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| Old Catholic Mariavite Church | |
|---|---|
.png) Mariavite emblem | |
| Classification | Independent Catholic |
| Orientation | Old Catholicism |
| Theology | Mariavitism |
| Polity | Episcopal |
| Prime bishop | Jarosław Maria Jan Opala [pl] |
| Associations | World Council of Churches Conference of European Churches Polish Ecumenical Council |
| Region | Poland andFrance |
| Headquarters | Płock,Poland[1] |
| Founder | Maria Franciszka Kozłowska |
| Origin | 1906 Płock,Poland |
| Separated from | Roman Catholic church |
| Separations | Catholic Mariavite Church |
| Congregations | 44 parishes (2011)[1] |
| Members | 23,436 in Poland (2011),[1] |
| Ministers | 4 bishops; 25 priests |
| Other name(s) | Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites |
| Official website | mariawita |
TheOld Catholic Mariavite Church refers to one of two independentChristianchurches, both of which can be dated from 1906 but which became distinct after 1935 as a result of doctrinal differences, and are collectively known asMariavites. Mariavitism first emerged from the religious inspiration of Polish noblewoman andnunFeliksa Kozłowska (1862–1921) living in theRussian Partition ofPoland in the late 19th-century. A young Catholic priest from a modest background,Jan Maria Michał Kowalski (1871–1942), became convinced by Kozłowska's revelations and adopted her vision as his own project by her side.
The movement represented an ideology whose aim was to imitate the simplicity of the life ofMary, inLatin,qui Mariae vitam imitantur, ("Let them imitate the Life of Mary"), thusvita Mariae, the Life of Mary, gave the movement its name. The movement became the subject of twoPapal bulls in 1906 which resulted in the massexcommunication from theCatholic Church of both clergy andlay adherents to the movement.
The leaders of the movement sought theological sanctuary with theOld Catholic Church of the Netherlands which, after negotiations welcomed them and in 1909 granted both recognition andApostolic succession to what by default had become a new catholic church, the "Mariavite Church", with the power to conferholy orders. It therefore became a separate and independentreligious denomination in Poland.[2] It continued as a unitary church until 1935 when a faction led by bishop Filip Feldman challenged the church leader, Michał Kowalski, and successfully expelled him and his loyalists from the headquarters in the Polish city ofPłock, thereby creating two Mariavite churches.
From 1795 the territory of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had beenpartitioned between the three neighbouring powers, theAustrian Empire, theKingdom of Prussia and theRussian Empire. Under the Russian Empire (that annexed former eastern territories) theRussian Orthodox Church became theestablished church, but in the "confederated"Congress Kingdom of Poland the Polish Catholicreligion continued to be the official Church.
After the 1863January Uprising, the tsarist authorities forbade the establishment of any new Polish organisations. Religious orders were often banned or exiled. Catholic clergy in the Russian Partition could not be locally educated, in contrast to the priests in theAustrian andPrussian Partitions. The only authorized Roman Catholic theological training in the Russian Empire was at theSaint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy.
In 1893 Kozłowska had her firstreligious vision. In it she understood she was to found a new religious movement expressing "Mariavitism". Further visions continued until 1918. Their content was gathered in a volume entitledDzieło Wielkiego Miłosierdzia (The Work of Great Mercy), published by the Marinate Press in 1922.
Observing the spread of "Mariavitism" across their ecclesiastical territory, Polish Catholic bishops were alarmed by the threat the movement posed to their apostolic authority and teachings and reported it to theVatican probably in the late 1890s. After the election of a new pope, a final papal decision on the fate of the movement was made in September 1904.[3] In April 1906,Pope Pius X promulgated theencyclicalTribus circiter.[3] In December 1906, the Catholic Churchexcommunicated Kozłowska, Kowalski and their followers.[3]
From 1906 the newly independent denomination continued its development, in no small measure due to donations and support from the faithful. Kozlowska's own acquisition of 400 hectares of land in Płock, enabled not only the construction of a cathedral, completed "in-house" by two professionally qualified architects and engineers (Maria Mateusz Szymanowski [pl] andMaria Bartłomiej Przysiecki [pl]) who brought into the church considerable personal 'dowries' for the construction in Płock, of theSanctuary of Mercy and Charity(1914) with adjoining monastic buildings,[4] but the development of revenue raising enterprises, such as educational facilities, a printing press, bakery and animal breeding.
