| Maguindanao مَڬِنْدَنَوْ | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province of thePhilippines | |||||||||||
| 1973–2022 | |||||||||||
.svg) Flag .svg) Seal | |||||||||||
 Location in the Philippines | |||||||||||
| Capital | Shariff Aguak (first) Buluan (last) | ||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
| • Coordinates | 07°08′N124°18′E / 7.133°N 124.300°E /7.133; 124.300 | ||||||||||
• 2016[1] | 4,871.6 km2 (1,880.9 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 2020[2] | 1,667,258 | ||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||||
• 1973–1975 | Simeon Datumanong (first) | ||||||||||
• 2019–2022 | Bai Mariam Mangudadatu (last) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 22 November 1973 | ||||||||||
| 17 September 2022 | |||||||||||
• End of transition period | January 9, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Contained within | |||||||||||
| • Region | Central Mindanao (1973–1989) Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (1989–2019) Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (2019–2022) | ||||||||||
| Subdivisions | |||||||||||
| • Type | LGUs | ||||||||||
| • Units | 37 Municipalities and City (includingCotabato City) 508barangays | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Maguindanao (locally[maˈɡindɐnaʊ,-ginˈdanaʊ];Maguindanaon:Dairat nu Magindanaw;Iranun:Perobinsia a Magindanao;Filipino:Lalawigan ng Maguindanao) was aprovince of the Philippines located in theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 to 2022, its provincial capital wasBuluan,[3] but the legislative branch of government, theMaguindanao Provincial Board, convened at the old provincial capitol inSultan Kudarat.[4] It borderedLanao del Sur to the north,Cotabato to the east,Sultan Kudarat to the south, andIllana Bay to the west.
It is now used collectively to refer to the provinces ofMaguindanao del Sur andMaguindanao del Norte, with which it was replaced with since September 18, 2022 after a division of the province was approved in aplebiscite.
According to Maguindanao royal records,Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan ofJohor introducedIslam to the Maguindanaos at the end of the 15th century. He subsequently married aMaranao princess of Malabang and established theSultanate of Maguindanao.
The name of the island of Mindanao is from a 16th-century Spanish approximation of the name "Mangindanaw" which is at least a Tagalog exonym if not an endonym of the Maguindanao state and people.
Its capital of Kuta Watu (modern-day Cotabato) formed the sultanate's heartland but its influence extended from theZamboanga Peninsula toSarangani Bay andDavao.
In the 1660s, Dutch vessels from Ternate and Tidore often stopped by Maguindanao to purchase rice, beeswax and tobacco.[5]
The Spanish frequently attacked the sultanate starting in the 1600s. In the middle of the 19th century, the Spanish were able to build a military post at what is now Barangay Tamontaka,Cotabato City.
Thehistorical province of Cotabato covered the present area of Maguindanao. In 1903, theAmerican colonial government established theMoro Province and made Cotabato as one of its districts. Upon the conversion of the Moro Province into theDepartment of Mindanao and Sulu in 1914, the districts were made into provinces.[6][7]
In 1942, theJapanese forces first attacked what is now Maguindanao.[further explanation needed]
In 1945, Maguindanao was liberated by alliedPhilippine Commonwealth troops andMaguindanaon guerrilla units after defeating the Japanese Imperial forces in theBattle of Maguindanao during theSecond World War.[further explanation needed]
The territory of theold province of Cotabato was reduced in 1966 when several of its municipalities were separated from it and constituted into the newly created province ofSouth Cotabato.[8] In 1973, Cotabato was dissolved when it was split to create three new provinces: Maguindanao,(North) Cotabato andSultan Kudarat.[9]
Maguindanao is the only Muslim-majority province of the four created out of the original Cotabato Province. In 1989, majority of its voters opted to join theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao butCotabato City did not. Despite this, the city would later serve as the provisional capital of theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and host line agency offices for the province.
