Once part ofMaui Nui, Maui is dominated by two volcanic features:Haleakalā in the southeast, and theWest Maui Mountains in the northwest. The two are connected by anisthmus about six miles wide that gives the island its nickname, the Valley Isle.[7]
Maui has a significant tourism industry, with nearly three million visitors in 2022.[8] A 2023 report based on 2017 data concluded that nearly 40% of Maui County's economy was tourism-related.[9] Popular tourist destinations include the resorts in the Kāʻanapali, Kapalua, and Kihei/Wailea/Makena areas;Hāna and theHana Highway;Iao Valley;Haleakalā National Park; and its many beaches.
Native Hawaiiantradition gives the origin of the island's name in the legend ofHawaiʻiloa, the navigator credited with discovering theHawaiian Islands. According to that tradition, Hawaiʻiloa named the island after his son, who in turn was named for thedemigodMāui. Maui's previous name was ʻIhikapalaumaewa.[10] Maui Island is also called the "Valley Isle" for the largeisthmus connecting its northwestern and southeastern volcanic masses.
Like all other Hawaiian Islands, Maui was formed from the volcanism associated with theHawaii hotspot.[11]
The islands'volcanic cones are formed frombasalt, a dark,iron-rich/silica-poor rock, which poured out of thousands of vents as fluidlava over millions of years. Some of its volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped, merging into a single island. Maui is one such "volcanic doublet," formed from twoshield volcanoes that overlapped to form Maui.[12][better source needed]
The older, western volcano has eroded considerably, forming the peaks of theWest Maui Mountains (in Hawaiian, Mauna Kahalawai).Puʻu Kukui is the highest, at 5,788 ft (1,764 m). The larger, younger volcano to the east,Haleakalā, rises to 10,023 ft (3,055 m) above sea level, and measures 5 mi (8 km) from seafloor to summit.[citation needed] The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline. The isthmus was formed by sandy erosional deposits.
Volcanic rocks protrude on a Maui beach
Maui's last eruption (originating in Haleakalā's Southwest Rift Zone) likely occurred between 1480 and 1600;[13] the resulting lava flows are located at Cape Kīnaʻu between ʻĀhihi Bay andLa Perouse Bay. Haleakalā is dormant, but not extinct.[14]
Maui is part of a much larger unit,Maui Nui, that includes the islands ofLānaʻi,Kahoʻolawe,Molokaʻi, and the now submergedPenguin Bank. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 200,000 years ago,[15] the channels between them become exposed and join the island into a single landmass.
The climate is characterized by a two-season year, tropical and uniform temperatures at any given elevation, geographic differences in rainfall, high relative humidity, extensive cloud formations (except on the leeward coasts and at the highest elevations), and dominanttrade wind flow (especially at lower elevations).
Maui has a range of climatic conditions and weather patterns:
Half of the land is within 5 mi (8 km) of the coast, creating a strong marine influence.
Macro weather patterns are typically determined by elevation and orientation towards thetrade winds (the prevailing air flow from the northeast).
Maui's rugged, irregular topography drives variations in conditions. Air swept inland on the trade winds is redirected by the mountains, valleys, and vast open slopes. This three-dimensional flow of air produces variations in wind speed, cloud formation, and rainfall.
Maui displays diverse climatic conditions, each of which is specific to a sub-region. These sub-regions are defined by major physiographic features (such as mountains and valleys) and by location on the windward or leeward side.
Maui's daytime temperatures average between 75 °F (24 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C) year round, while evening temperatures are about 15 °F (8.3 °C) cooler in the more humid windward areas, about 18 °F (10 °C) cooler in the drier leeward areas, and cooler still in higher elevations.
An exception to the normal pattern is the occasional winterKona storm that brings rainfall to the South and West areas accompanied by high southwesterly winds (opposite of the prevailing trade wind direction).
Windward lowlands – Below 2,000 ft (610 m) on north-to-northeast sides. Roughly perpendicular to the trade winds. Moderately rainy; frequent trade wind-induced showers. Skies are often cloudy to partly cloudy. Air temperatures are relatively more uniform (and mild).
Leeward lowlands – Daytime temperatures are higher and nighttime temperatures are lower than in windward locations. Dry weather is prevalent, except for sporadic showers that drift over the mountains to windward and during short-duration storms.