Kowalski was consecrated inSt. Gertrude's Cathedral,Utrecht, on 5 October 1909, byOld Catholic Church of the Netherlands (OKKN) ArchbishopGerardus Gulof Utrecht, assisted by two OKKN bishops, J. J. van Thiel of Haarlem and N. B. P. Spit of Deventer, oneCatholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany bishop, J. Demmel of Bonn, andArnold Harris Mathew ofLondon.[5]
In turn, Kowalski went on to consecrate: Fatôme (France), Feldman, Gołębiowski, Próchniewiski, Rostoworowski, Siedlecki, and his own wife, Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska.[6]
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Following the death in 1921 of the foundress of the movement, Kozlowska, there was no effective inhibition on Kowalski's reforms and innovations which included:
Kowalski's innovations disrupted and severed the connection with the Old Catholics in Europe.[8] The church struggled to maintain its reputation and standing during theSecond Polish Republic in newly independent and sovereign Poland. Mariavites were actively discriminated against to the extent of "Mariavitepogroms". The leaders of the Mariavite Church were persecuted and sued in court. Kowalski himself appeared in 20 cases to answer charges. Among other allegations he was accused ofblasphemies.[9]
![Bishop Maria Filip Feldman [pl] (1885-1971)](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fwikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBiskup_Klemens_Maria_Filip_Feldman.png)
Throughout its early tribulations with the Rome authorities, the church was led by Kozłowska's lieutenant, the catholic priest, later excommunicated, Michał Kowalski until 1935. Kowalski had become a bishop and archbishop in the meanwhile, headquartered in the city of Płock, among other Mariavite diocesan bishops. His theological, doctrinal and ecclesiastical interpretations and innovations put pressure on the Mariavite episcopate. Among these were the introduction of married clergy, the subsequent birth of 'mystical children' separated from their parents for early rearing, theordination of women, the establishment of a "priesthood of the faithful" and not least, Kowalski's own sexually predatory and abusive behaviour towards young nuns. The sexual allegations became the subject of a court case and public scandal surrounding the church and its reputation. Kowalski's brother bishops decided to put a stop to Kowalski's term of office and a schism ensued. The church split in two, so that the "Kowalski parishes", in the minority, became the "Catholic Mariavite Church". Its headquarters was moved to the small estate ofFelicjanów, named in honour of the foundress. The dissident majority became known as the "Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites", which, after 1935, was led by bishopMaria Filip Feldman [pl] and remained based in the city of Płock. To this day, by reason of the number of worshippers and parishes, they are the larger of the two churches. After 1935, the leadership of the smaller church grouping, the Catholic Mariavite Church, remained loyal to bishop Kowalski, and after his death in aNazi concentration camp to his widow, bishopMaria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska.[2]
The Old Catholic Mariavite Church remains a member of thePolish Ecumenical Council, and also of theWorld Council of Churches. It is not currently a member of theOld CatholicUnion of Utrecht. Since 2023,Maria Jan Opala [pl] is theprimate bishop of the Old Catholic Mariavite Church. By contrast, the Catholic Mariavite Church currently stands away from the ecumenical movement.
The original name of the church was in English translation, the "Old Catholic Mariavite Church" (Polish:Staro-Katolicki Kościół Mariawitów) between 1910 and 1967, when it becameKościół Starokatolicki Mariawitów a grammatical change which does not affect the translation into English.[10][11]
The Kowalski loyalists moved from Płock toFelicjanów. The village is the headquarters of theCatholic Church of the Mariavites, which has about 3,000 members. The denomination confirmed all the decisions of Kowalski and introduced a public cult of Kozłowska, theMateczka, the Spouse of Christ and newRedemptrix of the world. The church is insular and does not participate in the ecumenical movement. Kowalski died inDachau concentration camp duringWorld War II. His successor was his wife, Bishop Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska. From 1946 to 2005, the head of the church was BishopMaria Rafael Wojciechowski [pl]. He was succeeded in 2005 by BishopMaria Beatrycze Szulgowicz [pl].
Feldman led the opposition to Kowalski and attracted the majority of Mariavite adherents. They decided to reverse most of the innovations introduced by Kowalski. They returned to Kozłowska's ideas and rules. The Old Catholic Mariavite Church is much the larger: as of 2011[update] it had about 23,500 members in Poland.[12]
Leaders:
Administration:
organized into threedioceses in Poland with 38 parishes and one province in France with 2 parishes:
The Order of the Mariavites in Germany (German:Orden der Mariaviten in Deutschland e.V.) is anEingetragener Verein type association in Germany. Even in 1949, this association was not legally recognized as a sect by Germany.[14]
Apostolic succession:
