, depending on the time of year. The average annual high temperature is 33.5 °C (92.3 °F), ranging from 30.6 °C (87.1 °F) in December to 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) in May, but temperatures often rise above 38 °C (100.4 °F) in the afternoon during this period. Low temperatures range between 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) in January to 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) in May. It is most often a few degrees hotter in Mérida than in coastal areas due to its inland location and low elevation. The rainy season runs from June through October, associated with the Mexican monsoon which draws warm, moist air landward.Easterly waves and tropical storms also affect the area during this season.
Merida's Municipal Palace, seat of the City Hall and Mayor's office
Mérida is the capital of the state of Yucatán. The offices of thegovernor of Yucatán, theCongress of Yucatán, and the Superior Court of Justice of Yucatán are all located within the city.
The municipal government is invested under the authority of a City Council (Ayuntamiento) which it is seated at the Municipal Palace of Merida, located in the historic center of the city. The City Council is presided by a municipal president or mayor, and an assembly conformed by a number of regents (regidores) and trustees (síndicos).Renán Barrera Concha became Mayor on September 1, 2018.
Paseo 60 and Hyatt Regency Mérida in the background
The Yucatán Peninsula, in particular the capital city Mérida, is in a prime coastal location which allows for economic growth. Mérida has been a popular location for investment.[25] This, in turn, has allowed the Yucatán economy to grow at three times the rate of the national average.[25]
Italian and French-style architecture seen in parts of the city such as thePaseo de MontejoMayan Revival Architecture in The Americas Park (Parque de las Américas) located near central Merida. The park is a social and cultural place for the residents.Mural alluding to the conquest of Yucatán, painted byFernando Castro Pacheco. History Hall of the Palace of Government of Yucatán.
As the state and regional capital, Mérida is a cultural center, featuring multiple museums, art galleries, restaurants, movie theatres, and shops. Mérida retains an abundance of colonial buildings and is a cultural center with music and dancing playing an important part in day-to-day life. At the same time it is a modern city with a range of shopping malls, auto dealerships, hotels, restaurants, and leisure facilities. The famous avenuePaseo de Montejo is lined with original sculpture. Each year, the MACAY Museum in Mérida mounts a new sculpture installation, featuring works from Mexico and one other chosen country. Each exhibit remains for 10 months of the year. In 2007, sculptures on Paseo de Montejo featured works by artists from Mexico and Japan.
Mérida and the state of Yucatán have traditionally been isolated from the rest of the country by geography, creating a unique culture. The conquistadors found the Maya culture to be incredibly resilient, and their attempts to eradicate Maya tradition, religion, and culture had only moderate success. The surviving remnants of the Maya culture can be seen every day, in speech, dress, and in both written and oral histories. It is especially apparent in holidays like Hanal Pixan, a Maya/CatholicDay of the Dead celebration. It falls on November 1 and 2 (one day for adults, and one for children) and is commemorated by elaborate altars dedicated to dead relatives. It is a compromise between the two religions with crucifixes mingled with skull decorations and food sacrifices/offerings.Múkbil pollo (pronounced/'mykβil pʰoʎoˀ/) is the Maya tamal pie offered to the dead on All Saints' Day, traditionally accompanied by a cup of hot chocolate. Many Yucatecans enjoy eating this on and around the Day of the Dead. And, while complicated to make, they can be purchased and even shipped via air. (Muk-bil literally means "to put in the ground" or to cook in apib, an underground oven).
For English speakers or would-be speakers, Mérida has the Mérida English Library,[28] a lending library with an extensive collection of English books, videos, tapes, and children's books. The library is also the site for expatriate meetings, children's storytelling hours, and other cultural events.
Mérida is also home to theYucatán Symphony Orchestra, which plays regular seasons at the José Peón Contreras Theatre on Calle 60 and features classical music, jazz, and opera.[29]
Yucatán food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people consider "Mexican" food. It includes influences from the local Maya cuisine, as well as Caribbean, Mexican, European and Middle Eastern foods. Tropical fruit, such as coconut, pineapple, plum, tamarind and mamey are often used in Yucatán cuisine.
Papadzules, a Maya meal consisting of pumpkin seed-soaked corn tortillas filled with egg, spices and other seasonings, is an ancient dish of the Yucatán.
There are many regional dishes. Some of them are:
Poc Chuc, a Maya/Yucateco version of boiled/grilled pork
Salbutes andPanuchos.Salbutes are soft, cooked tortillas with lettuce, tomato, turkey and avocado on top.Panuchos feature fried tortillas filled with black beans, and topped with turkey or chicken, lettuce, avocado and pickled onions.Habanero chiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or puréed form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas.
Queso Relleno is a gourmet dish featuring ground pork inside of a carvededam cheese ball served with tomato sauce
Pavo en Relleno Negro (also known locally asChimole) is turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of themole de guajalote found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even inpanuchos orsalbutes.
