Amember of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in theirelectoral district. Members of parliament typically formparliamentary groups, sometimes calledcaucuses, with members of the samepolitical party. In many countries withbicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of thelower house sinceupper house members often have a different title. The termscongressman (or congresswoman) anddeputy are equivalent terms used in other jurisdictions.
At the Commonwealth level, a "member of parliament" is a member of theHouse of Representatives, the lower house of theCommonwealth (federal) parliament. Members may use the postnominal "MP" after their names. "MHR" ("Member of the House of Representatives") was not used, which was affirmed by cabinet in 1901 and reaffirmed in 1951 and 1965.[1] However, the prohibition of "MHR" does not appear to have been strictly enforced, as it was used most recently byTony Abbott when he was in the parliament (1994–2019).[2][3] A member of the upper house of the Commonwealth Parliament, theSenate, is known as a "Senator".[4]
TheParliament of the Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up of the monarch (represented by the governor-general), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at Nassau, the national capital.
The structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system.
InBangladesh, a member of parliament is an individual who serves in theunicameralJatiya Sangsad or House of the Nation. Members of the Jatiya Sangsad are elected at ageneral election, usually held once every five years unless Parliament is dissolved sooner by thepresident on the advice of theprime minister. Under theConstitution of Bangladesh, an individual is required to be a citizen of Bangladesh and must have attained the age of 25 years in order to qualify for election to Parliament.
The Parliament consists of 300 directly elected members from general seats elected by use offirst past the post who represent single-constituencies, while 50 seats are reserved exclusively for women and are allocated on aproportional basis. After an election, theElection Commission allocates reserved seats to parties based on the number of general seats they won. A party then presents a list of candidates, each requiring a presenter and a seconder. If the number of candidates presented and seats allocated is equal, then there is no election and the reserved seats are filled in accordance with the candidate lists prepared by parties. In the event there are more candidates than seat allocations, the 300 MPs elected from general seats vote through use of thesingle transferable vote system to determine the reserved seats. In reality, there has never been an election for reserved seats as parties have never nominated more candidates than they have been allocated.[5] In order to form aGovernment, apolitical party oralliance usually requires asimple majority in Parliament. Since Bangladesh's independence, the prime minister has concurrently held the position ofLeader of the House.
The Parliament of Barbados is the legislative branch of the government of Barbados. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Assembly. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council"—comprises 21 senators appointed by the president. The President appoints 12 Senators on the advice of the Prime Minister and two on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition.The remaining seven Senators are nominated by the President at their discretion (that is, the President is not bound by other political leaders' advice in these appointments) to represent various religious, social, economic, or other interests in Barbados.
In the absence of an opposition leader in parliament (i.e. in the case of alandslide victory where one party takes all 30 seats in the House of Assembly, as occurred in2018 and2022) the president will then appoint the remaining two senators in the opposition's stead allowing for 9 independents instead.
The House of Assembly (lower house) is made up of 30 members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.[6]
TheParliament of Canada consists of themonarch, theSenate and theHouse of Commons. Only members of the House of Commons are referred to as members of Parliament (French:député); members of the Senate are called Senators (French:sénateur).[7] There are currently 105 seats in the Senate and 338 in the House of Commons.[8] Members of Parliament are elected, while senators are appointed by thegovernor general on behalf of the sovereign at the direction of theprime minister. Retirement is mandatory for senators upon reaching the age of 75 years.
In Gibraltar, members of parliament serve in theunicameralGibraltar Parliament. There are 17 seats in the Parliament, to which candidates are elected byblock voting. Each candidate represents the whole of Gibraltar as their constituency.
A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two houses of theIndian Parliament:Lok Sabha (lower house) andRajya Sabha (upper house). Lok Sabha has 543 seats, all of whom are directly elected by the citizens ofIndia from each parliamentary constituency of states and union territories viafirst-past-the-post voting. Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, of which 238 members are indirectly elected. Of these 238 members, 229 belong to the state legislatures and 9 belongs to the union territories ofDelhi,Puducherry, andJammu and Kashmir, and are elected by using thesingle transferable vote method ofproportional representation. The remaining 12 members are nominated by thepresident for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Each state has a fixed number of representatives allocated in each chamber, in order of their respective populations. The state ofUttar Pradesh has the greatest number of representatives in both houses. The person which secures the support of more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms theGovernment. To form the government, parties may form a coalition.
The term of a member of the Rajya Sabha is six years, while Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of five years, unless the house is dissolved sooner.Rajya Sabha is a permanent house that is not subject to dissolution, and one third of the members retire every two years. Vacancies in both houses, whether because of death or resignation of a member, must be filled by using abypoll within six months of the vacancy; the newly elected member then only serves the remainder of the term of the seat to which they are elected. The number of seats in both houses is regulated by theConstitution andparliamentary statutes.
Since the formation of theIrish Free State in 1922 and subsequently in theRepublic of Ireland, the legislature of Ireland is known as theOireachtas, and consists of the president; the upper house,Seanad Éireann (or Senate); and lower house,Dáil Éireann (Assembly, or House of Representatives). They are functionally similar to other bicameral parliaments, with the lower house being significantly more influential and having more power over the creation of legislation. Elections to Dáil Éireann are held at least every five years using the single transferable vote; while elections to Seanad Éireann are restricted to members of both houses, elected members of local authorities, and alumni ofNational University of Ireland colleges. Eleven senators are nominated directly by theTaoiseach.
A Member of Dáil Éireann is known as aTeachta Dála (TD) or "Deputy to the Dáil", and addressed as "Teachta" (Deputy), while a Member of the Seanad is known and addressed as Seanadóir (Senator). These titles are used much more commonly in English than the official Irish.
The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council"—comprises 21 senators appointed by the governor-general: thirteen on the advice of the prime minister and eight on the advice of the leader of the opposition.
The House of Representatives, the lower house, is made up of 63 (previously 60) members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.
TheNational Assembly of Kenya has a total of 349 seats; 205 members are elected from theconstituencies, 47 women are elected from thecounties and 12 members are nominated representatives. Kenya also has 47 elected senators from 47 counties; who sit in the Senate parliament. The senators oversee the counties, which are run by governors- also democratically elected. There are also members of county assembly. They are elected from each ward, and seat in county assemblies to oversee and make laws for their respective counties.
The term "members of Parliament" only refers to members of theDewan Rakyat. InMalay, a member of Parliament is calledAhli Parlimen, or less formallywakil rakyat (people's representative).[9]
Members of Parliament are elected from population-based single-seat constituencies usingfirst-past-the-post voting. Theprime minister must be a member of Parliament.
Members of Parliament are styledYang Berhormat ("Honourable") with the initialsY.B. appendedprenominally. A prince who is a member of Parliament is styledYang Berhormat Mulia. The prime minister, deputy prime minister andTuns who are members of Parliament are styledYang Amat Berhormat ("Most Honourable"), abbreviated Y.A.B.
TheParliament of Malta consists of the president of Malta and the House of Representatives of 69 members (article 51 of the Constitution), referred to as "members of Parliament" (article 52(1) of the Constitution). When appointed from outside the House, the speaker is also considered a member of the Parliament. The Constitution lists the qualifications and disqualifications from serving as a member of Parliament.[10]
Privileges of members of Parliament and their Code of Ethics are laid out in the House of Representatives (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance.[11]
The New Zealand Parliament is made up of themonarch and theunicameralHouse of Representatives. Amember of Parliament is a member of the House of Representatives, which has a minimum of 120 members, elected at a general election for a three-year term. There are 72electorate MPs, of which seven are elected only byMāori who have chosen to be registered on a separate Māori electoral roll. The remaining members are elected byproportional representation from publishedparty lists.[12]
Since 1907, members of the House of Representatives have been referred to as 'Member of Parliament', abbreviated MP. From the 1860s until 1907 they were designated as 'Member of the House of Representatives', abbreviated 'MHR'. Between the first general election, in1853, and the 1860s, the designation was "Member of the General Assembly", abbreviated MGA.[13] Before 1951, New Zealand had an upper house, theLegislative Council, whose members were appointed.
