Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of theMain, the name of Mainz is not fromMain, the similarity being perhaps reinforced byfolk-etymological reanalysis.Main is from LatinMoenis (alsoMoenus orMenus), the name the Romans used for the river.Linguistic analysis of the many forms that the name "Mainz" has taken on make it clear that it is a simplification ofMogontiacum.[5] The name appears to beCeltic,[6] however, it had also become Roman and was selected by them with a special significance.[6] The Roman soldiers defendingGallia had adopted the Gallic godMogons (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such asAlexander magnus, "Alexander the Great" andPompeius magnus, "Pompey the Great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.[a]
Before the 20th century, Mainz was commonly known in theAnglosphere either asMentz, its English version, or by its French versionMayence. It is the namesake of two American cities namedMentz.[9]
Mainz is on the 50th latitude north, on theleft bank of the Rhine.[10][11] The east of the city is opposite where theMain falls into it.[10] As of 2021[update], the population was 217,272.[10] The city is part of the FrankfurtRheinMain area of 5.9 million people.[12] Mainz can easily be reached fromFrankfurt International Airport in 30 minutes by commuter railway or regional trainsRE 2RE 3RB 31.[13]Theriver port of Mainz is located on theRhine and thus on one of the most important waterways in Germany.[14] Thecontainer port hub is north of the town centre.[14]
After thelast ice age, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. TheMainz Sand Dunes area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and raresteppe vegetation for this area.[15][16]
While the Mainz legion camp was founded in 13/12 BC on the Kästrich hill, the associatedvici andcanabae (civilian settlements) were erected towards the Rhine. Historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian Mogontiacum as a port city on the Rhine.[17]
View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north
Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden
Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz
Remains of a Roman town gate from the late 4th century
The Roman stronghold orcastrumMogontiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman generalDrusus perhaps as early as 13/12 BC. As related bySuetonius the existence ofMogontiacum is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral ofNero Claudius Drusus).
The Drusus monument orDrususstein (surrounded by the 17th-century citadel) raised by the troops ofNero Claudius Drusus to commemorate himRemains of theRoman aqueduct of Mogontiacum
Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.[20] The town ofMogontiacum grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base ofLegio XIVGemina andXVIGallica (AD 9–43),XXIIPrimigenia,IVMacedonica (43–70),IAdiutrix (70–88),XXIRapax (70–89), andXIVGemina (70–92), among others. Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, theClassis Germanica. Remains of Roman troop ships (navis lusoria) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in theMuseum of Ancient Seafaring. A temple dedicated toIsis Panthea andMagna Mater was discovered in 2000[21] and is open to the public. The city was the provincial capital ofGermania Superior, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away asLyon. Among the famous buildings were the largesttheatre north of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine. The city was also the site of the assassination of emperorSeverus Alexander in 235.
Alemanni forces underRando sacked the city in 368. From the last day of 405[22] or 406, the Siling and AsdingVandals, theSuebi, theAlans, and other Germanic tribescrossed the Rhine, possibly at Mainz. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop,Aureus, was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.[23]
Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still thecenotaph raised by legionaries to commemorate their general,Drusus.[24]
In the 4th century, Alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of Mogontiacum.[25] In 357, the city was liberated by the EmperorJulian.[25] The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz wasValentinian III (reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on hisMagister militum per Gallias,Flavius Aëtius. In 451,Attila'sHuns sacked the city.[25]
Charlemagne (768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankish empire in Europe. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.[33] Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks.After the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.[34][35] The Rhine roughly formed the border of their territories, whereby the three important episcopal cities of Mainz,Worms andSpeyer with their counties to the left of the Rhine were assigned toEast Francia.[26][36]
In the earlyMiddle Ages, Mainz played a significant role in theChristianisation of theGerman andSlavic peoples. The first archbishop in Mainz,Boniface, was killed in 754 while attempting to convert theFrisians to Christianity and is buried inFulda.[37] Thearchbishopric of Mainz was established in 781 when Boniface's successorLullus was granted the pallium byPope Adrian I.[38] Throughout history, the Archbishops of Mainz held high positions, including serving as archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called aHoly See (sancta sedes).
"Mainz [Maghānja] is a very large city, partly inhabited and partly cultivated fields. It is in the land of the Franks, on a river called the Rhine [Rīn]. Wheat, barley, rye, grapevines and fruit are plentiful."[39]
In 1244, ArchbishopSiegfried III granted Mainz a city charter, allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council.[40] In 1461, a feud between two archbishops,Diether von Isenburg andAdolf II von Nassau, caused unrest in the city. Following Archbishop Adolf's raid on Mainz in 1462, those who opposed him, includingJohannes Gutenberg, were either expelled or imprisoned. Ultimately, after the death of Archbishop Adolf II, Diether von Isenburg was reinstated as the Archbishop of Mainz, duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the Pope.[41]
Interior of the Weisenau Synagogue, built in the first half of the 18th century
The Jewish community of Mainz dates back to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. RabbiGershom ben Judah (960–1040) taught there, among others.[42] He concentrated on the study of theTalmud, creating a German Jewish tradition. Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred RabbiAmnon of Mainz, that the composition of theUnetanneh Tokef prayer is attributed to him.[43] From the late 12th century rabbis met in synods.[44]
The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving in a capricious manner towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted. Jews were attacked in theRhineland massacres of 1096 and by mobs in 1283.[45] The Jews were expelled in 1438, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1470.[46] Outbreaks of theBlack Death were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the murder of 6000 Jews in 1349.[47]
Outside of the medieval city centre, there is a Jewish cemetery, with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries.[42] The earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063, and these early gravestones resemble those found in Italy in the 8th–9th centuries.[42]
During theFrench Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop-elector of Mainz,Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, had already fled toAschaffenburg by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, theJacobins of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in theRhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the 'Republic of Mainz'. Led byGeorg Forster, representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late:Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic). Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March 1793. After asiege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. It came to theBattle of Mainz in 1795 betweenAustria and France. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.[48]
In 1797, the French returned. The army ofNapoleon Bonaparte occupied the German territory to the west of theRhine, and theTreaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area, initially as theCisrhenian Republic. On 17 February 1800, the FrenchDépartement du Mont-Tonnerre was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during theWar of the Sixth Coalition, the weakened Napoleon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.[49]
In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today asRhenish Hesse (German:Rheinhessen) was awarded to theHesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the newHessian province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, a part of theGerman Confederation, Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison ofAustrian, Prussian andBavarian troops.[50]
On the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, thePulverturm, exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as thePowder Tower Explosion orPowder Explosion.[51][52][53]
During theAustro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.[54][55] After the founding of theGerman Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in theFranco-Prussian War France had lost the territory ofAlsace-Lorraine to Germany (which France had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.[56]
For centuries the inhabitants of thefortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences. In 1872 MayorCarl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated theGartenfeld, an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of theRhine to the north of the rampart.[57] The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in theindustrial revolution which had previously avoided the city for decades.[57]
Eduard Kreyßig [de] was the man who made this happen.[57] Having been the master-builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, theNeustadt.[57] He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town.The main station was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans ofPhilipp Johann Berdellé [de].[58]
Mainz including expansion zone the Rhine (1898)
Kreyßig constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue,[59] the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.[60] Kreyßig's last work wasChrist Church (Christuskirche), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.[61] In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and theRheingauwall was taken in hand, according to the imperial order ofWilhelm II.[62]
In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed aRhenish Republic.[64] It collapsed in 1924.[64] The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.[64]Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of theSocial Democratic Party, were either incarcerated or murdered.[65] Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.[65] One was the political organizer for the SPD,Friedrich Kellner, who went toLaubach, where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-pagediary.[66][67]
In March 1933, a detachment from theNational Socialist Party inWorms brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted theswastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazisremilitarized the Rhineland with great fanfare, the first move ofNazi Germany's meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.[68]
During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted theOflag XII-B prisoner of war camp.[69] The city was also the location of four subcamps of theHinzert concentration camp, mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.[70]
During World War II, severalair raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.[71] Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945[71] against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the90th Infantry Division underWilliam A. McNulty, a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by GeneralGeorge S. Patton Jr.[72]
Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and anew synagogue by the architectManuel Herz was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis onKristallnacht in 1938.[75][76][77] As of 2021[update], the Jewish community Mainz has 985 members.[78]
The destruction caused by theBombing of Mainz in World War II led to the most intense phase of building in the history of the town. During the last war in Germany, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.[80] The attack on the afternoon of 27 February 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that Mainz has suffered in World War II in the collective memory of most of the population living then. The air raid caused most of the dead and made an already hard-hit city largely levelled.[81][82][83]Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction took place very slowly. While cities such as Frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority, only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding Mainz. The reason for this was that the French wanted Mainz to expand and become a model city. Mainz lay within theFrench-controlled sector of Germany and it was a French architect and town-planner,Marcel Lods, who produced a Le Corbusier-style plan of an ideal architecture.[84][85][86] But the first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas. Even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the French (founding of the Johannes GutenbergUniversity of Mainz, elevation of Mainz to the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the early resumption of theMainz carnival) driving the city in a positive development after the war. The City Plan of 1958 byErnst May allowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time. In 1950, the seat of the government of Rhineland-Palatinate had been transferred to the new Mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new ZDF, notable architects were Adolf Bayer, Richard Jörg and Egon Hartmann. At the time of the two-thousand-years-anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Oberstadt had been extended, Münchfeld and Lerchenberg added as suburbs, the Altstadttangente (intersection of the old town), new neighbourhoods as Westring and Südring contributed to the extension. By 1970 there remained only a few ruins. The new town hall of Mainz had been designed byArne Jacobsen and finished byDissing+Weitling.[87] The town used Jacobsens activity for the DanishNovo company[88] erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him. Theurban renewal of the old town changed the inner city. In the framework of the preparation of the cathedrals millennium,pedestrian zones were developed around the cathedral, in northern direction to the Neubrunnenplatz and in a southern direction across the Leichhof to the Augustinerstraße and Kirschgarten. The 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the Markt and a new inner-city neighbourhood on the Kästrich. During the 1990s the Kisselberg[89] and the "Fort Malakoff Center" at the site of the old police barracks[90] were built.
Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum). It is home to Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts.
Museum of Ancient Seafaring (Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). It houses the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s.
Roman remains, including Jupiter's column, Drusus' mausoleum, the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct.
The city of Mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of Mainz. Each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor, who is the chairman of the district administration. This local council decides on important issues affecting the local area, however, the final decision on new policies is made by Mainz's municipal council.[91]
In accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 Local Government Act ofRhineland-Palatinate, which refers to municipalities of more than 150,000 inhabitants, the city council has 60 members.[91]
Until 1945, the districts ofBischofsheim (now an independent town),Ginsheim-Gustavsburg (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former districtsAmöneburg,Kastel, andKostheim – (in short,AKK) are now administered by the city ofWiesbaden (on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when theRhine was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state ofRhineland-Palatinate) and the U.S. occupation zone (Hesse) in 1945.[93][94]
The coat of arms of Mainz is derived from the coat of arms of theArchbishops of Mainz and features two six-spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background.[95]
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Mainz has a population of about 220,000 and is the largest city inRhineland-Palatinate. Mainz passed 100,000 in 1908. In 1945, After WWII, right side of theRhine river, which were a part of Mainz, became a part ofWiesbaden and other part ofHesse due to its occupation zone where Mainz and Rhineland-Palatinate wereFrench occupation zone and Wiesbaden and Hesse wereAmerican occupation zone where both cities became its state capital in 1946. Mainz lost 21.1% of population at this time. Mainz and Wiesbaden has rivalries who the better city on the Rhine river are even today. Mainz became an attractive city, especially for young people due to its radio and television broadcasters, Universities and good workplaces. Mainz's population grow normally and Mainz passed 200,000 in 2011.
Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election
The mayor of Mainz was Michael Ebling of theSocial Democratic Party (SPD) until he was promoted State Minister of the Interior in the government of Rhineland-Palatinate in October 2022. The new mayoral election was held on 12 February 2023, with a runoff afterMainz carnival. The final election took place 5 March 2023. The new elected mayor is Nino Haase, independent.[96]
The Mainz city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:
Mainz is home to aCarnival, theMainzer Fassenacht orFastnacht, which has developed since the early 19th century. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells. Today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The height of the carnival season is onRosenmontag ("rose Monday"), when there is a large parade in Mainz, with more than 500,000 people celebrating in the streets.[97][98]
The first-everKatholikentag, a festival-like gathering of German Catholics, was held in Mainz in 1848.[99]
Forum of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
Johannes Gutenberg, credited with the invention of theprinting press, was born here and died here.[100] Since 1968 theMainzer Johannisnacht commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city. TheMainz University, which was refounded in 1946, is named afterGutenberg; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798.[101]
Mainz was one of three important centres of Jewish theology and learning in Central Europe during the Middle Ages. Known collectively asShum, the cities ofSpeyer,Worms and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship.[102][103]
The city is the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (literally, "Second German Television",ZDF), one of two federal nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. TheMainzer Stadtschreiber (City clerk in Mainz) is an annual German literature award.[104]
One of the oldest brass instrument manufacturers in the world,Gebr. Alexander is located in Mainz.
