Semi-professional basketball league
TheAmerican Basketball Association (ABA ) is an Americansemi-professional men'sbasketball minor league that was founded in 1999.
ABA teams are based in the United States, with one traveling team from Japan. The league previously had international teams based in Canada, China and Mexico. League management infamously maintains low requirements for franchise ownership, and hundreds of ABA teams have either folded or defected to rival leagues.
The league licenses its name and use of ABA trademarks from theNational Basketball Association , which absorbed theAmerican Basketball Association (1967–1976) during theABA–NBA merger . TheWomen's American Basketball Association has operated as a sister league to the ABA since 2017.
[ edit ] Darryl Dawkins , head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs during their2000–01 season .The league was originally co-founded byDick Tinkham and Joe Newman in 1999 asABA 2000 .[ 1] Indiana Pacers in the originalAmerican Basketball Association , and Newman had been an advertising executive for the Pacers.[ 2] National Basketball Association (NBA), owner of the ABA trademark after absorbing many of the original league's teams, sued Tinkham and Newman in December 1999.[ 3] [ 4]
The league began its inaugural2000–01 season with eight teams: the Chicago Skyliners,Detroit Dogs , Indiana Legends,Kansas City Knights ,Los Angeles Stars , Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs. Joe Newman founded the Indiana Legends to replace the Jacksonville Jackals, who were removed from the league after failing to secure a venue.[ 5] Mark Hamister purchased the rights to a Buffalo franchise for $75,000, but was also unable to secure a venue.[ 6] [ 7] International Basketball League fell through in December 2000, which would have allowed the inaugural season to begin with additional teams.[ 8]
To attract fans, the ABA encouraged its teams to fill rosters with former NBA players and pastcollege basketball stars that had local ties.[ 9] [ 10] Darryl Dawkins was recruited as the first head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs.[ 11]
The2001–02 ABA season saw only three teams return from the inaugural season, with the Chicago Skyliners,Los Angeles Stars , Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs replaced by the Kentucky Pro Cats, Las Vegas Slam, Phoenix Eclipse and Southern California Surf.
Joe Newman folded the Indiana Legends after he was sued by eight former players in August 2002 for failing to pay their salaries.[ 12] [ 13]
The 2002–03 season was not played, as the league suspended operations for reorganization.[ 14] Kansas City Knights , was named league president andCOO in November 2002.[ 15]
[ edit ] Sun Yue , two-time ABA All-Star who played for theBeijing Aoshen Olympians from2005 to2008 .The league resumed play with seven teams for the2003–04 season . The returningKansas City Knights were joined by theFresno Heatwave , Jersey Squires, Las Vegas Rattlers,Juárez Gallos de Pelea ,Long Beach Jam and Tijuana Dragons.Dennis Rodman brought national attention to the league when he signed with theLong Beach Jam , leading them to an ABA title in their first season.[ 16]
The2004–05 season saw franchise fees lowered from $50,000 to $10,000, and thebond requirement removed in order to attract new teams.[ 17] Arkansas RimRockers won the2004–05 ABA title in their first year of play, but then left with theLong Beach Jam to join the rivalNBA Development League .
The ABA welcomed theBeijing Aoshen Olympians beginning with the2005–06 season , a club which had been banned from theChinese Basketball League after refusing to allow star prospectSun Yue to play for theChinese national team . The Olympians played their home games inMaywood, California .[ 18] CCTV-5 inChina broadcast the team's games, where they were watched by an average of 15 million people.[ 19]
Following the2005–06 season in which many teams failed to complete their full schedules and became insolvent, theCharlotte Krunk ,Florida Pit Bulls ,Indiana Alley Cats ,Pittsburgh Xplosion ,San Jose Skyrockets andSoCal Legends left to join the rivalContinental Basketball Association .
[ edit ] My idea of success and Newman's differ. I'd rather have fewer teams, that are stable and last, as opposed to having tons that continue to fold. It's not the amount of teams that a league has, it's the amount that finish.[ 20]
In preparation for the league'sinitial public offering (ABKB ), former NBA playerJohn Salley was named league commissioner andMaryland Nighthawks owner Tom Doyle was named leagueCOO in September 2006.[ 21] 2006–07 season .[ 22] Sports Illustrated Alexander Wolff launched theVermont Frost Heaves , regularly penning articles in the publication about his team's inaugural campaign.