A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two houses of the Pakistani Parliament: theNational Assembly of Pakistan andSenate of Pakistan. The National Assembly of Pakistan has a total of 342 members, of whom 272 are directly elected, and 70 seats are reserved for women and minorities. A member of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNA) has a tenure of five years. On the other hand, there are 104 members of the Senate of Pakistan, in which all fourprovinces are represented by 23 senators regardless of population, while theIslamabad Capital Territory is represented by four senators. A member of the Senate of Pakistan (a senator) has a tenure of six years.
The Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago is the legislative branch of the government of Trinidad and Tobago. The Parliament is bicameral. It consists of the elected House of Representatives, which has 41 members elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies, and the Senate which has 31 members appointed by the president: 16 government senators appointed on the advice of the prime minister, 6 opposition senators appointed on the advice of the leader of the opposition and 9 independent senators appointed by the president to represent other sectors of civil society.
theLondon Assembly, with 25 members elected under the additional member system every four years, calledMembers of the London Assembly (AM)
MPs are elected ingeneral elections and by-elections to representconstituencies, and may remain MPs until Parliament is dissolved. "If it has not been dissolved earlier, a Parliament dissolves at the beginning of the day that is the fifth anniversary of the day on which it first met."(Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022).
A candidate to become an MP must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, be at least 18 years of age (reduced from 21 in 2006), and not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to theElectoral Administration Act 2006.[15]
Technically, MPs have no right toresign their seats (though they may refuse to seek re-election). However alegal fiction allows voluntary resignation between elections; as MPs are forbidden from holding an "office of profit under the Crown", an MP wishing to resign will apply for theStewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds or theStewardship of the Manor of Northstead which are nominally such paid offices and thus result in the MP vacating their seat. (Accepting a salaried ministerial office does not amount to a paid office under the Crown for these purposes.)
TheHouse of Lords is a legislative chamber that is part of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although they are part of the parliament, its members are referred to aspeers, more formally asLords of Parliament, not MPs.Lords Temporal sit for life,Lords Spiritual while they occupy their ecclesiastical positions.Hereditary peers may no longer pass on a seat in the House of Lords to their heir automatically. The 92 who remain have been elected from among their own number, following theHouse of Lords Act 1999 and are the only elected members of the Lords.[16]
Members of theNational Assembly, the lower house ofParliament, are styled "members of Parliament", while members of theSenate, the upper house, are referred to as "senators".
Member of Parliament can be the term (often a translation) for representatives in parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system and who are usually referred to in a different fashion, such asdeputé in France,deputato in Italy,deputat in Bulgaria,parlamentario ordiputado in Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America,deputado in Portugal and Brazil, andMitglied desBundestages (MdB) in Germany. However, better translations are often possible.
Prior to the takeover of theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan in August 2021, a member of parliament (MP) was a member of the lower house of the bicameralNational Assembly of Afghanistan: a member of theWolesi Jirga (House of People) held one of the in total 250 seats in the lower house. The 102 members of the upper houseMeshrano Jirga (House of Elders) were called Senators.
Amember of Parliament is a member of either of the two chambers of theParliament of Austria (Österreichisches Parlament). The members of theNationalrat are calledAbgeordnete zum Nationalrat. The members of theBundesrat, elected by the provincial diets (Landtage) of the nine federalStates of Austria, are known asMitglieder des Bundesrats.
In Bulgaria there are 240 members of Parliament (Bulgarian:Народно събрание / Парламент; transliteration Narodno sabranie / Parlament), which are called 'Deputati' (singular Deputat). Moreover, there are 240 MPs in the normal parliament and 400 in the "Great Parliament". The Great Parliament is elected when a new constitution is needed. There have been seven Great Parliaments in modernBulgarian history, in 1879, 1881, 1886, 1893, 1911, 1946 and 1990. MPs in Bulgaria are called депутати (deputies).