Interior lowlands – Intermediate conditions, often sharing characteristics of other lowland sub-regions. Occasional intense afternoon showers from clouds that form due to local daytime heating.
Leeward side high-altitude mountain slopes with high rainfall – Extensive cloud cover and rainfall all year long. Mild temperatures are prevalent, but humidity is higher than in any other sub-region.
Leeward side lower mountain slopes – Rainfall is higher than on leeward lowlands but much less than at similar altitudes on the windward side; however, maximum rainfall usually occurs leeward of the crests of lower mountains. Temperatures are higher than on the rainy slopes of the windward sides of mountains; cloud cover is almost as extensive.
High mountains – Above about 5,000 ft (1,500 m) on Haleakalā, rainfall decreases rapidly with elevation. Relative humidity may be ten percent or less. The state's lowest temperatures are experienced in this region: air temperatures below freezing are common.
These microclimates help to define the major regions: Central Maui; leeward South Maui and West Maui; windward North Shore and East Maui; and Upcountry.[16]
Central Maui consists primarily of Kahului and Wailuku, and occupies the flat isthmus between the West Maui Mountains and Haleakalā. Kahului is the center of the island and tends to keep steady, high temperatures throughout the year. The Kahului microclimate can be muggy, but usually feels relatively dry and is often breezy. The Wailuku area is closer to the West Maui Mountain range. There, rainfall is greater throughout the year and humidity is higher.
South Maui (Kihei, Wailea, and Makena) andWest Maui (Lahaina, Kaanapali, and Kapalua) are both on the leeward side. These areas are typically drier, with higher daytime temperatures (up to 92 °F (33 °C)), and the least amount of rainfall. (An exception is the high-altitude, unpopulated West Maui summit, which boasts up to 400 in (10,000 mm) of rainfall per year on its north and east side.)
TheNorth Shore (Paia and Haiku) andEast Maui (Keanae, Hana, and Kipahulu) are both on the windward side. Facing the prevailing, northeast trade winds, these areas have heavier rainfall levels, which increase considerably at higher elevations.
Upcountry Maui is the name for the sloping area on the western face of Haleakalā, including the towns of Makawao, Pukalani, and Kula.[17][18][19] This area ranges from 1,500 ft (460 m) to 4,500 ft (1,400 m), and the climate tends toward mild heat (between 70 °F (21 °C) and 80 °F (27 °C)) during the day and cool evenings. The higher the elevation, the cooler the evenings: during Maui's winter, Upper Kula can be as cold as 40 °F (4 °C) in the early morning hours and the Haleakalā summit can dip below freezing and become covered in snow.
Showers are common; while some of these are heavy, the majority are light and brief. Thunder and lightning are rare, even during intense storms. Throughout the lowlands, summer trade winds produce a drier season. Annual rainfall averages 17–20 inches (430–510 mm) in leeward coastal areas, such as the shoreline fromMaalaea Bay to Kaupo. At the other extreme, the average exceeds 300 in (7,600 mm) along the lower windward slopes of Haleakalā, particularly alongHāna Highway.Big Bog, a spot on the edge of Haleakalā National Park overlooking Hana at about 5,400 ft (1,600 m) elevation had an estimated mean annual rainfall of 404 in (10,300 mm) over the 30-year period of 1978 to 2007.[21] If the islands of Hawaii did not exist, the average annual rainfall on the same patch of water would be about 25 in (640 mm).[citation needed] Instead, the mountainous topography induces an average of about 70 in (1,800 mm).
In the lowlands, rainfall is most likely to occur during night or morning hours, and least likely in mid-afternoon. The most pronounced daily variations in rainfall occur during the summer because summer rainfall generally consists of night-time trade wind showers. Winter rainfall in the lowlands is the result of storm activity, which is as likely to occur in the daytime as at night. Rainfall variability is far greater during the winter when occasional storms contribute appreciably to rainfall totals. Such wide swings in rainfall produce occasional droughts, sometimes causing economic losses. These occur when winter rains fail to produce sufficient significant rain, impacting normally dry areas outside the trade winds that depend on them the most. The winter of 2011–2012 produced extreme drought on the leeward sides Maui, and some other islands.
Maui is home to a largerainforest on the northeastern flanks of Haleakalā, which serves as thedrainage basin for that side.