John Salley and Tom Doyle attempted aboardroom coup on behalf ofshareholders , with ABA's Board of Directors voting to remove Joe Newman as CEO on January 31, 2007.[ 23] [ 24]
The2006–07 season concluded with the defending championRochester Razorsharks withdrawing from the league after they asked to reschedule a playoff game against theWilmington Sea Dawgs , but were denied and told to forfeit.[ 25] Hammond Rollers ,Jacksonville Jam ,Maryland Nighthawks ,Quad City Riverhawks andWilmington Sea Dawgs joined the Razorsharks in forming thePremier Basketball League (PBL).
Following the2007–08 season , the reigning championVermont Frost Heaves left for thePremier Basketball League along with theHalifax Rainmen ,Manchester Millrats andQuebec Kebs .[ 26]
Quentin Townsend, owner of theAtlanta Vision , was named league President andCOO in April 2008.[ 27] NBA Development League franchise.[ 28]
[ edit ] Chris Beard coaching theSouth Carolina Warriors , who finished their2011–12 regular season undefeated.At the start of the2008–09 season , over 200 teams had folded since the league's inception.[ 29]
The2008–09 season saw theSoutheast Texas Mustangs franchise join the league after leaving the strugglingContinental Basketball Association . The ABA attemptedinterleague play with the four remaining CBA teams, but their league folded mid-season.[ 30]
NBA scouts stopped attending the league's games in January 2009, citing the amount of cancelled and forfeited contests.[ 31]
Several teams folded during the2009–10 season , including the entire Pacific Northwest Division. The San Francisco Rumble forfeited their playoff game against theSoutheast Texas Mavericks , as they could not afford to travel for the contest.[ 32]
Gilas Pilipinas , the Philippine national basketball team, competed in a series of exhibitions against ABA teams including the Clayton Showtime, Los Angeles Slam, Riverside Rainmakers,San Diego Surf and the West Coast All-Stars.[ 33]
Dick Packer was named league President andCOO in April 2010.[ 34]
After winning their second consecutive championship in2010–11 , theSoutheast Texas Mavericks publicly opined that the ABA did not have adequate competition, and they left with intentions of joining theNBA Development League .[ 35] 2011–12 and2012–13 seasons. Consecutive titles were won by theJacksonville Giants in their absence, with championship wins over the previously undefeatedSouth Carolina Warriors in2011–12 and North Dallas Vandals in2012–13 .[ 36] 2013–14 as theShreveport-Bossier Mavericks , going undefeated and winning the league title in aperfect season .[ 37]
[ edit ] Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena , which hosted the largest crowd in ABA history on January 16, 2016.At the conclusion of the2013–14 season , over 350 franchises had folded since the league's inception.[ 38]
Former Arizona Scorpions owner Ron Tilley replaced Joe Newman as league President and CEO following Newman's retirement in July 2014.[ 39]
The league signed a two-year streaming deal withESPN3 in August 2014 to broadcast regular season and playoff games beginning with the2014–15 season .[ 40]
After completing aperfect season for the second time in2014–15 and winning their fourth championship, theShreveport-Bossier Mavericks left the ABA to join thePremier Basketball League .[ 41]
Joe Newman returned to the role of league President and CEO beginning with the2015–16 season .
