You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Portuguese. (February 2025)Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, likeDeepL orGoogle Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consideradding a topic to this template: there are already 619 articles in themain category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Youmust providecopyright attribution in theedit summary accompanying your translation by providing aninterlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary isContent in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua jukude]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template{{Translated|pt|Língua jukude}} to thetalk page. For more guidance, seeWikipedia:Translation.

Máku
Maku-Auari
Jukude
Pronunciation	[ʑukude]
Native to	Roraima,Brazil
Region	Brazilian–Venezuelan border
Ethnicity	Jukudeitse
Extinct	2000, with the death of Sinfrônio Magalhães[1]
Language family	Language isolate (Kalianan? Macro-Puinavean?)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xak
Glottolog	maku1246
Máku is classified as Extinct by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Máku, also spelledMako (SpanishMacú),^[1] and in the language itselfJukude, is anunclassified language and likelylanguage isolate once spoken on theBrazil–Venezuela border inRoraima along the upperUraricoera and lowerAuari rivers, west ofBoa Vista, by theJukudeitse ([ʝokudeˈit͜se] or[ʑokudeˈit͜se]) or 'people'. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between thePadamo andCunucunuma rivers to the southwest.

The last speaker, Sinfrônio Magalhães, died in 2000. There are currently no speakers or rememberers of Máku and no-one identifies as Jukude any longer.Aryon Rodrigues and Ernesto Migliazza, as well as Iraguacema Lima Maciel, worked on the language, and the data was collected into a grammar by Chris Rogers published in 2020.^[1]

The people called themselvesjukude-itse[zokudeitse]^[1]: 3 (person-PL) 'people'. When speaking to outsiders, they referred to themselves as[ˈmaku] or[ˈmako].Maku ~Mako (in Spanish orthographyMacu orMaco) is an Arawakan term for unintelligible languages and people held in servitude in the Orinoco region. (SeeMaku people for a partial list.) While the stress of the word in other languages called 'Maku' may be on either the first or final syllable, asMáku/Mácu orMakú/Macú (Migliazza, Fabré), the word was pronounced with initial stress by thejukudeitse and so the name is often written with stress on the first syllable:Máku (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, Maciel 1991, and Rogers 2020) orMáko (Campbell 2012),^[2] though alsoMakú or simplyMaku (Migliazza). The disambiguatorMaku-Auari has also been used.^[3]

Suggested genetic relations involving Máku include:

• withArawakan
• withWarao
• within aKalianan grouping withArutani–Sape (a.k.a. Makú)
• within aMacro-Puinavean grouping withNadahup (a.k.a. Makú),Katukinan, andArutani–Sape

Kaufman (1990) finds the Kalianan proposal "promising", though he is now dated.

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theSape,Arutani, andWarao languages, as well as theSaliba-Hodi,Tikuna-Yuri,Katukina-Katawixi, andArawa language families due to contact.^[4]

The Máku syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C).^[1]: 36

/k/ is voiced to[g] intervocalically and can occasionally be realized as [g] in other environments too.

/j/ is sometimes realized as[ʑ] word-initially before /a u/ or word-medially, as in /jukude/ [ʑokude̞] 'person'. It can occasionally be fronted to[ð] or[z] intervocalically.

Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the stop they precede.

/w/ is realized as[ʋ] before /i e/. It is realized as [ʋ] or[ɥ] before /y/ (a sequence which only occurs in the word /lymywy/ 'take'). Rogers (2020) does not state that /w/ is realized as [ʋ] before /ɨ/, but provides the example /wɨtsɨ/ [ʋɨtsɨ] 'mouth'.

/d/ is realized as laminal before [u] – in some words this is in free variation with [d].

/s, ts, n, k/ are palatalized to [ʃ, tʃ, ɲ, c] before /i, y/, while /t, d, l/ become [tʲ, dʲ, lʲ].^[1]: 20-26

Although there exist minimal pairs between /o/ and /u/, some words show free variation between /u/ and /o/, and [o] is an allophone of /u/ in some environments. Rogers (2020) hypothesizes that these patterns are a result of a diachronic sound change in progress and that /o u/ do not represent separate phonemes synchronically.

Apart from the sequences [eo], [au~ao] and [ia], as well as /ai oi/ [aj oj] within a word stem, vowel-vowel sequences are resolved by deleting the first vowel of the sequence, e.g. /teana/ [tana] 'I smell (it)'. The first vowel in a stem may also be deleted in fast speech.

/a/ and /e/ are realized as[ə] when unstressed.

High and mid vowels are lowered word-finally.

Vowels are nasalized following a nasal consonant, /ʔ/ or /h/.^[1]: 32-35

Máku nouns and verbs inflect for person - either the person of the possessor, on nouns, expressed by a prefix, or of the subject and object, on verbs, which may be prefixes,infixes or suffixes, depending on the verb. There are also suffixes which express plurality of a possessor or subject. The language marksclusivity by distinguishing first person singular from first + second person (inclusive), first + third person (exclusive) and first + second + third person ('unified'). Nouns also inflect for number and case via suffixes. Verbs also inflect fortense,aspect,mood,evidentiality andnegation via suffixes.

Noun phrases exhibit the word order possessor possessor-possessed, or noun-modifier.Demonstratives and numerals typically occur before the nouns they modify. There arepostpositions which follow nouns.

Intransitive clause word order is typically subject-verb, and transitive clause word order is most commonlySOV. Indirect objects are typically placed after the verb. Phrases which represent new,focused referents may be fronted to the start of a clause or sentence. Any phrase in focus, both nominal and verbal, can take the focusenclitic=ke.

Máku has motion-complementserial verb constructions, with subject-verbal complement-motion verb order.

Coordination is accomplished viajuxtaposition, at the phrase and clause levels.^{[1]: 98-127}

Máku nouns decline for number, case and possession. Possession is expressed by a prefix, with certain nonsingular possessors adding a separate suffix. Nonsingular number and case are expressed as suffixes. The Máku noun template isposs-stem-poss.nsg-nsg-case, as demonstrated by the following examples.^[1]: 41-47

The following sample paradigms illustrate the possessive morphemes – note the three-wayclusivity distinction, differentiating both 1+2 (inclusive) and 1+3 (exclusive) as well as the case where the speaker, listener and other(s) are included (1+2+3), which Rogers (2020) refers to as 'unified'. The alienable andinalienable possessive paradigms only differ in the expression of the3sg morpheme. The 1st person inclusive and 3rd person nonsingular forms are formally identical.

The stem change on 'mouth' in the non-3sg possessed forms is one example of an inalienably possessed noun exhibiting a suppletive stem with overt possessive prefixes, of which there are others in Máku.

Note also the following, as an example of an alienably possessed noun with-nuʔu in the 2nsg possessed form.^[1]: 45-47

Number is marked by a nonsingular suffix-itse, which does not depend on animacy. This suffix is not realized for semantically plural referents when the noun is treated as acollective group, or if the noun is modified by a numeral or quantifier.^[1]: 42

There are nine attested case suffixes in Máku:^[1]: 42-43

Máku pronouns mark person, number and clusivity.

There are at least two demonstrative pronounski 'this' and(a)kwa 'that' - these can take the locative, lative and inessive cases to form demonstrative adverbs.^[1]: 50-53

Numerals may take the classifiers-sy 'period of time' and-ʔnte 'body part', but these appear to be optional.

The numerals one to four andpeʔtaka 'all' are attested to agree in person with nouns they modify if the person is 1sg, 1exc or 2sg.[1]^: 59-61

Máku verbs inflect for subject and direct object as well astense,aspect,mood,evidentiality andnegation. Subject agreement can be marked via prefixes,infixes or suffixes, depending on the verb in question, and plural subjects add a suffix. Tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality and negation are expressed through suffixes. Object agreement precedes subject agreement, but is not well known due to lack of data. The relative ordering of the TAME morphemes is also not well known due to lack of documentation, although tense and aspect suffixes are mutually exclusive.^{[1]: 65,71,80}

The-pu in the 3pl subject marker is optional and indicates collectivity of an action.^[1]: 66

There are five tense morphemes in Máku: distant past, recent past, present, near future, and distant future. While the tense boundaries are relative and not absolute, distant past is used just for mythological stories, and generally the distant future refers to events after the current day while the near future refers to events later in the day.^[1]: 71-74

Máku has six aspect morphemes.

The permanent aspect suffix-na is used only with stative verbs and marks permanent and inherent properties.

The temporary aspect suffix-sia indicates temporary properties when used with stative verbs, and unfinished action with active verbs.

The progressive aspect suffixes are present tense in meaning.^[1]: 74-76

Verbs marked for the imperative do not have an explicit subject marker. However the hortative does agree with subject.

The conditional mood only occurs in multiclause constructions. However, the purposive can occur both in multiclause and monoclausal sentences, as shown in the below examples.^[1]: 76-77

The evidentiality suffixes are only used with past tense and are not obligatory.^[1]: 78-80

Negation is signified by-ʔV, where the value of the vowel is the vowel before the suffix, unless followed by-bala, in which case it is /a/.^[1]: 80-83

Transitive active verbs can optionally take the additional negative suffix-bala following-ʔV.

-ʔV can also be used as a prohibitive marker, as in

The negative suffix appears to precede the evidential suffixes, which appear to precede the tense suffixes, as in the following:

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Máku.^[5]

gloss	Máku
one	nukuzamuké
two	bãtá
three	shünãlyá
head	tsi-gáte
eye	tsis-kóte
tooth	tse-um
man	lásepa
water	náme
fire	níheː
sun	kélé
maize	lükü
jaguar	zówi

• Campbell, Lyle (1997).American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica, eds. (2012).The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
• Dixon & Aikhenvald (1999). "Máku", inThe Amazonian Languages (pp. 361–362)
• Fabre, Alain (2005),Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: Makú [Ethnolinguistic dictionary and bibliographic guide of the South American indigenous peoples: Makú](PDF) (in Spanish)
• Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More". In Payne, D. L. (ed.).Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–67.ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• ——— (1994). "The Native Languages of South America". In Mosley, C.; Asher, R. E. (eds.).Atlas of the World's Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 46–76.
• Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1922). "Die Volkgruppierung Zwischen Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro und Yapurá" [The Ethnic Group Between Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro and Yapurá]. In Lehmannn, Walter (ed.).Festschrift Eduard Seler (in German). Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. pp. 205–266.
• Maciel, Iraguacema (1991).Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku [Some phonological and morphological aspects of the Máku language] (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Brasília.
• Migliazza, Ernesto (1965). "Fonología Makú",Boletim do MPEG. Antropología 25:1–17.
• ———— (1966). "Esbôço sintático de um corpus da língua Makú",Boletim do MPEG. Antropología 32:1–38.
• ———— (1978). "Makú, Sapé and Uruak languages. Current status and basic lexicon",AL 20/3:133–140.
• Rogers, Chris (2020).Máku: A Comprehensive Grammar. Taylor & Francis.

• Language isolates of South America
• Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
• Languages of Venezuela
• Languages extinct in the 2000s
• Macro-Puinavean languages

• CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles needing translation from Portuguese Wikipedia
• Articles containing Máku-language text
• Pages with plain IPA
• Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue
• Pages with Máku IPA
• Articles with ambiguous glossing abbreviations
• CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
• CS1 German-language sources (de)