Maui is home to manycoral reefs. However, many have been damaged by pollution, run-off, and tourism, although sea turtles, dolphins, and Hawaii's celebrated tropical fish remain abundant. Leeward Maui once boasted a drycloud forest, but this was destroyed by human activities over the last three hundred years.[23]
Maui is the leadingwhale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands for thehumpback whales who winter in Maui County's shelteredʻAuʻau Channel. These mammals migrate approximately 3,500 mi (5,600 km) fromAlaskan waters each autumn and spend November–April mating and birthing in the warm waters. They are typically sighted in pods: small groups of several adults, or groups of a mother, her calf, and a few suitors. Humpbacks are anendangered species protected by U.S. federal and Hawaiʻi state law. An estimated 21,000-26,000 humpbacks live inNorth Pacific waters.[24] Although they face many dangers, due to pollution, commercial vessels, and military sonar testing, their numbers have increased rapidly in recent years, estimated at 7% growth per year.[25]
Agreen sea turtle near MauiTurtle resting after a long swim in (Maui, Hawaii)
Birdlife lacks the concentration of endemic species found in some other Hawaiian islands. As recently as 200,000 years ago Maui was part of Maui Nui, thus reducing the odds that birds or other species would be endemic to any single one of these. Although Molokaʻi had several endemic bird species, in modern times Maui Nui's other islands host little endemic birdlife. During and after the Maui Nui period, Maui hosted a species ofmoa-nalo (also found on Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe), a species of harrier (thewood harrier, shared with Molokaʻi), an undescribed sea eagle (Maui only), and three species of ground-dwelling flightless ibis (Apteribis sp.), plus other species. Today, Maui's most notable surviving endemic birds are probably theʻAkohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and theMaui parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), also known asKiwikiu, both of which are critically endangered and only found in an alpine forest on the windward slopes of Haleakalā.
Conservation efforts have examined how to mitigate female parrotbill mortality since that is s a key driving factor driving population decline. The parrotbill lacks resistance to mosquito-born diseases, particularlyavian malaria, so only forests above 1500 meters of elevation provide refuge. The habitat was undergoing restoration in east Maui as of 2018.[26] As Maui's human population grew, previously undeveloped areas that provided a refuge decreased in size. More than 250 species of local flora are federally listed as endangered or threatened.[27] Birds found on other islands as well as Maui include theʻIʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea],ʻApapane (Himatione sanguinea),Hawaiʻi ʻAmakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens), asMaui ʻAlauahio (Paroreomyza montana) well as theNene (Branta sandvicensis, Hawaii's state bird),Hawaiian coot (Fulica alai),Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni).
In 2024,Haleakalā National Park began to employ the incompatible insect technique to reduce the park's mosquito population.[28]
Location within the island chainThe island of Maui with a relatively central location has given it a pivotal role in the history of theHawaiian Islands.
Polynesians fromTahiti were Maui's original inhabitants. They introduced thekapu system, a strict social order that affected all aspects of life and became the core of Hawaiian culture. Modern Hawaiian history began in the mid-18th century.Kamehameha I, kingHawaiʻi island, invaded Maui in 1790 and fought the inconclusiveBattle of Kepaniwai. He returned to Hawaiʻi to battle a rival, subduing Maui a few years later.
On November 26, 1778, explorerJames Cook became the first European to see Maui. Cook never set foot on the island, because he was unable to find a suitable landing. The first European to come ashore was French admiralJean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, who landed on the shores of what becameLa Perouse Bay on May 29, 1786. More Europeans followed: traders, whalers, loggers (e.g., ofsandalwood) andmissionaries. The latter began to arrive fromNew England in 1823, settling in Lahaina, at that time Hawaii's capitol. Missionaries taught reading and writing, devised theHawaiian alphabet in order to translate a Bible into Hawaiian, operated a printing press in Lahaina, and began recording the islands' history, which had been transmitted only orally.[30] The missionaries both altered and preserved the native culture. The religious work altered the culture while the literacy efforts preserved history and language. Missionaries started the first school in Lahaina, Lahainaluna Mission School, which opened in 1831 and still exists.
Japanese laborers on Maui harvestingsugarcane in 1885
At the height of thewhaling era (1843–1860), Lahaina was a major center. In one season over 400 ships visited with up to 100 anchored at one time inLāhainā Roads. Ships tended to stay for weeks rather than days, fostering extended drinking and the rise ofprostitution, against which the missionaries battled. Whaling declined steeply at the end of the 19th century aspetroleum replacedwhale oil.
