TheMalling series is a group ofrootstocks for graftingapple trees. It was developed at theEast Malling Research Station of theSouth-Eastern Agricultural College atWye inKent, England. From about 1912,Ronald Hatton and his colleagues rationalised, standardised and catalogued the various rootstocks in use in Europe at the time under names such asDoucin andParadise.[1][2] Their first list had nine rootstock varieties, assigned the "type" numbers I–IX.[3] The list later grew to twenty-four, and theRoman numerals gave way toArabic numerals with the prefix "Malling" or "M.".[2][3] From about 1917, collaboration between East Malling and theJohn Innes Institute, inMerton Park inSurrey, gave rise to theMalling-Merton series, which were resistant toEriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid.[2]
Common Malling rootstocks in the 1940s:
Relative size are dependent on climate, variety and soil.
| Designation (Old designation) | Synonyms | Origin | Tree size a) | Tree size b) | Winter hardiness c) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M 1 (EM I) | Broad-leaved English paradise | England ca 1860 | v | sd-ss | 4 |
| M 2 (EM II) | Doucin | France | v | sd-ss | 4 |
| M 3 (EM III) | Dutch doucin, Hollyleaf paradise, Königs splittapfel | ? | sd | sd | 6 |
| M 4 (EM IV) | Holstein doucin, Yellow doucin | Unknown | sv | sd-ss | 5 |
| M 5 (EM V) | Doucin amelioré, Improved doucin, Red paradise | ? | v | sd-ss | 4 |
| M 6 (EM VI) | Nonsuch paradise, Rivers's paradise | England ca 1860 | sd | 2 | |
| M 7 (EM VII) | - | France, 1600s | sd | sd-d | 5 |
| M 8 (EM VIII) | French paradise | <1696 | d | d | 2 |
| M 9 (EM IX) | Jaune de metz, Yellow metz | France 1879 | vd | d | 3 |
| M 10 (EM X) | U 1 | ? | vv | ss-s | 2 |
| M 11 (EM XI) | Green doucin | Germany, 1904 | vv | ss | |
| M 12 (EM XII) | - | England | v | s | 4 |
| M 13 (EM XIII) | Black doucin, U 2 | Germany ca 1890 | v | sd-ss | 4 |
| M 14 (EM XIV) | U 5 | Germany | v | ss | |
| M 15 (EM XV) | U 6 | Germany | vv | ss-s | 2 |
| M 16 (EM XVI) | Ketziner ideal, U 3 | Germany ca 1909 | vv | ss-s | 5 |
| M 17 | identical to M 5 | Wageningen, Holland | sd | ||
| M 18 | - | Wageningen, Holland | v | ss | |
| M 19 | - | Berlin, Germany | v | ss | |
| M 20 | Spurious 9 | France ? | vd | sd-d | |
| M 21 | Cut-leaved 9 | ? | vd | sd-d | |
| M 22 | - | Chelmsford, England | v | ss | |
| M 23 | - | Chelmsford, England | v | sd | |
| M 24 | Paradis de menton, Noir de menton, | ? | v | ss |
a) East Malling vd= very dwarf, d= dwarf, sd= semidwarf, sv= semivigorous, v= vigorous, vv= very vigorous.
b) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 d= dwarf, sd=semidwarf, ss= semistandard, s= standard.
c)Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 6= highest winter hardiness, 2= lowest winter hardiness.
| Name | Parentage | Cross made | Selected | Introduced |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M 25 | Northern Spy x M 2 | 1952 | ||
| M 26 | M 16 x M 9 | 1929 | 1958 or 1959 | |
| M 27 | M 13 x M 9 | 1929 | 1934 | 1975 |
| Species,varieties andcultivars |
|  |
|---|---|---|
| Topics | ||