Themember of parliament (Khmer:សមាជិកសភា) refers to the elected members of theNational Assembly. There are 125 members of parliament in total. They are also alternatively calledmember of the National Assembly. Parliamentary elections are traditionally held every five years with no term limits imposed. The 25provinces of Cambodia are represented by the members of Parliament in the National Assembly. A constituency may have more than one MP, depending on the population.
Amember of Parliament is a member of either of the two chambers of theParliament of the Czech Republic, although the termmember of Parliament of the Czech Republic is commonly referred to asdeputy of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech:Poslanec Parlamentu České republiky), who is a member of the lower house of the Parliament, theChamber of Deputies. For the upper house, theSenate, the termsenator is used.
In Denmark, amember of the Folketinget (Danish:medlem af Folketinget) is one of the 179 members of theFolketinget. The title is almost always shortened to theinitialism "MF".
In accordance with article 38 of theBasic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the German constitution, "[m]embers of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal, and secret elections. They shall be representatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions, and responsible only to their conscience." An important though not constitutionally required feature of German parliamentarianism is a slightly modified proportional representation.
The 16 federalstates of Germany (Länder) are represented by the Bundesrat at the formerPrussian House of Lords, whose members are representatives of the respectiveLänder's governments and not directly elected by the people.
Members of theHellenic Parliament are known asvouleftés (βουλευτής, "councillors") in Greek, which is rendered into English as "members of parliament". TheVouli is a unicameral legislature of 300 constituency members, each elected for a four-year term.
Although there are no official definition to what amember of parliament is, it commonly refers to the elected members of the lowerPeople's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat,abbr. DPR), known in Indonesian asAnggota DPR (member of the DPR). Members of the upperRegional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah,abbr. DPD) are referred to assenator,[18] although the termAnggota DPD (member of the DPD) is also widely used. These titles are not used in formal naming convention following a member's name unlike the Westminster system.
Currently, there are 575 and 136 members in the DPR and the DPD respectively, both elected for a renewable five-year term. Members of the DPR are required to be a member of a registered political party, whereas members of the DPD are independent.
Members of the lower house of theItalian Parliament, theChamber of Deputies, are known as "deputies" (deputati), while members of the upper house, theSenate of the Republic, are known as "senators" (senatori).[19] Deputies and senators may use the style "The Honourable" (Onorevole). There are currently 400 deputies and 200 senators, who are elected in general elections held every five years. Thepresident of the Italian Republic nominates fivesenators for life (senatori a vita).Emeritus presidents of the republic are also appointed senators for life. The two houses of parliament together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately.
InJapan, both houses of today's national parliament, theNational Diet (Kokkai), are directly elected, and although the two chambers differ in legislative and political authority, term length and age restriction of eligibility, the members of both houses are generally equal in personal status (financial compensation, immunity, etc.). There are currently 713 members of the National Diet (Kokkai giin, 国会議員): 465 members of theHouse of Representatives (Shūgiin giin, 衆議院議員) and 248 members of theHouse of Councillors (Sangiin giin, 参議院議員). The former are elected ingeneral/by-/repeat elections of members of the House of Representatives(Shūgiin giin sō-/hoketsu-/sai-senkyo), the latter inregular/by-/repeat elections of members of the House of Councillors(Sangiin giin tsūjō-/hoketsu-/sai-senkyo). Under the1947 constitution, theprime minister is elected by the National Diet and must be a member of the National Diet, as must the majority of other ministers; by practice, all prime ministers since 1947 have been members of the House of Representatives so far.