TheJacksonville Giants drew the league's all-time record crowd of 8,987 for their 100–93 victory over the previously unbeatenChicago Steam atJacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena on January 16, 2016.[ 42] Orlando Magic was considering adopting the Giants as theirNBA Development League affiliate, although later in the year they instead moved their existing affiliateErie BayHawks toLakeland, Florida .[ 43] [ 44]
[ edit ] TheIndiana Lyons hosting the Indiana Legends on February 24, 2024. A sister league, theWomen's American Basketball Association (WABA), was launched in 2017.[ 45] Jersey Express owner Marsha Blount was named the league's President and CEO.[ 46]
The 2017–18 season saw franchise fees lowered to $2,500.[ 47]
League co-founderDick Tinkham died ofmuscular dystrophy in October 2018.[ 48]
The 2019–20 season was ended prematurely and the playoffs cancelled due to theCOVID-19 pandemic .[ 49]
The undefeatedJacksonville Giants captured their seventh and final championship in 2020–21, concluding the team's firstperfect season and third in ABA history.[ 50]
Aplay-in tournament was implemented beginning with the 2021–22 season to determine which teams would advance to the divisional round of the playoffs.[ 51]
Following elimination from the 2021–22 playoffs by theSteel City Yellow Jackets , theJacksonville Giants ceased operations.[ 52]
TheBurning River Buckets andIndiana Lyons were declared co-champions of the 2022–23 season after storm damage rendered the venue for their championship game unplayable.[ 53]
ABAofficial . The league employs a number of unconventional rules that are unique to the league:[ 54]
Four-point field goal 3D rule : If a team commits abackcourt violation or turns the ball over in the backcourt, any field goal scored by the opposing team on the ensuing possession shall be awarded an additional point (2-point shots are credited as 3 points, 3-point shots are credited as 4 points, 4-pointhalf-court shots are credited as 5 points). If a player is fouled on their unsuccessful shot attempt while the 3D rule is in effect, they shall receivefree throws corresponding with the point value of a successful field goal.Basket interference rule : Once the ball hits the rim, any play for the ball by a defender will not be consideredgoaltending .7 second rule : Each team has seven seconds to bring the ball from backcourt to frontcourt before abackcourt violation is called. If either team is granted a timeout or the ball deflects out of bounds, the count does not reset.Seventh foul rule : A player who has committed sevenfouls during regulation will be removed from the game and replaced by a bench player. Players who fouled out during regulation will be allowed back into the game for overtime.3–10 & Out :Overtime begins with a single 3-minute period. If the score is still tied, a second untimed overtime period shall commence, and the first team to reach 10 points wins the game.13th man rule : The home team is allowed one additional player to dress for regular season games beyond their normal 12-man squad. This traditionally is a role filled by celebrities and dignitaries aspublicity stunts , and such players are not authorized to play an entire game.Vermont Frost Heaves , winners of the2006–07 and2007–08 league championship.123 teams completed at least one game during the 2024–25 season.[ 55]
The league's oldest surviving franchises are theJersey Express (est. 2005),Georgia Gwizzlies (est. 2007),Steel City Yellow Jackets (est. 2014), andIndiana Lyons (est. 2017).
Franchises that left the ABA but still compete elsewhere include theDetroit Panthers (Maximum Basketball League ),Motor City Cruise (NBA G League ),Newfoundland Rogues (Basketball Super League ), andRochester Kingz (The Basketball League ).
Championship results [ edit ] Year Champion Runner-up Result Host arena Host city Game MVP Ref 2000–01 Detroit Dogs Chicago Skyliners 107–91 Cox Pavilion Paradise, Nevada Gee Gervin / Ndongo N'Diaye [ 56] 2001–02 Kansas City Knights Southern California Surf 118–113 Kemper Arena Kansas City, Missouri Pete Mickeal [ 57] 2002–03 Not held due to league shutdown. 