On August 23, 1992, 16 senior officers of the insurgentCommunist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army (CPP-NPA) operating in the province were arrested by intelligence operatives of thePhilippine National Police, with officials considering it to be a significant hit against the organization's progress in the region.[10]
On October 31, 2006, Maguindanao votersapproved the creation of a new province to be composed of 10 towns from the province.[11] Of more than 500,000 voters registered, 285,372 favored the creation of the province, and 8,802 voted against it. The new province,Shariff Kabunsuan, established throughMuslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 201 by theARMM Regional Legislative Assembly, became the country's 80th province and the 6th in the ARMM. It was composed of the towns ofDatu Odin Sinsuat,Kabuntalan,Upi,Sultan Kudarat,Datu Blah T. Sinsuat,Sultan Mastura,Parang,Buldon,Matanog andBarira.[12] However, in July 2008, theSupreme Court, in an 8–6 vote, nullified the province's creation, restoring its municipalities to Maguindanao, ruling that "OnlyCongress can create provinces and cities because the creation of provinces and cities necessarily includes the creation of legislative districts".[13]
On November 23, 2009, a 2010 gubernatorial election caravan supportingEsmael Mangudadatu,vice mayor ofBuluan, was attacked.[14] Fifty-seven people were killed, including Mangudadatu's wife and sisters, supporters, local journalists, and bystanders.[15] On December 4, 2009, a number of homes belonging to the Ampatuan political family were raided in connection with the massacre.[16]
PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo officially declaredmartial law in the province of Maguindanao on December 5, 2009, Saturday morning.[17]
In a press conference past 7 am, Executive SecretaryEduardo Ermita announcedProclamation No. 1959 declaring a state of martial law and suspending the privilege of thewrit of habeas corpus in the province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas identified asbailiwicks of theMoro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) separatists.[18]
The declaration ofmartial law led to the "arrests without warrants" of other members of theAmpatuan clan who have been linked to the November 23 massacre of 58 civilians.[19]
On August 15, 2011, Mangudadatu and his convoy were ambushed as they were on their way to his birthday celebration.
On January 25, 2015, 44 members of theSpecial Action Force were killed after they killed theJemaah Islamiyah terroristZulkifli Abdhir aka Marwan, by allegedlyMoro Islamic Liberation Front andBangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters inMamasapano, Maguindanao.[20][21]
In February 2016, Maguindanao experienced the effects of the2014–16 El Niño, causing destruction on rice and corn fields due to drought.[22] The province declared a state of calamity in response to the damages caused.[22]
In the17th Congress, thenHouse Deputy Speaker Bai Sandra Sema (barred by law to run for another term inher current district in 2019) introduced a bill on March 2, 2017, seeking to establish a new province calledMaguindanao North.[23][24]
Later in the18th Congress, two new House bills were filed: one by First District Rep. Datu Roonie Sinsuat Sr., Sema's successor, seeking the creation ofWestern Maguindanao; another by Second District Rep.Esmael Mangudadatu with same naming proposal as Sema. A substitute bill was later authored by bothMaguindanao representatives along withTarlac Third District Rep. Noel Villanueva, and approved in the final reading in 2020.[24] In theSenate, three bills were also filed seeking for the same division with Sen.Bong Revilla pursuing instead the same naming proposal as Sinsuat. This time, those bills, except one by Revilla, would name the divided provinces asNorthern Maguindanao andSouthern Maguindanao.[25]
In the substitute bill in the House,Northern Maguindanao will consist the municipalities that became part ofShariff Kabunsuan along withSultan Sumagka, and its designated provincial capital will beDatu Odin Sinsuat, while the capital ofSouthern Maguindanao will beBuluan. Both proposed provinces will comprise a lone legislative district. Prior to the final version, the municipalities ofDatu Anggal Midtimbang (by Sema and Mangudadatu) andSouth Upi (by Sinsuat) were proposed to became part ofMaguindanao North/Western Maguindanao;Sultan Kudarat was proposed by Mangudadatu to be the capital of the then-proposed province.
The proposed division was signed by Pres.Rodrigo Duterte on May 27, 2021, asRepublic Act No. 11550, with new provinces to be namedMaguindanao del Norte andMaguindanao del Sur (named as the mother province of Maguindanao).[26][27] The original schedule of the plebiscite, to be supervised by theCommission on Elections (COMELEC), was in September 2021, ninety days after the effectivity of the law, but was postponed as the COMELEC was preparing for the2022 general election.[28]
RA No. 11550 was ratified on September 17, 2022, in a plebiscite, thus dividing Maguindanao. Among the province-wide plebiscites, it was the most participated in terms of number of registered and actual voters, with the voter turnout as the second highest, only behind that of the 1998 plebiscite creating and takingCompostela Valley fromDavao del Norte.[29][30][31] With that division,the number of provinces in the country has raised to 82.
A transition period would take place which lasted until January 9, 2023.[32]
Maguindanao was situated in the central section ofMindanao, bordered byLanao del Sur to the north,Cotabato to the east,Sultan Kudarat to the south, andIllana Bay to the west.
Maguindanao comprised 36municipalities, further subdivided into 508barangays.Cotabato City, although geographically grouped with Maguindanao, wasadministratively independent from the province.
The province was divided into twocongressional districts. In October 2006, thefirst congressional district was split off into a new province,Shariff Kabunsuan. However, theARMM's Act creating the province was nullified by theSupreme Court in July 2008, on the basis that creation of aprovince is a function of thePhilippine legislature. The area since reverted to the province of Maguindanao.
