Mangalore is one of the fastest developing cities inIndia. TheDakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore. Mangalore is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub.Mangalore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil.
Mangalore is included as one of the cities in theSmart Cities Mission list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India.[11] It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) abovemean sea level. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its ownInternational Airport which is around 15 km from the city centre.
Etymology
1652 Sanson Map of India
Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of theMangaladevi Temple,[12] or a synonym of the goddessTara of theVajrayanaBuddhist sect.[13] According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar[14] renounced her kingdom and became a disciple ofMatsyendranath, the founder of theNath tradition.[15] Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed herMangaladevi.[14][16] She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle nearBolar in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way.[16] When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour.[17][14] The city was named for the temple.[18]
One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE whenPandyan King Chettian called the cityMangalapuram.[15] The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.[15] According toK.V. Ramesh, president of the Place Names Society of India,Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE duringVijayanagara rule.[19] Manyshilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city asMangalapura.[19] During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to asMangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious').[19] In the Kannada language, the city is known asMangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffixuru means town or city).[19] Mangalore was historically an important centre ofIndian Ocean trade on theMalabar coast.[20] Hence, it was also known by the nameManjalūr inArabic.[20] During British rule from 1799, theanglicised versionMangalore became the official appellation.[19] According to historianGeorge M. Moraes, however, the wordMangalore is thePortuguese corruption ofMangaluru.[21]: 2 The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.[22]
Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.[23] InTulu, which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is calledKudla (Tulu:[kuɖɭɐ]), meaningjunction because it is situated at the confluence of theNetravati andGurupura rivers.[24] In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to asKodiyal (Konkani:[koɖijəl]), the Byari name for the city isMaikala (IPA:[mɐi̯kɐlɐ]),[25] and inMalayalam, the city is called "Mangalapuram" (Malayalam:[mɐŋɡɐlaːpuɾɐm]) meaning auspicious city (same mangala as the Kannada term).[23] Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.[26]
Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.[27] During the first century CE, the Roman historianPliny the Elder referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,[28] while Greek second-century historianPtolemy referenced a place named "Nitra".[29] These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore.[29] In his sixth-century workChristian Topography,Cosmas Indicopleustes (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade andMangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.[30][31]
Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.[39] In the third century BCE, the town formed part of theMaurya Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperorAshoka ofMagadha.[14] From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based inBanavasi inNorth Canara, ruled over the entireCanara region as independent rulers.[40] From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,[41]: 17 [42][43] who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like theChalukyas of Badami,Rashtrakutas ofManyakheta,Chalukyas of Kalyani, andHoysalas ofDwarasamudra.[41] AnOld Malayalam inscription (part of theRamanthali inscriptions which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler ofAlupa dynasty of Mangalore. It can be found atEzhimala (the former headquarters ofMushika dynasty) nearCannanore, in theNorth Malabar region ofKerala.[44]
During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to theTunisian Jewish merchantAbraham Ben Yiju.[45] TheMoroccan travellerIbn Battuta, who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it asManjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called theEstuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.[46][47]: 30 By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.[41]: 17
During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkurrajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore andBarkur.[41][48] Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkurrajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur.[41]: 19 In 1448Abdur Razzaq who was the Persian ambassador ofSultan Shah Rukh ofSamarkand, visited Mangaloreen route to the Vijayanagara court.[49][47]: 31 The Italian travellerLudovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.[41]: 20
Foundation and early modern history
Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, Viceroy ofPortuguese India, established Portuguese factories in Mangalore in 1526,[50] which lasted until 1695.[51]A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken over by the British East India CompanyThe tower atLight House Hill,Hampankatta, served as a lookout for theBritish.[52]
In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when the Portuguese explorerVasco da Gama landed at the nearbySt Mary's Islands, just after his arrival atKoyilandy,Kozhikode.[53] The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.[54]Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,[55] whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab andMappila trade.[41] In 1524,Vasco da Gama ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants ofKozhikode had agents at Mangalore andBasrur.[41] In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore.[50] The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.[41]: 20
In 1550, the Vijayanagara rulerSadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.[41] By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.[56] The 16th century workTuhfat Ul Mujahideen written byZainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written inArabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy ofKunjali Marakkar alongside theZamorin ofCalicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonizeTulu Nadu andMalabar coast.[57][58][59]
After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.[41]: 27 They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system[41] and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.[60][43] The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.[41]: 30 The Italian travellerPietro Della Valle visited here in 1623–1624.[61] In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.[51]
In 1763,Hyder Ali, thede facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore,[62] which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by theBritish East India Company from 1767 to 1783,[63] but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".[64][65] TheSecond Anglo–Mysore War ended with the signing of theTreaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.[66] After the defeat of Tipu at theFourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.[19][67][68]
Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.[70] After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.[71] The opening of theLutheran SwissBasel Mission in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation.[72] Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that madeMangalore tiles.[39] When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,[73]: 5 which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to theBombay Presidency.[73]: 6
Later modern and contemporary history
On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).[21]: 178 The ItalianJesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare.[74] Mangalore was linked to theSouthern Railway in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[75] Mangalore was a major source of educated workers toBombay, Bangalore, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.[39]
TheStates Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.[76][77]: 415 Mangalore is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline.[39][78] Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening ofNew Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.[79][80] The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.[81][82]
Mangalore is located on the western coast of India at12°52′N74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E /12.87; 74.88 in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.[83] It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level.[84] The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.[85]
A schematic map showing tourist attractions in Mangalore city
Mangalore is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.[83] As a municipal entity the city spans 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).[3] The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.[86] The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea.[87] Coconut,palm, andashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.[86]
The city'stopography consists of aplain that stretches up to 30 km (18.64 mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.[88] The local geology is characterised by hardlaterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[85] TheGeological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.[89]
Climate
Under theKöppen climate classification, Mangalore has atropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of thesouthwest monsoon.[90] It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March.[90] Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August.[91] The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January.[91] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.[92] The driest and least humid months are from December to February.[93] During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below 34 °C (93 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night.[94] The lowest temperature recorded atPanambur is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on 19 November 1974.[95] According to theIndia Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40 °C (104 °F).[96] The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.[97] The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.[98] The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 mm (13 in) on 22 June 2003.[95] In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52 mm (198 in).[99]
Climate data for Mangalore (1961–1990, extremes 1901–1981)
Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.[105] The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore.[106] The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.[78] It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[107] The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of₹4.47 billion (US$52.19 million) during 2012–13[108] and₹27.91 billion (US$325.88 million) during December 2018[update].[109] During 2012–13,MRPL andMCF contributed₹501 million (US$5.85 million) and₹373 million (US$4.36 million), respectively, to the state's revenue.[108] Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.[110] Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil,liquefied petroleum gas, and timber.[111]
Syngene International which is a contract research arm ofBiocon, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangalore.[146][147] Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.[148] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.[149] New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during the years 2017–18.[150] Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.[151] Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile,beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.[107][105] TheAlbuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.[152][153] The city's suburb Ullal produceshosiery andcoir yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.[105]
In 2021 the population of Mangalore city was 724,159.[1] According to the2011 Indian census, the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent.[155] About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years.[155] Thedeath rate andInfant mortality rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively.[157] About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangalore city which was 1.55 percent of the total population.[158][159] The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015[update].[6]
Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken.[23] The city is known asKudla in Tulu,Kodial in Konkani,Maikāla in Beary,Mangalapuram in Malayalam, andMangaluru in Kannada.[23] Among most of the residents of the city,Kudla is the most commonly used name to refer to it.[23] There are also smaller communities ofTuluva Jains,[170]Gujaratis,[39]Tamils,[171] andMarathis.[172]Tulu is a predominant language in Mangalore andKannada is the administrative language of Mangalore, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census,Tulu is spoken as a first language by 39.24% of the population,Konkani by 16.42%,Kannada by 15.11%,Beary by 13.13%,Malayalam by 6.39%,Urdu by 2.52%,Hindi by 2.10%,Tamil by 1.91%,Telugu by 0.96%, and other languages are spoken by 2.23%.[156] Unlike other cities inKarnataka where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangalore, andKonkani is the second most spoken language in Mangalore.[156]
Mangalore has a city area of 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).[3] Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east.[173] Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is themunicipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.[174]The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are calledcorporators, one from each of the city's 60 wards.[175][176] A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor.[177] MCC's headquarters are atLalbagh.[173]Mangalore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city.[178][179][180] The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.[181] The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL).[182]
The city is served by various hospitals such as theKMC Hospitals, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),[190] AJ Hospital, andWenlock Hospital.[191] Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital ofKMC Mangalore has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts.[192] Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.[193] From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city.[193] Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from theUnited States.[193] At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.[193] The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from theGulf countries.Deralakatte is a main healthcare hub of Mangalore.[193]
Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River atThumbe, 14 km (9 mi) from Mangalore.[199][200][201] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system.[200] The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French companySuez Environnement.[202][203] Mangalore's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.[204] The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.[205]
Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE,ICAO: VOML) is located nearBajpe-Kenjar and about 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre.[235] It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.[236][237] It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.[238][239] New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.[240] This airport is accredited by theAirports Council International (ACI) under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.[241] State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.[242]
Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by theDakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).[252][253]Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.[254] Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.[255] KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state.[256] KSRTCJnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits.[257]
Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services;New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,[265] and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants,crude products andLPG containers.[266] TheIndian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port.[267] The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.[268][78]Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.[269]
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore.Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance[270] whilePilivesha (tiger dance), afolk dance unique to the city, is performed duringDasara andKrishna Janmashtami.[271]Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed duringDasara.[272]
Paddanas, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[272] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such asKolkai (sung duringKolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props),Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby),Moilanji Pat andOppune Pat (sung at weddings).[273] TheEvkaristik Purshanv (Konkani:Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.[272]
The Mangalore Catholic community's unique festivals includeMonti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates theNativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.[277] TheJain Milan, a committee that consists ofJain families, organises the annual Jain food festival,[278] whileMosaru Kudike (curd pots feast), which is part ofKrishna Janmashtami festival is celebrated by the whole community.[279] Special night prayers calledTaraveeh (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month ofRamadan.[280]
Aati, a festival worshipingKalenja, a patron spirit of the city, is during theAashaadha month ofHindu calendar.[281] Festivals such asKaravali Utsav (coastal festival) andKudlotsava (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.[282]Bhuta Kola (spirit worship) is usually performed by theTuluva community at night.[283]Bhuta Kola is similar toTheyyam inKerala.[284][285]Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in praise ofNaga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[286]Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,[287][288] a religious and spiritualcockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.[289]
Neer dosa, a variant ofdosa andpundi (rice ball), are native to Mangalore
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced bySouth Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.[290] Coconut,curry leaves, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries.[291] Well-known Mangalorean dishes includekori rotti,neer dosa, pundi (rice ball),patrode,golibaje andMangalore buns.[292] Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes likebangude pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels),boothai gasi (sardine semi-gravy),anjal fry,Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, andChicken Ghee Roast.[293][294] Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet.[295] TheKonkani Hindu community's specialties includedaali thoy (lentil curry),bibbe-upkari (tender cashew-nut curry),val val (coconut-milk-based curry),ambat (vegetable-based coconut curry),[296]avnas ambe sasam (pineapple-mango fruit salad),kadgi chakko (rawjackfruit-coconut curry),paagila podi (spine gourd fries), andchane gashi (chickpea curry).[297][298] Mangalorean Catholics' dishsanna-dukra maas (sanna—idli fluffed withtoddy or yeast;dukra maas—pork),porkbafat,sorpotel,[299] and muttonbiryani of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.[300] Pickles such ashappala,sandige, andpuli munchi are unique to Mangalore.[301][302]Shendi (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.[272] Vegetarian cuisine, also known asUdupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region.[303]
The state-run, nationally broadcast television channelDoordarshan provides national and local television coverage.[316] Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.[317] Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.[318] Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;[319] these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.[320] Tulu channels are Namma Kudla[321] and Posa Kural.[322] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio atKadri and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 MHz.[323] Mangalore's private FM stations includeRadio Mirchi 98.3 FM,Big 92.7 FM[324] andRed 93.5 FM.[325]Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.[326]
Mangalore is home to theTulu film industry which releases one film per month on average.[327] Popular Tulu films includeKadala Mage (Son of the Sea) andSuddha (The Cleansing Rites).[328] Tulu dramas which are mostly played in theTown Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.[228] Mangalore hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.[329][330]
Football is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in themaidans (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.[342] Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises theIndependence Day Cup, which is played onIndependence Day at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.[343] Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.[344]Chess is a popular indoor pastime in the city.[345] Mangalore is the headquarters ofSouth Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.[346][347][348] Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs andgymkhanas in Mangalore.[349] Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integratedtheme park, has an 18-hole golf course[350] at Vamanjoor.[351]U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.[352]
Saavira Kambada Basadi is situated inMoodabidri, 34 km (21 mi) north-east of Mangalore.[365] The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated inBoloor on the banks of Gurupura River;[366] visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.[367]Adyar waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Mangalore city centre.[368]The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[369]Kadri Park,Tagore Park[370] at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park[371] at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,[372]Tannirbavi Tree Park,[373]Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady,[374] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies 370 acres (150 ha),[351][375] has a zoo,botanical garden, lake, water park (manasa),[376] Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,[377] science centre,[378] and a 50-acre (20 ha) 18-hole golf course.[350][379][380][381][382] Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.[377]
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