2003–04 Long Beach Jam Kansas City Knights 126–123 Walter Pyramid Long Beach, California [ 58] 2004–05 Arkansas RimRockers Bellevue Blackhawks 118–103 Alltel Arena North Little Rock, Arkansas Kareem Reid [ 59] 2005–06 Rochester Razorsharks SoCal Legends 117–114 Blue Cross Arena Rochester, New York Chris Carrawell [ 60] 2006–07 Vermont Frost Heaves Texas Tycoons 143–95 Barre Auditorium Barre, Vermont [ 61] 2007–08 Vermont Frost Heaves San Diego Wildcats 87–84 Pavillon de la Jeunesse Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Dwuan Rice [ 62] 2008–09 Kentucky Bisons Maywood Buzz 127–120 Nashville Municipal Auditorium Nashville, Tennessee Michael James [ 63] 2009–10 Southeast Texas Mavericks Kentucky Bisons 96–99, 104–83, 85–76 Parker Multipurpose Center Port Arthur, Texas Josh Pace [ 64] 2010–11 Southeast Texas Mavericks Gulf Coast Flash 114–97, 109–85 Nutty Jerry's Entertainment Complex PJ Couisnard [ 65] 2011–12 Jacksonville Giants South Carolina Warriors 106–101, 100–91 Eckerd College St. Petersburg, Florida Jermaine Bell [ 66] 2012–13 Jacksonville Giants North Dallas Vandals 85–84, 110–109 Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena Jacksonville, Florida Tony Hooper [ 67] 2013–14 Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks Jacksonville Giants 136–127, 105–103 Hirsch Memorial Coliseum Shreveport, Louisiana Ed Horton [ 68] 2014–15 Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks Miami Midnites 109–81, 116–91 Hirsch Memorial Coliseum Shreveport, Louisiana PJ Couisnard [ 69] 2015–16 Jacksonville Giants Windy City Groove 92–80, 93–90 Laredo Energy Arena Laredo, Texas Maurice Mickens [ 70] 2016–17 Jacksonville Giants Windy City Groove 120–102 Woodlawn High School Baltimore, Maryland Maurice Mickens [ 71] 2017–18 Jacksonville Giants Austin Bats 119–114 Lehman High School Kyle, Texas Bernard Nugent [ 72] 2018–19 Jacksonville Giants South Florida Gold 116–112 St. Louis College of Pharmacy Gymnasium St. Louis, Missouri Maurice Mickens [ 73] 2019–20 Not held due toCOVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 Jacksonville Giants Chicago Fury 111–108 James J. Eagan Center Florissant, Missouri Miguel Paul [ 74] 2021–22 Steel City Yellow Jackets Team Trouble 123–118 St. Frances Academy Baltimore, Maryland Stephen Vorum [ 75] 2022–23 Not held due to unplayable conditions.Burning River Buckets andIndiana Lyons declared co-champions. 2023–24 Chicago Fury Mississippi Silverbacks 126–123 (OT) Spring Hill College Mobile, Alabama Khapri Alston [ 76] 2024–25 Chicago Fury Silicon Valley Panthers 131–122 St. Louis Community College–Forest Park St. Louis, Missouri Jordan Booker [ 77]
All-Star Game results [ edit ] East (6 wins) West (4 wins) South (2 wins) Kansas City Knights (1 win) Team Dr. J (1 win)
Year Result Host arena Host city Game MVP Ref 2001 Not held. 2002 Kansas City Knights Kemper Arena Kansas City, Missouri Maurice Carter ,Kansas City Knights [ 78] 2003 Not held due to league shutdown. 2004 Not held. 2005 West 163, East 149Las Vegas Sports Center Las Vegas, Nevada Lou Kelly, Las Vegas Rattlers [ 79] 2006 East 129, West 127BankAtlantic Center Sunrise, Florida Armen Gilliam ,Pittsburgh Xplosion [ 80] 2007 West 138, East 123Halifax Metro Centre Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Billy Knight ,Atlanta Vision [ 81] 2008 East 161, West 140Barre Auditorium Barre, Vermont Anthony Anderson ,Manchester Millrats [ 82] 2009 West , EastNashville Municipal Auditorium Nashville, Tennessee Keith Simpson,Texas Fuel [ 83] 2010 ABA West All-Stars vs.Gilas Pilipinas Hangar Athletic Xchange Los Angeles, California [ 84] 2011 East 123, West 122Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena Jacksonville, Florida Kayode Ayeni ,Jersey Express [ 85] 2012 Red vs. White vs. Blue (round-robin tournament ) Eckerd College St. Petersburg, Florida [ 86] [ 87] 2013 East 198, West 141South Suburban College South Holland, Illinois Maurice Mickens, Memphis Bluff City Reign 2014 No reported result. Grandview Christian School Grandview, Missouri 2015 South 138, North 131Kroc Center South Bend, Indiana [ 88] 2016 TeamDr. J 140, TeamGervin 139St. Frances Academy Baltimore, Maryland Terry Hosley, DMV Warriors [ 89] 2017 South , NorthBig Ben's Home Court Richmond, Virginia Christopher Cromartie,South Florida Gold 2018 No reported result. Giving Heart Community Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Antonio Reddic,Steel City Yellow Jackets [ 90] 2019 No reported result. Giving Heart Community Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2020 Not held due toCOVID-19 pandemic . 2021 East 210, West 165James J. Eagan Center Florissant, Missouri [ 91] 2022 East vs. West [ 92] 2023 East 169, West 151Jefferson College Hillsboro, Missouri Dominique Jones,Garden State Warriors [ 93] 2024 West 129, East 122Spring Hill College Mobile, Alabama David Jones, St. Louis Spirits [ 94] 2025 Team Presley 210, Team Coley 183St. Louis Community College–Forest Park St. Louis, Missouri Rodney Gaston, Windy City Inferno
USA:
Asia:
Africa:
Americas:
Canada
Europe:
Oceania:
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International Central Black Division Chicago Fury Chicago Rebels Hoosier State Instigators Southland Saints Windy City Inferno Wisconsin Frost Blue Division
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