The province saw establishments of new municipalities, especially during the 2000s. Then ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly (RLA) secretary Dick Mali said such establishments would help in "decentralizing functions and resources" and provide the people "more efficient public service and governance from their public officials." However, Benedicto Bacani of the Institute of Autonomy and Governance in the Notre Dame University said such acts are methods to prevent potential conflicts between political families by having their own local government units where they can have governmental positions.[38]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | 89,871 | — |
| 1918 | 69,717 | −1.68% |
| 1939 | 126,568 | +2.88% |
| 1948 | 224,382 | +6.57% |
| 1960 | 339,600 | +3.51% |
| 1970 | 415,154 | +2.03% |
| 1975 | 411,022 | −0.20% |
| 1980 | 452,675 | +1.95% |
| 1990 | 630,674 | +3.37% |
| 1995 | 662,180 | +0.92% |
| 2000 | 801,102 | +4.17% |
| 2007 | 1,273,715 | +6.60% |
| 2010 | 944,718 | −10.30% |
| 2015 | 1,173,933 | +4.22% |
| 2020 | 1,667,258 | +7.14% |
| 2007 population figure withoutShariff Kabunsuan is 710,829. (including Cotabato City) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[34][35][39] | ||
| Languages Spoken (2010)[40] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Speakers | |||
| Maguindanao | 608,431 | |||
| Iranun | 173,806 | |||
| Teduray/Tiruray | 79,007 | |||
| Hiligaynon | 30,026 | |||
| Cebuano/Bisaya/Boholano | 29,812 | |||
| Others | 22,728 | |||
The population of Maguindanao in the 2020 census was 1,667,258 people. When Cotabato City was included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 1,667,258 people.
The majority (64.5 percent) of the people in Maguindanao wereMaguindanaoans. TheIranuns which dominate the northern towns of Parang, Barira, Buldon and Matanog made up the second largest group with 18.4 percent. TheTedurays, which are theLumads of the southwestern highlands of the province, made up 8.4 percent of the entire population, while Hiligaynons and Cebuanos constituted the remaining significant groups in the province with each making up 3.2 percent of the population.
The main native languages wereMaguindanao andIranun, whileTagalog had emerged as the primary language among younger generations and was the primary medium of education, making it the province's lingua franca.[41]Cebuano,Hiligaynon,Chavacano, and, to the lesser extent,Ilocano were also spoken by Ilocano settlers from Northern Luzon, with the Chavacano dialect spoken in Cotabato City being calledCotabateño spoke by settlers fromZamboanga City, which evolved from the Zamboangueño dialect and Cebuano as spoken as the lingua franca of most of Mindanao who are settlers fromVisayas. Teduray, also native to the province, was spoken in the municipalities of Upi, South Upi, and Datu Blah T. Sinsuat.English, being one of the country's official languages, was also spoken, whileArabic was taught in Islamic schools.
Maguindanao inhabitants are predominantly practitioners ofIslam which comprises 82.99% of the population,[42] majority of which are followers ofSunniIslam. A minority areChristians (mostlyRoman Catholics), who were mostly Cebuanos, Ilonggos and Chavacanos.[citation needed] Roman Catholics of Maguindanao fell under the jurisdiction of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Kidapawan, a suffragan of theArchdiocese of Cotabato. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) had several locales in Maguindanao.
Maguindanao was divided intotwo congressional districts, which elected members to theHouse of Representatives. For the brief period that the province ofShariff Kabunsuan existed, Maguindanao became a lone-district province. Since the appointment of a new set of provincial officials for the reunified province of Maguindanao by the ARMM Governor in January 2009, the provincial government reverted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan district configuration from before Shariff Kabunsuan was created.
Having elected to join theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Maguindanao also sent six representatives (three per SP district) to theARMM Regional Legislative Assembly that convened inCotabato City.
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When the province was established in 1973, the designated seat of government was the municipality ofMaganoy.[9] The first appointed governor, Simeon Datumanong, held office in Limpongo,[43] a former barangay in Maganoy which is now part of the municipality ofDatu Hoffer Ampatuan.
Datumanong's successor Zacaria Candao, on the other hand, held office at P.C. Hill,[43] the site of the former headquarters of thePhilippine Constabulary[44] inCotabato City, an autonomous chartered city not under Maguindanao's provincial jurisdiction.
In 1977 following the resignation of Candao,PresidentFerdinand Marcos moved the province's seat of government to the municipality ofSultan Kudarat (hometown of the newly appointed governor Sanggacala Baraguir) by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1170.[45] During his term Baraguir held office at the then-newly constructed provincial capitol in that municipality's Barangay Simuay Crossing.[43]
The next governor, Sandiale Sambolawan, held office in his hometown of Maganoy following his election to the governorship in 1980.[43] In an attempt to legitimize the restoration of Maganoy's status as the seat of provincial government, Batas Pambansa Blg. 211 was enacted in 1982, but with the explicit provision that the change will only take effect after a plebiscite affirms the transfer.[46] A plebiscite was scheduled for December 18, 1982,[47] but was never administered,[48] thus making the municipality of Sultan Kudarat still capital of Maguindanao by law (de jure), but Maganoy being the capital in practice (de facto). Following the end of the Marcos Regime, the next two governors – Zacaria Candao (1986–1992; 1995–2001) and Norodin Matalam (1992–1995) – both held office in the existing capitol at Sultan Kudarat thereby restoring the municipality's status as bothde jure andde facto provincial capital from 1986 to 2001.
Despite the lack of legal justification in the form of a law amending P.D. No. 1170 of 1977 or the passage of a supporting Sangguaniang Panlalawigan (SP) resolution, the next governor,Andal Ampatuan Sr. (governor from 2001 to 2008), and his successor, son Sajid Ampatuan (2008–2009), held office in the Ampatuan clan stronghold ofShariff Aguak (renamed from Maganoy in 1996[49]), citing security concerns connected to clan rivalry.[4] A new₱218-million provincial capitol complex, inaugurated in 2009 in the presence ofPresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo,[50] was located adjacent to the homes of the Ampatuans,[43] and sat on a piece of Amaptuan clan land that had not been legally deeded to the government.[51] The Ampatuans were even known to spend more time within the "satellite offices" they set up within their private properties, despite though the new capitol being located adjacent to their homes.[52]
Esmael Mangudadatu, who took office after defeatingAndal Ampatuan Jr. in the 2010 gubernatorial election, cited security concerns when he decided to work from a "satellite office," named the Rajah Buayan Silongan Peace Center, in his hometown ofBuluan;[43] this move was supported by Resolution No. 5, series 2010, of theSangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) of Maguindanao.[53] SP Resolution No. 78, dated May 3, 2011, further allowed the transfer of the legislative branch of the provincial government (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) to the rehabilitated old capitol site in Barangay Simuay Crossing, Sultan Kudarat.[4] This effectively made both Buluan and Sultan Kudarat – located 120 kilometers apart by road – the seats of the executive and legislative branches of provincial government respectively.[52]
On April 3, 2012, the SP of Maguindanao issued Resolution No. 132, reiterating that the town of Sultan Kudarat was the capital of Maguindanao.[4] However this was superseded by a new resolution passed in 2014 naming Buluan the new capital of Maguindanao.[3] Buluan's Rajah Buayan Silongan Peace Center then served as the provisional capitol building, pending the completion of the executive building in the new capitol complex.[43] However, the legislative branch of provincial government, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Maguindanao, continued to hold sessions in the rehabilitated buildings of the old provincial capitol in Simuay,Sultan Kudarat.[4]
The Ampatuan-built former provincial capitol complex inShariff Aguak, initially planned to be converted for public school use,[54] was planned to become the new headquarters of theARMM's Bureau of Fire Protection and eventually became an infantry brigade of the Philippine Army.[55] However, incumbent governor Bai Mariam Mangudadatu held her office in the Shariff Aguak Provincial Capitol and planned to convert the Buluan provincial capitol to a district hospital.[56]
Following the provincial division as approved in the 2022 plebiscite, Section 5 of Republic Act No. 11550 officially designated Buluan as the capital of the mother municipality of Maguindanao del Sur where Shariff Aguak is also located. Sultan Kudarat municipality was designated to Maguindanao del Norte but Datu Odin Sinsuat will be designated as its capital.
Poverty incidence of Maguindanao
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2000 28.92 2003 68.10 2006 54.60 2009 52.15 2012 63.73 2015 54.27 2018 48.55 2021 29.80 Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] |
The native Maguindanaon culture revolved aroundKulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines.
More than 100 soldiers and police wearing body armour and carrying assault rifles raided the home of Andal Ampatuan Jnr and other Ampatuan clan members on Friday. This followed the discovery of a weapons cache on Thursday, believed to have been used in the massacre, near the Ampatuan compound. It is thought there were enough weapons to arm around 500 people.
Land Area; Maguindanao has a total land area of 597,052.79 hectares.
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Geographic data related toMaguindanao atOpenStreetMapPlaces adjacent to Maguindanao | |
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 Province ofMaguindanao (1973–2022) | |
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Buluan (capital) | |
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