Fans of Gospel music enjoy the yearly performances ofColours of Gospel.
Every one or two years a festival for improvised music between jazz, avant-garde and rock with a line-up of international renowned musicians takes place, theAkut-Festival.
The local football club1. FSV Mainz 05 has a long history in the German football leagues. Since 2004 it has competed in theBundesliga (First German soccer league) except a break in second level in 2007–08 season. Mainz is closely associated with renowned coachJürgen Klopp, who spent the vast majority of his playing career at the club and was also the manager for seven years, leading the club to Bundesliga football for the first time. After leaving Mainz Klopp went on to win two Bundesliga titles and reaching aChampions League final withBorussia Dortmund. In the summer of 2011, the club opened its new stadium calledCoface Arena, which was later renamed Opel Arena. Further relevant football clubs areTSV Schott Mainz,[105]SV Gonsenheim,[106] Fontana Finthen,[107] FC Fortuna Mombach[108] and FVgg Mombach 03.[109]
The local wrestling club ASV Mainz 1888 is currently in the top division of team wrestling in Germany, theBundesliga. In 1973, 1977, 2012 and 2023 the ASV Mainz 1888 won the German championship.[110]
As a result of the 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russian troops, Mainz acted as a neutral venue for the Georgian Vs Republic of Ireland football game.[113]
The biggest basketball club in the city is the ASC Theresianum Mainz. Its men's team is playing in the Regionalliga and its women's team is playing in the 2.DBBL.[114]
Universitäts-Sportclub Mainz (University Sports Club Mainz) is a German sports club based in Mainz (Germany). It was founded on 9 September 1959[115] by Berno Wischmann primarily for students of the University of Mainz. It is considered one of the most powerful Athletics Sports clubs in Germany. 50 athletes of USC have distinguished themselves in a half-century in club history at Olympic Games, World and European Championships. In particular in the decathlon dominated USC athletes for decades: Already at the European Championships in Budapest in 1966, Mainz won three (Werner von Moltke, Jörg Mattheis and Horst Beyer) all decathlon medals. In the all-time list of the USC, there are nine athletes who have achieved more than 8,000 points – at the head of Siegfried Wentz (8762 points in 1983) and Guido Kratschmer (1980 world record with 8667 points). The most successful athlete of the association is more fighter, sprinter and long jumper Ingrid Becker (Olympic champion in 1968 in the pentathlon and Olympic champion in 1972 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay and European champion in 1971 in the long jump). The most famous athletes of the present are the sprinter Marion Wagner (world champion in 2001 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay) and the pole vaulters Carolin Hingst (Eighth of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing) and Anna Battke.[116]
Three world titles adorn the balance of USC Mainz. For the discus thrower, Lars Riedel attended (1991 and 1993) and the already mentioned sprinter Marion Wagner (2001). Added to 5 titles at the European Championships, a total of 65 international medals and 260 victories at the German Athletics Championships.[117]
The players of USC's basketball section played from the season 1968/69 to the season 1974/75 in the National Basketball League (BBL) of the German Basketball Federation (DBB). As a finalist to winning the DBB Cup in 1971 USC Mainz played in the1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup against the Italian Cup winners ofFides Napoli.[118]
TheBaseball and Softball Club Mainz Athletics is a German baseball and softball club located in the city of Mainz inRhineland-Palatinate. The Athletics is one of the largest clubs in theBaseball-Bundesliga Süd in terms of membership, claiming to have hundreds of active players. The club has played in the Baseball-Bundesliga for more than two decades and has won the German Championship in 2007 and 2016.