Sopa de Lima is a lime soup with a chicken broth base often accompanied by shredded chicken or turkey and crispy tortilla.
Papadzules, egg tacos bathed with pumpkin seed sauce and tomatoes.
Cochinita pibil is a marinated pork dish, by far the most renowned from Yucatán, that is made with achiote. Achiote is a reddish spice with a distinctive flavor and peppery smell. It is also known by the Spanish (Recados) seasoning paste.
Bul keken (Mayan for "beans and pork") is a traditional black bean and pork soup. The soup is served in the home on Mondays in most Yucatán towns. The soup is usually served with chopped onions, radishes, chiles, and tortillas. This dish is also commonly referred to asfrijol con puerco.
Brazo de reina (Spanish for "The Queen's Arm") is a traditional tamal dish. A long, flat tamal is topped with ground pumpkin seeds and rolled up like a roll cake. The long roll is then cut into slices. The slices are topped with a tomato sauce and a pumpkin seed garnish.
Tamales colados is a traditional dish made with pork/chicken, banana leaf, fresh corn masa and achiote paste, seasoned with roasted tomato sauce.
Achiote is a popular spice in the area. It is derived from the hardannatto seed found in the region. The whole seed is ground together with other spices and formed into a reddish seasoning paste, calledrecado rojo. The other ingredients in the paste include cinnamon, allspice berries, cloves,Mexican oregano, cumin seed, sea salt, mild black peppercorns, apple cider vinegar, and garlic.
Hot sauce in Mérida is usually made from the indigenous chiles in the area which include: Chile Xcatik, Chile Seco de Yucatán, and Chile Habanero.
The Spanish language spoken in the Yucatán is readily identifiable as different in comparison to the Spanish spoken all over the country, and even to non-native ears. It is heavily influenced by theYucatec Maya language, which is spoken by a third of the population of the State of Yucatán. The Mayan language is melodic, filled with ejective consonants (p', k', and t') and "sh" sounds (represented by the letter "x" in the Mayan language). Even though many people speak Mayan, there is much stigma associated with it. It can be seen that elders were associated with higher status with knowledge of the language, but the younger generation saw more negative attitudes with knowledge of the language[30] This was also in direct correlation with the socioeconomic status and their overall placement in society. There is also the idea that one is not speaking in the "correct" manner of legitimate Mayan dialect, which also causes for more differences in the accent and overall language of the area.[30]
Due to being enclosed by the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and being somewhat isolated from the rest of Mexico, Yucatecan Spanish has also preserved many words that are no longer used in many other Spanish-speaking areas of the world. However, over the years with the improvement of transportation and technology with the presence of radio, internet, and TV, many elements of the culture and language of the rest of Mexico are now slowly but consistently permeating the culture.
Apart from the Mayan language, which is the mother-tongue of many Yucatecans, students now choose to learn a foreign language such as English, which is taught in most schools.
House of Montejo60 Street, near the Main PlazaMérida Museum of Anthropology
Modern Mérida has expanded far beyond its original city walls, and many oldSpanish colonial buildings and several old city gates can still be seen in thecentro histórico, which is among the largest in the Americas. Many large and elaborate homes from the early 20th century still line the main avenue calledPaseo de Montejo. For example, "Las Casas Gemelas" (The Twin Houses) are two side-by-side French and Spanish style mansions completed in 1911 by Camilo and Ernesto Cámara Zavala. Owned by the Barbachano and Molina Méndez families, they are two of only a few houses that are still used as residences on Paseo Montejo from that era. During thePorfiriato, the Barbachano house held cultural events that hosted artists, poets, and writers. In the mid-1900s, the Barbachanos hosted aristocrats includingPrincess Grace andPrince Ranier, as well as first lady of the U.S.,Jacqueline Kennedy.[31]
Yucatán's Maya Museum (Great Museum of the Maya World)
Gran Museo del Mundo Maya, Yucatán's Maya Museum, offers a view of Yucatán's history and identity.
Museo de Antropología e Historia "Palacio Cantón", Yucatán's history and archaeology Museum.
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Ateneo de Yucatán (MACAY), in the heart of the city right next to the cathedral. Permanent and rotating pictorial expositions.
Museum of the City of Merida, relocated to the old Correos (post office) building in 2007, houses important artifacts dating back to the Spanish colonial era as well as thePre-Columbian era.
Museo de Historia Natural, a natural history museum.
Museo de Arte Popular, popular art museum, offers a view of popular artistry and handcrafts among ethnic Mexican groups and cultures.
Museo Conmemorativo de la Inmigración Coreana a Yucatán.
City service is mostly provided by four local transportation companies: Unión de Camioneros de Yucatán (UCY), Alianza de Camioneros de Yucatán (ACY), Rápidos de Mérida, and Minis 2000. Bus transportation is at the same level or better than that of bigger cities likeGuadalajara orMexico City. Climate-controlled buses and micro-buses (smaller in size) are not uncommon.
