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Maximinus Daza

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Roman emperor from 310 to 313

Maximinus II Daza

Coin of Maximinus, with the legend:
Maximinus p(ius) f(elix) aug(ustus)

Roman emperor

(inthe East)

Augustus

310 – July 313

Predecessor

Galerius

Successor

Licinius

Co-rulers

Constantine I (West)
Maxentius (West)

Caesar

1 May 305 – 310

Born

Daza
20 Novemberc. 270 [1]^[2]
nearFelix Romuliana,Roman Dacia,Roman Empire
(nowGamzigrad, Serbia)

Died

c. July 313 [3] (agedc. 42)
Tarsus,Cilicia Prima, Roman Empire
(nowTurkey)

Issue

2 + others

Names
Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daza

Father

Galerius (adoptive)

Mother

Sister ofGalerius

Religion

Ancient Roman religion

Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daza, born asDaza^[i] (Ancient Greek:Μαξιμίνος; 20 Novemberc. 270 –c. July 313), was Roman emperor from 310 to 313. He became embroiled in thecivil wars of the Tetrarchy between rival claimants for control of the empire, in which he was defeated byLicinius. A committed pagan, he engaged in one of the lastpersecutions of Christians, before issuing an edict of tolerance granting Christians their freedoms back near his death. Maximinus Daza is the last to be referred asPharaoh of Egypt.

Name

[edit]

The emperor Maximinus was originally called "Daza", an ancient name with various unknown high distinction meanings inIllyria, where he was born.^[4]^[7] The form "Daia" given by the Christian writerLactantius, an important source on the emperor's life, is considered a misspelling.^[8]^[4] He acquired the name "Maximinus" at the request of his maternal uncle,Galerius (a Roman emperor ofDacian andThracian origin),^[9]^[ii] and his full name as emperor was "Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daza".^[11] Modern scholarship often refers to him as "Maximinus Daza", though this particular form is not attested by epigraphic or literary evidence.^[8]^[12]

Early career

[edit]

He was born in the Roman Illyria region to the sister of emperorGalerius near their family lands aroundFelix Romuliana, inRoman Dacia, a rural area then also in the former Danubian region ofMoesia, now modernEastern Serbia.^[13] He showed signs of having a strong Military Aptitude at a young age. He later rose to high distinction after joining the Roman Army.^[14]

In 305, his maternal uncleGalerius became the easternAugustus and adopted Maximinus as a son and heir, raising him to the rank ofCaesar (that is, the junior eastern ruler), and granting him the government ofSyria andEgypt.^[14]

Civil war

[edit]

In 308, after the elevation ofLicinius toAugustus, Maximinus andConstantine I were declaredfilii Augustorum ("sons of the Augusti"), but Maximinus probably started styling himself asAugustus with support of his troops during a campaign against theSassanids in 310. On the death of Galerius in 311, Maximinus divided the Eastern Empire between Licinius and himself. When Licinius andConstantine I began to make common cause, Maximinus entered into a secret alliance with the usurperMaxentius, who controlled Italy. He came to an open rupture with Licinius in 313; he summoned an army of 70,000 men but sustained a crushing defeat at theBattle of Tzirallum in the neighbourhood ofHeraclea Perinthus on 30 April. He fled, first toNicomedia and afterwards toTarsus, where he died the following August.^[14]

Persecution of Christians

[edit]

Re-cut colossal tetrarchic portrait fromAsia Minor, potentially depicting Maximinus.^[15]

Maximinus has a controversial name inChristian annals for renewing their persecution after the publication of theEdict of Toleration by Galerius,^[14] acting in response to the demands of various urban authorities asking to expel Christians. In onerescript replying to a petition made by the inhabitants ofTyre, transcribed byEusebius of Caesarea,^[16] Maximinus expounds a pagan orthodoxy, explaining that it is through "the kindly care of the gods" that one could hope for good crops, health, and the peaceful sea, and that not being the case, one should blame "the destructive error of the empty vanity of those impious men [that] weighed down the whole world with shame". In one extant inscription (CIL III.12132, fromArycanda) from the cities ofLycia andPamphylia asking for the interdiction of the Christians, Maximinus replied, in another inscription, by expressing his hope that "may those [...] who, after being freed from [...] those by-ways [...] rejoice [as] snatched from a grave illness".^[17]