In 1937,Vibora Luvimindatrade union conducted the final ethnicstrike action in the Hawaiian Islands against four Mauisugarcane plantations, demanding higher wages and the dismissal of five foremen. Manuel Fagel and nine other strike leaders were arrested, and charged with kidnapping a worker. Fagel spent four months in jail while the strike continued. Eventually, Vibora Luviminda made its point and the workers won a 15% increase in wages after 85 days on strike, but no written contract was signed.
Maui was involved in thePacific Theater ofWorld War II as a staging center, training base, andrest and relaxation site. At the peak in 1943–1944, more than 100,000 soldiers were based there. The main base of the4th Marine Division was inHaiku. Beaches were used to practicelandings and train in marine demolition and sabotage.
In early August 2023, a series of wildfires broke out in theU.S. state ofHawaii, predominantly on the island of Maui. The wind-driven fires prompted evacuations and caused widespread damage, killing at least 102 people and leaving two people missing in the town ofLahaina on Maui's northwest coast. The proliferation of the wildfires was attributed to dry, gusty conditions created by a stronghigh-pressure area north of Hawaii andHurricane Dora to the south.[31]
MODIS satellite 1 km and VIIRS satellite 375 m active fire detections (colored by the day of burning and whether they were detected in the daytime or nighttime) and 3 m PlanetScope burned areas (red polygons) over Maui.[32]
Kahakuloa Head near the tiny village ofKahakuloa on the north side of west Maui
The island experienced rapid population growth through 2007. At the time, Kīhei was one of the most rapidly growing towns in the United States. The island attracted many retirees, with accompanying service providers. Population growth produced strains, including traffic, housing cost/availability, and access to water.
In the 2000s, controversies raged over whether to allow continued real-estate development.Vacation rentals in residential neighborhoods became a flashpoint - many were unpermitted, and were later closed after enforcement escalated. TheHawaii Superferry briefly offered interisland service, before it was banned for not having completed anEIS.[33]
In 2016, Maui residents convinced officials to switch to organic pesticides for highway applications after they learned that label requirements forglyphosate formulations had not been followed.[34]
The new millennium brought droughts, increasing pressure on the ʻĪaoaquifer, with withdrawals rising above 18 million U.S. gallons (68,000 m3) per day. Recent estimates indicate that Maui has a potential supply of potable water around 476 million U.S. gallons (1,800,000 m3) per day,[citation needed] virtually all of which drains into the ocean.
Water for agriculture comes mostly from East Maui streams, routed through a network of tunnels and ditches dug byChinese laborers in the 19th century.
In 2006,Paia petitioned the county to avoid mixing in treated water from wells known to be contaminated with1,2-dibromoethane and1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane from former pineapple cultivation.[35] Agriculture companies were released from liability for these chemicals.[36] In 2009, theOffice of Hawaiian Affairs and others successfully argued in court that sugar companies should reduce the amount of water they take from four streams.[37]
Tourism is Maui's major industry. Other large sectors include development, retail, business services, health care, and government. Maui has a growing presence in agriculture and information technology.