As of 2024 the privately owned city bus system is being replaced by a new municipal system called "Va y Ven".[33]
The main bus terminal (CAME) offers first-class (ADO) and luxury services (ADO PLATINO, ADO GL) to most southern Mexico cities outside Yucatán with a fleet consisting of Mercedes Benz and Volvo buses. Shorter intrastate routes are serviced by many smaller terminals around the city, mainly in downtown.
Several groups and unions offer taxi transportation: Frente Único de los Trabajadores del Volante (FUTV) (white taxis), Unión de Taxistas Independientes (UTI), and Radiotaxímetros de Yucatán, among others. Some of them offer metered service, but most work based on a flat rate depending on destination. Competition has made it of more common use than it was years ago.
Taxis can be either found at one of many predefined places around the city (Taxi de Sitio), waved down along the road, or called in by radio. Unlike the sophisticated RF counterparts in the US, a Civil Band radio is used and is equally effective. Usually a taxi will respond and arrive within 5 minutes.
Another type of taxi service is called "Colectivo". Colectivo taxis work like small buses on a predefined route and for a small fare. Usually accommodating 8 to 10 people.
Merida Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport: a view of the check-in room
Mérida (IATA: MID, ICAO: MMMD) is serviced byManuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport with daily non-stop services to major cities in Mexico including Mexico City, Monterrey, Villahermosa, Cancún, Guadalajara, Tuxtla Gutierrez, and Toluca. The airport has international flights to Miami, Houston, La Havana and Toronto. As of 2006[update] more than 1 million passengers were using this airport every year, (1.3 in 2007).[35] The airport is under ASUR administration.
Mérida-Kantunil-Cancún (Federal 180), a four-lane road that becomes a toll road at Kantunil, joins Mérida withChichén Itzá,Valladolid and ultimately Cancún.
Mérida-Tizimín (Federal 176) connects Mérida with Tizimín (the second largest city in Yucatán).
Mérida-Teabo-Peto, known as Mundo Maya RoadCarretera del Mundo Maya, is used in both "convent route"Ruta de los Conventos and as a link to the ancient Maya city ofMayapán andChetumal, state capital ofQuintana Roo.
In 2000, the Mérida municipality had 244 preschool institutions, 395 elementary, 136 Jr. high school (2 years middle school, 1 high), 97 High Schools and 16 Universities/Higher Education schools. Mérida has consistently held the status of having the best performing public schools in Mexico since 1996. The public school system is regulated by the Secretariat of Public Instruction.[38] Attendance is required for all students in the educational system from age 6 up to age 15.[38] Once students reach high school, they are given the option of continuing their education or not; if they chose to do so they are given two tracks in which they can graduate.[38]
Education in Merida has a variety of quality throughout the city. This mainly has to do with the different social strata and where they reside. Mayan indigenous people are at the bottom of these strata and this can be represented in the type of education the children receive. The upper class is usually located in the north, as it is less populated and has higher living costs.[39] Most private schools are in the northern part of the city. The only students who attend these schools are those of high class and of non-Maya descent.[40] A statistic of how this affects the indigenous communities is "In Yucatan only 8.9 % of the Mayans have achieved junior high and solely the 6.6% have studied beyond that point. The 83.4% of the Mayans 15 years old and older dropped out of school before finishing junior high."[41]
Many laws have been set in place to avoid discrimination between Spanish speakers and Mayan speakers as the "Law says that it is a duty of the Mexican State to guarantee – guarantee, not just try, not just attempt – that the indigenous population has access to the obligatory education, bilingual and intercultural in their methods and contents."[41] There is no bilingual or cultural accepting program after elementary school.[41] The system for indigenous education serves about one third of the Mayan speaking population of the area.[41] Many Maya[42] children are forced to learn Spanish and cease using their native tongue, which may be challenging for them to do. This in turn causes many of the students to feel that learning at school is not their strong suit and may drop out early in their education.[41]
There are several state institutions offering higher education including:
^Bracamonte y Sosa, Pedro (2006).La perpetua reducción. Documentos sobre la huída de los mayas yucatecos durante la colonia [The Perpetual Reduction. Documents on the flight of the Yucatec Mayas during the colony] (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. p. 222.ISBN958-456-594-X.
^abSima Lorenzo, Eyder Gabriel (August 9, 2013). "Actitudes de Yucatecos Bilingues de Maya y Español Hacia la Lengua Maya y sis Hablantes en Merida Yucatan".Estudios de Cultura Maya.
^Azcorra, Hugo (2013). "Nutritional Status of Maya Children, Their Mothers, and Their GrandmothersResiding in the City of Merida, Mexico: Revisiting the Leg-Length Hypothesis".American Journal of Human Biology.25 (5):659–65.doi:10.1002/ajhb.22427.PMID23907793.S2CID205302992.
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