After the victory of Constantine over Maxentius, however, Maximinus wrote to the Praetorian Prefect Sabinus that it was better to "recall our provincials to the worship of the gods rather by exhortations and flatteries".^[18] Eventually, on the eve of his clash with Licinius, he accepted Galerius' edict; after being defeated by Licinius, shortly before his death at Tarsus, he issued an edict of tolerance on his own, granting Christians the rights of assembling, of building churches, and the restoration of their confiscated properties.^[19]

Plaster cast in thePushkin Museum of aporphyry bust of a tetrarch fromAthribis, now in theCairo Museum. The bust is labelled as Maximinus, but this cannot be confirmed.^[20] It probably depictsGalerius instead.^[21]

Pharaoh of Egypt

[edit]

Cartouche of Maximinus Daza,*Kaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inos*

As Christianity continued to spread in Egypt, the title ofPharaoh was increasingly incompatible with the new religious movements. Maximinus's status as a non-Christian accorded the priests of Egypt an opportunity to style him as Pharaoh, in the same manner that other foreign rulers of Egypt had been styled before. That said, the Roman emperors themselves mostly ignored the status accorded to them by the Egyptians; and their role as god-kings was only ever acknowledged domestically by the Egyptians themselves.^[22] Maximinus would prove to be the last person afforded the traditional titulature of Pharaoh – no Christian Roman/Byzantine emperor, nor Islamic or modern leader, has revived the title since.^[22] As the last monarch to employ traditional pharaonic titulature, Maximinus' death can be seen as marking the end of a 3,400-year-old office.

Death

[edit]

Maximinus' death was variously ascribed "to despair, to poison, and to the divine justice".^[23]

Based on descriptions of his death given by Eusebius,^[24] and Lactantius^[25] as well as the appearance ofGraves' ophthalmopathy in a Tetrarchic statue bust from Anthribis in Egypt sometimes attributed to Maximinus, endocrinologist Peter D. Papapetrou has advanced a theory that Maximinus may have died from severethyrotoxicosis due toGraves' disease.^[26]

Maximinus was married at the time of his death, and he left behind an 8 year old son named Maximus and an unnamed 7 year old daughter.^[27]^[28]

Eusebius on Maximinus

[edit]

The Christian writerEusebius claims that Maximinus was consumed by avarice and superstition. He also allegedly lived a highly dissolute lifestyle:

And he went to such an excess of folly and drunkenness that his mind was deranged and crazed in his carousals; and he gave commands when intoxicated of which he repented afterward when sober. He suffered no one to surpass him in debauchery and profligacy, but made himself an instructor in wickedness to those about him, both rulers and subjects. He urged on the army to live wantonly in every kind of revelry and intemperance, and encouraged the governors and generals to abuse their subjects with rapacity and covetousness, almost as if they were rulers with him.
Why need we relate the licentious, shameless deeds of the man, or enumerate the multitude with whom he committed adultery? For he could not pass through a city without continually corrupting women and ravishing virgins.^[29]

According to Eusebius, only Christians resisted him.

For the men endured fire and sword and crucifixion and wild beasts and the depths of the sea, and cutting off of limbs, and burnings, and pricking and digging out of eyes, and mutilations of the entire body, and besides these, hunger and mines and bonds. In all they showed patience in behalf of religion rather than transfer to idols the reverence due toGod.And the women were not less manly than the men in behalf of the teaching of the Divine Word, as they endured conflicts with the men, and bore away equal prizes of virtue. And when they were dragged away for corrupt purposes, they surrendered their lives to death rather than their bodies to impurity.