Unemployment tends to be well below the US average, e.g., 1.7% in December 2006, rising to only 9% in March 2009[38] before falling to 2.1% in January, 2018.[39] The 2023 fires upended that norm, raising unemployment above the Hawaii and US figures.[citation needed]
Maui's primary agriculture products are corn and other seeds, fruits, cattle, wine, and vegetables.[40] Specific products includecoffee,macadamia nuts,papaya,flowers and freshpineapple. In 1974, Emil Tedeschi of theNapa Valley winegrower family ofCalistoga, California, established the first Hawaiian commercial winery, the Tedeschi Winery (later Maui Wine) at Ulupalakua Ranch, initially focused onpineapple wine.[41]
Historically, Maui's primary products were sugar and pineapple.Maui Land & Pineapple Company[42] and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company[43] (HC&S, a subsidiary of Alexander and Baldwin Company) dominated agricultural activity. In 2016, sugar production ended.[44] Haliimaile Pineapple Co. grows pineapple on former Maui Land & Pineapple Co. land.[45]
In November 2014, a Maui County referendum enacted a moratorium ongenetically engineered crops.[46] Shortly thereafter Monsanto and other agribusinesses obtained a court injunction suspending the moratorium.[47]
In 2018, Canadian pension fund Public Sector Pension Investment Board purchased A&B's Maui farmlands (41,000 acres) and contracted with Mahi Pono, a subsidiary of Trinitas Partners to return these fallow lands to agriculture. Mahi Pono also has a controlling interest in Maui Cattle Company.[48][49]
Most technology organizations that are located on the island occupy the Maui Research & Technology Park[50] which is located in Kihei. This includes the Maui Research and Technology Center[51] and thePacific Disaster Center. It is a program of theHigh Technology Development Corporation,[52][53] an agency of the State of Hawaii, whose focus is to facilitate the growth of Hawaii's commercial high-technology sector.[54]
Maui is an important center for advanced astronomical research. TheHaleakalā Observatory[55] was Hawaii's first astronomical research and development facility, operating at the Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS) electro-optical facility. "At the 10,023-foot summit of the long-dormant volcano Haleakalā, operational satellite tracking facilities are co-located with a research and development facility providing data acquisition and communication support. The high elevation, dry climate, and freedom from light pollution offer virtually year-round observation of satellites, missiles, man-made orbital debris, and astronomical objects."[56]
"Big Beach" inMakena, on Maui Island's southwest shore
Snorkeling and diving are popular activities on Maui, with over 30 beaches and bays and atMolokini. Maui's trade winds tend to come from the northeast, making the most popular places to snorkel on the sheltered south and west shores. Maui's ocean water is especially clear due in part to its isolation in theCentral Pacific.
Maui is a well-known destination forwindsurfing. Kanaha Beach Park is a very well-known windsurfing spot and may have stand-up paddle boarders or surfers if there are waves and no wind. Windsurfing has evolved on Maui since the early 1980s when it was recognized as an ideal location to test equipment and publicize the sport.
Surfing is one of Hawaii's most popular sports.Ho'okipa Beach Park is one of Maui's most famous surfing and windsurfing spots. Other frequently surfed areas includeSlaughterhouse Beach,Honolua Bay,Pe'ahi (Jaws), and Fleming Beach. The north side absorbs the most swell during the winter season and the south and west in the summertime. Due to island blocking, summer south swells tend to be weak and rare.Standup paddleboarding is popular across Maui.
However, visitors spend most of their time at and around the resorts in West Maui (Kāʻanapali,Nāpili-Honokōwai, Kahana,Napili,Kapalua) and South Maui (Kīhei,Wailea-Mākena). Cruise ships dock at Kahului Harbor. Smaller ports at Lahaina Harbor (temporarily closed) and Maʻalaea Harbor (located between Lahaina and Kihei). The town of Lahaina was a popular attraction until the 2023 fires, but is closed indefinitely.[58]
While winning travel industry awards asBest Island In The World[59] in recent years some locals and environmentalists criticized what the saw as overdevelopment. Activist groups such as Save Makena[60] have taken the government to court to protect local citizens' rights.[61]
Maui Bus is the public transportation service of the island of Maui,Hawaii, and is operated byRoberts Hawaii under apublic-private partnership withMaui County government. They operate 13 regular local bus routes and 4 commuter routes, which have a single early morning run and a return trip in the afternoon.
All route numbers on Maui begin with the number 3. Two-digit routes represent primary highways, which are maintained by the state. Three- and four-digit routes typically serve as secondary arterials, with the first two digits often corresponding to an associated primary highway. Some of these secondary routes are county-maintained and may remain unsigned.
Malama I Ke Ola Health Center and Maui Memorial Medical Center (MMMC) are the only acute care hospital inMaui County. Kula Hospital is a critical access hospital located on the southern half in the rural town ofKula. Kula Hospital is an MMMC affiliate. Although not technically a hospital or emergency room, Hana Health Clinic (or Hana Medical Center), works in cooperation with American Medical Response and MMMC to stabilize and transport patients with emergent medical conditions. These facilities operate 24/7.[62][63][64]
^JOHN DALY (January 4, 2019)."Alice Cooper Spends New Year's Eve with Lynda Carter, Steven Tyler in Hawaii".californiarocker.com.Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. RetrievedJune 22, 2020.All are friends and neighbors on the island of Maui, commonly referred to as "Mauifornia" for its overwhelming population of Californians on the island.
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