Mainz is documented to be a wine-growing region sincebishop Boniface acquired a vineyard bordering the city wall and further vine plantations in Bretzenheim in 752[119] and is one of the centres of theGerman wine industry.[120] Since 2008, the city is a member of the Great Wine Capitals Global Network (GWC), an association of well-known wineculture-cities of the world.[121] Many wine traders work in the city. Thesparkling wine producer Kupferberg produced in Mainz-Hechtsheim andHenkell – now located on the other side of the river Rhine – were once founded in Mainz. The famousBlue Nun, one of the first branded wines, was marketed by the Sichel family. TheHaus des Deutschen Weines (House of German Wine), is located in the city. The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.[122]
View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010
Mainz is a major transport hub in southern Germany. It is an important component in European distribution, as it has the fifth largest inter-modal port in Germany. ThePort of Mainz, now handling mainly containers, is a sizable industrial area to the north of the city, along the banks of the Rhine. In order to open up space along the city's riverfront for residential development, it was shifted further northwards in 2010.[127]
The Mainz Central Station is an interchange point for theMainz tramway network, and an important bus junction for the city and region (RNN,ORN andMVG).[129]
Mainz offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes. TheRheinradweg (Rhine Cycle Route) is an international cycle route, running from the source to the mouth of the Rhine, traversing four countries at a distance of 1,300 km (810 mi). Another cycling tour runs towards Bingen and further to theMiddle Rhine, aUNESCO World Heritage Site (2002).[130]
Mainz is served byFrankfurt Airport, the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany by far, the third busiest in Europe and the ninth busiest worldwide in 2009. Located about 10 miles (16 kilometres) east of Mainz, it is connected to the city by anS-Bahn line.[131]
^A second hypothesis suggests that Moguns was a wealthy Celt whose estate was taken for the fort and that a tax district was formed on the area parallel to other tax districts with a -iacum suffix (Arenacum, Mannaricium). There is no evidence for this supposedly wealthy man or his estate, but there is plenty for the god. According toCarl Darling Buck inComparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, -yo- and -k- are general Indo-European formative suffices and are not related to taxes. As the loyalty of theVangiones was unquestioned and Drusus was campaigning over the Rhine, it is unlikely Mogontiacum would have been built to collect taxes from the Vangiones, who were not a Romanmunicipium.
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^Dumont, Franz; Dumont, Stefan (2013).Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93 französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch (in German). Mainz. p. 60.ISBN978-3-9811001-3-6.OCLC846966137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz. Illustrirte Depeschen (in German). Brockhaus. 1857.Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^"Hauptbahnhof".regionalgeschichte.net (in German).Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^"Das jüdische Mainz".Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz (in German). 13 July 2018.Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^Büllesbach, Rudolf; Hollich, Hiltrud; Tautenhahn, Elke (2014).Bollwerk Mainz die Selzstellung in Rheinhessen (in German). München: morisel.ISBN978-3-943915-04-4.OCLC889297859.
^"Mainzer Zitadelle".regionalgeschichte.net (in German). 5 April 2006.Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009).The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 834–837.ISBN978-0-253-35328-3.
^Stanton, Shelby,World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164
^Levitt, Fern; Zipursky, Arnie; Abella Entertainment; Chip Taylor Communications (2006),Anti-Nazi : my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner, Derry, NH: Chip Taylor Communications,OCLC186469537
^"Neue Synagoge".Rheinhessen.de (in German). 2 January 2023.Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^For an aerial view of bomb-damaged theater, St. Quintins church, St. Johannis church and old university after an Allied air attack, see"LIFE – Hosted by Google".images.google.com.Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved8 January 2023.
^Eric Paul Mumford:CIAM Discourse on Urbanism 1928–1960 p. 159
^Jeffry M. Diefendorf:In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities After World War 2 p. 357
^See the plan for the reconstruction of the German city of Mainz by Marcel Lods, 1947, inFingerhuth, Carl (2004).Learning from China: The Tao Of The City. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 59.ISBN978-3-7643-6943-9.Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved30 January 2023.
^"Landeshauptstadt Mainz".Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 22 September 2014.Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^"Geschichte".Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden (in German).Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^"Landeshauptstadt Mainz".Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 19 December 2014.Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
^Arning, Holger; Wolf, Hubert; Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; Deutscher Katholikentag 2016 Leipzig (2016).Hundert Katholikentage von Mainz 1848 bis Leipzig 2016 : das Buch zum 100. Deutschen Katholikentag (in German). Darmstadt: WBG.ISBN978-3-534-26772-9.OCLC932021369.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Hessels, John Henry (1911)."Gutenberg, Johann" . InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739–741, (1) see page 739, first line and (2) page 741.... (1) is supposed to have been born c. 1398–1399 at Mainz & (2) Gutenberg seems to have died at Mainz at the beginning of 1468
^Peter H. Eisenhuth in der Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung 9 September 2009.
^"Cup Winners' Cup 1971–72".Linguasport. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved8 January 2023.
^Michael Matheus: 'The Wine City of Mainz' In: Hedwig Brüchert, Ute Engelen (editor Mainz 2019, p. 13–20.): Mainz and Wine. History of a Close Relationship
Hope, Valerie.Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquelia, Mainz and Nîmes; British Archaeological Reports (16 July 2001)ISBN978-1-84171-180-5
Saddington, Denis.The stationing of auxiliary regiments in Germania Superior in the Julio-Claudian period
Stanton, Shelby,World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole BooksISBN978-0-8117-0157-0
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