He refers to one high-born Christian woman who rejected his advances. He exiled her and seized all of her wealth and assets.^[30] Eusebius does not give the girl a name, butTyrannius Rufinus calls her "Dorothea," and writes that she fled toArabia. This story may have evolved into the legend ofDorothea of Alexandria.Caesar Baronius identified the girl in Eusebius' account withCatherine of Alexandria, but theBollandists rejected this theory.^[30]

Family tree

[edit]

Simplified family tree ofTetrarchs

DIOCLETIAN
Iovius
Eastern Emperor
286–305

Prisca

Afranius Hannibalianus
(disputed)^{[M 1]}
consul 292

Eutropia

Maximian
Herculius
Western Emperor
286–305

Unknown
sister

Galerius
Eastern Emperor
305-311

Galeria Valeria

Helena

Constantius I
Western Emperor
305–306
Constantinian Dynasty

Flavia Maximiana Theodora

Severus II
Western Emperor
306–307

Maximinus II
Eastern Emperor
310–313

Valeria Maximilla

Maxentius
Western Emperor
306–312

Fausta

Constantine I
Roman Emperor
306–337

Julius Constantius
consul 335

Flavia Julia Constantia

Licinius I
Western then Eastern Emperor
308–324

Martinian
Eastern Emperor
324

Valens I
Eastern Emperor
316–317

Valerius Romulus

Constantine II
Western Emperor
337–340

Constantius II
Emperor
337–361

Constans I
Middle then Western Emperor
337–350

Julian II
Emperor
361–363

Licinius II
caesar

Notes:

^Timothy Barnes (New Empire, 33–34) questions the parentage of Theodora shown here. He proposes that Maximian is her natural father (and that her mother is possibly a daughter of Afranius Hannibalianus). Substituting Afranicus Hannibalianus and switching the positions of Maximian and Eutropia would produce a diagram that matches the alternative lineage.

Bibliography:

Barnes, Timothy D.The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.ISBN 0-7837-2221-4

Notes

[edit]

^Or, less correctly,Daia.^[4] Also calledMaximinus II,^[5] and sometimes anglicized asMaximin.^[6]
^Galerius' originalcognomen was "Maximinus".^[10]

References

[edit]

^Eusebius,On the Martyrs (Syrian), 6. "On the twelfth day before the Kalends of December... he celebrated the festival of his birthday."
^Barnes 1982, p. 39.
^Barnes 1982, p. 7.
^^a ^b ^cBarnes 2011, p. 206 (note 10).
^Sear 2011, p. 317.
^Berchman 2005, p. 22.
^Mackay 1999, p. 209.
^^a ^bMackay 1999, pp. 208–209.
^Mackay 1999, p. 206.
^Lactantius,On the Deaths of the Persecutors, Chapter 18
^Mackay 1999, p. 208.
^Leadbetter 2010, p. 8.
^"Maximinus Daza".Roman Colosseum. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009.
^^a ^b ^c ^dChisholm 1911.
^Lenaghan, J."Re-cut colossal portrait head of Tetrach. Probably from Asia Minor. Late third to early fourth century". Discussion.Last Statues. Oxford University. LSA-382.
^Ecclesiastical History, IX, 8-9; Eng. trans. available at[1]. Accessed 2 August 2012
^Cook, John Granger (2000).The Interpretation of the New Testament in Greco-Roman Paganism. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 304 (footnote 175).ISBN 3-16-147195-4.
^Ecclesiastical History, IX, 1-10
^Ecclesiastical History, X, 7-11
^Bergmann, Marianne (2012)."Life-size porphyry bust of Tetrarch. From Athribis (Augustamnica). 284-305".Last Statues of Antiquity. LSA-836.
^Weitzmann, Kurt (1977).Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar.Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 12–13.ISBN 9780870991790.
^^a ^b O'Neill, Sean J. (2011), "The Emperor as Pharaoh: Provincial Dynamics and Visual Representations of Imperial Authority in Roman Egypt, 30 B.C. - A.D. 69", Dissertions of the University of Cincinnati
^Gibbon, Edward,Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 14
^Ecclesiastical History, IX, 14-15,
^Lactantius,On the Deaths of the Persecutors, Chapter 49
^Papapetrou, Peter D. (2013)."Maximinus Daia, a Roman emperor who may have had Graves' disease and died of a thyrotoxic crisis".Hormones.12 (1):142–145.doi:10.1007/BF03401296.PMID 23624140.
^Barnes 1981, p. 64.
^DiMaio 1996.
^Ecclesiastical History, VIII, 14.
^^a ^b"Santa Dorotea di Alessandria su santiebeati.it".Santiebeati.it. Retrieved5 August 2020.