Under theconstitution of the Empire of Japan, theImperial Diet (Teikoku-gikai) was a bicameral legislature of two houses, generally equal in legislative authority, and while the members of both houses received the same financial compensation - from 1920 and 1947,¥7500 for the two presidents, ¥4500 for the two vice-presidents, ¥3000 for all other members of both houses, except Imperial princes, dukes and marquesses—their status was different by definition: The upper house consisted mainly of hereditary nobles and lifetime-appointed peers, the lower house of elected commoners. In the First Imperial Diet in 1890, there were initially 551 members of the Imperial Diet (Teikoku-gikai giin, 帝国議会議員, or incontemporaneous script 帝國議會議員): 251members of the House of Peers (Kizokuin giin, 貴族院議員) and 300 members of the House of Representatives(Shūgiin giin); of the House of Peers members, 10 were members of the Imperial family, 31 were hereditary members from the two uppernobility ranks, 104 were members elected in mutual elections from the three lower nobility ranks, 61 were lifetime-appointed members (many of these from the bureaucracy) and 45 were members elected by the 15 top taxpayers in each of the 45 prefectures. The number of noble and appointed members of the House of Peers was not fixed and varied gradually over time as members died or new peerages were granted; the number of elected top taxpayer seats, Imperial Academy seats (introduced in 1925), members appointed from the colonies Chōsen/Korea and Taiwan/Formosa (introduced in 1945), and the size of the House of Representatives was fixed by law, but was also changed several times over the decades. The last, 92nd Imperial Diet of 1946–1947 had 839 members - 466 members of the House of Representatives and 373 members of the House of Peers.[20] As the regulations establishing thecabinet(naikaku) and the cabinet's prime minister(naikaku sōri-daijin) were decreed before the Imperial constitution, the prime minister did not have to be a member of the Imperial Diet, but after the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, many prime ministers were appointed from the House of Peers; very few were members of the House of Representatives,viz.Takashi Hara,Osachi Hamaguchi, andTsuyoshi Inukai.
According to the jurisdiction of theRepublic of Kazakhstan, the termdeputy (Kazakh:депутат,romanized: deputat) is the main and widely used word to describe amember of parliament (Kazakh:парламент депутаты,romanized: parlament deputaty) as a whole, encompassing both the lower houseMäjilis and the upper houseSenate. Whilesenator is also used to interchangeably describe a member of the Senate, the word "deputy" is the inclusive and general term for all 120 members of theParliament.[21]
TheParliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. It is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations. Its major functions are to elect thepresident of the republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the president, the prime minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure. The name of a deputy in Arabic isNaeb (نائب). The plural ofNaeb isNuwab (نواب).
The Parliament of the Netherlands is known as theStaten-Generaal, theStates General. It is bicameral, divided into twokamers (English: chambers). TheSenate is known in Dutch as theEerste Kamer (First Chamber) and its members assenatoren, senators. TheHouse of Representatives, known in Dutch as theTweede Kamer (Second Chamber), is the most important one. The important debates take place here. Also, the Second Chamber can amend proposed laws and can propose laws itself. The Senate does not have these capabilities. Its function is a more technical reviewing of laws. It can only pass a law or reject it. Both chambers are inThe Hague, which is the seat of parliament but not the official capital of the Netherlands, which isAmsterdam.
The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by general elections every four years (or earlier if the government falls). The 75 members of the Senate are elected indirectly. The members of the twelve provincial parliaments and the councils of the three Caribbeanspecial municipalities elect the senators. The value of a vote of a member of a provincial parliament is weighted by the population of the province. Provincial parliaments, theStates Provincial, are elected by general elections every four years; a new Senate is elected three months after the provincial elections.
A member of parliament is an elected member of theStortinget. They are calledstortingsrepresentanter (lit.'representatives of the Storting'). Since 2009, Norway has had a unicameral parliament, which previously consisted of theOdelstinget andLagtinget; the Odelstinget comprised three-quarters, or 127, of the total 169 members, whereas the Lagtinget comprised the remainder. The dividing of the parliament into chambers was only used when dealing with passing regular laws and in cases of impeachment (riksrett). In other matters, such as passing the national budget or changing the constitution (the latter requiring a majority of two-thirds), the chambers were united.
The members of the unicameral parliament of Norway are chosen by popular vote for a parliamentary period of four years.
From 1978 to 1984, the Philippine parliament was called theBatasang Pambansa (National Assembly), and its elected members were calledMambabatas Pambansa (National Assemblyman), often shortened to "MP".
The Portuguese parliament is called theAssembleia da República. A member of parliament is known as adeputado, that is, a person who is appointed through democratic election to act on the people's behalf.
The wordparlamento—of the same origin as Parliament in English—is used as a common name for all legislative assemblies, and henceparlamentario for the member of any of them, which can usually refer to members of:
Members of the Congress of Deputies are calleddiputados (deputies), implying that they are elected to act in the name and on behalf of the people they represent. It is also usual to call members of the European Parliamenteurodiputados. Members of the Senate are calledsenadores (senators).
The National Assembly is made up of 400 members, who are all elected by the public in general elections using aproportional representation system withclosed lists. The National Council of Provinces is composed of 90 delegates with 10 delegates for each of the nine provinces regardless of the population of the province. A provincial delegation consists of six permanent delegates and four special delegates. NCOP delegates are elected by the nine provincial legislatures on the day when they reconvene, usually the same day as the National Assembly. The delegates are sworn in the next day.[24]
The members ofprovincial legislatures are calledmembers of the Legislative Assembly orMLA. In some provinces, such individuals are called asMembers of the Provincial Parliament (MPP).
Members of parliament refers to the electedmembers of theRiksdag. In Swedish, an MP is usually referred to as ariksdagsledamot (member of the Riksdag) or ariksdagsman (gentleman of the Riksdag). The former is in more common use today, especially in official contexts, due to its status as aunisex word, while the latter was used more often historically and literally refers to a male MP exclusively.
The parliament is a unicameral assembly with 349 members who are chosen every four years ingeneral elections. To become an MP, a person must be entitled to vote (i.e. be a Swedishcitizen, be at least 18 years old and be or have been resident in Sweden) and must be nominated by apolitical party.[25] The MPs are elected by proportionality in constituencies across the nation. To decide which candidate will be elected themodified Sainte-Laguë method is used. This method usually but not always gives an accurate result in proportion to cast votes.
The salaries of the MPs are decided by theRiksdag Pay Committee (Riksdagens arvodesnämnd), agovernment agency under the Riksdag. Since 1 November 2007, the basic monthly pay of an MP isSEK52,900 (ca. US$6,500). The pay of thespeaker is SEK126,000 a month (ca. US$15,000), which is the same as that of theprime minister.[26] The deputy speakers receive an increment of 30% of the pay of a member. The chairs and deputy chairs of the parliamentary committees receive a similar increment of 20% and 15% respectively.[27]
According to a survey investigation by the sociologist Jenny Hansson,[28] Swedish national parliamentarians have an average workweek of 66 hours, including side responsibilities. Hansson's investigation further reports that the average Swedish national parliamentarian sleeps 6.5 hours per night.
In the Republic of Turkey, a member of parliament is an elected member of theGrand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish:Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, TBMM), which has 600 members elected at a general election for a term of office of five years.
A people's deputy ofUkraine (Ukrainian: народний депутат України, narodnyi deputat Ukrayiny) is a member of parliament orlegislator elected by apopular vote to theVerkhovna Rada (the unicameral parliament of Ukraine). Often people's deputies of Ukraine are referred to simply as deputies.
The main statutes that define the order of elections, rights and duties of the people's deputies of Ukraine are outlined in Articles 76–81 of theConstitution of Ukraine. There are 450 people's deputies of Ukraine who are elected based on the general, equal and direct electoral right for five years. The deputies may be appointed to various parliamentary positions such as thechairperson (speaker) of parliament, a head of a committee or a parliamentary faction, etc. Upon its appointment, to the office, each people's deputy of Ukraine receives adeputy mandate.
People's deputies that run for parliament as self-nominated candidates can join factions if they wish.[29]