Sources

[edit]

Barnes, Timothy D. (1981).Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
Barnes, Timothy D. (1982).The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.ISBN 0-674-28066-0.
Barnes, Timothy D. (2011).Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-1-4051-1727-2.
Berchman, Robert M. (2005).Porphyry Against the Christians. BRILL.ISBN 9004148116.
DiMaio, Michael (1996)."Maximinus Daia (305–313 A.D.)".De Imperatoribus Romanis.
Leadbetter, Bill (2010).Galerius and the Will of Diocletian. London: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-40488-4.
Mackay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian".Classical Philology.94 (2):198–209.doi:10.1086/449431.JSTOR 270559.S2CID 161141658.
Sear, David (2011).Roman Coins and Their Values. Vol. 4. Spink & Son, Ltd.ISBN 978-1907427077.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Maximinus, Galerius Valerius".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 925.

Christensen, Torben (2012) [1974]. Müller, Mogens (ed.).C. Galerius Valerius Maximinus: Studies in the Politics and Religion of the Roman Empire AD 305–313(PDF). Copenhagen University.ISBN 978-87-91838-48-4.OCLC 872060636.
Davis, Raymond (2015). "Maximinus, Gaius Galerius Valerius".Oxford Classical Dictionary.doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4022.ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Seeck, Otto (1901)."Daia". In Wissowa, Georg (ed.).Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. IV.2. Stuttgart: Metzlerscher Verlag. columns 1986–1990.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Galerius Constantine I	Roman emperor 310–313 withGalerius,Constantine I andLicinius	Succeeded by Constantine I andLicinius
Political offices
Preceded by Constantius I Galerius	Roman consul 307 withMaximian, Constantine I, Severus II, Galerius	Succeeded by Diocletian Galerius Maxentius Valerius Romulus
Preceded by Tatius Andronicus Pompeius Probus Maxentius	Roman consul II 311 withGalerius, G. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus, Aradius Rufinus	Succeeded by Constantine I Licinius Maxentius
Preceded by Constantine I Licinius Maxentius	Roman consul III 313 withConstantine I, Licinius	Succeeded by G. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Petronius Annianus

Roman andByzantine emperors and empresses regnant

Principate
27 BC – AD 235

Crisis
235–284

Maximinus I
Gordian I
Gordian II
Pupienus
Balbinus
Gordian III
Philip I (w.Philip II)
Decius (w.Herennius Etruscus)
Trebonianus Gallus (w.Hostilian &Volusianus)
Aemilianus
Silbannacus (?)
Valerian
Gallienus (w.Saloninus)
Claudius II
Quintillus
Aurelian
Tacitus
Florianus
Probus
Carus
Carinus
Numerian

Later Roman Empire
284–641

Western Empire 395–476	Honorius Constantine III (w.Constans II) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus
Eastern Empire 395–641	Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w.Marcus) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w.Theodosius) Phocas Heraclius

Eastern/
Byzantine Empire
641–1453

See also

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
XXIII	Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III