| Madanavarman | |
|---|---|
 Coinage of Madanavarman (1128-1165 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. | |
| King ofJejakabhukti | |
| Reign | c. 1128–1165 CE |
| Predecessor | Prithvivarman |
| Successor | Yashovarman II orParamardi |
| Issue | Yashovarman |
| Dynasty | Chandela |
| Father | Prithvivarman |
Madana-Varman (reigned c. 1128–1165 CE) was a king of theChandela dynasty ofIndia. He succeeded his fatherPrithvi-Varman as the ruler of the Jejakabhukti region (Bundelkhand in present-dayMadhya Pradesh andUttar Pradesh). He revived the Chandela glory by subduing the neighbouring kingdoms, and commissioned several tanks and temples.
The inscriptions of Madanavarman's successors describe his military achievements using conventional praises, but do not provide any specific details. The Baghari inscription ofParamardi boasts that Madanavarman scattered his enemies with his sword, just like the warrior-deityIndra cut off the wings of the mountains and killed theVala demon. It further states that his enemies saw his red sword as they moved rapidly towards their own destruction, just asRahu comes in contact with a newly-arisensun. It also describes the pitiful condition of his enemies' wives, as they tearfully talked to their pet parrots with no hopes of their husbands' return from the battlefield.[1]
TheMau inscription of Madanavarman's minister Gadadhara states that the minister helped the Chandela king subdue all other kings.[2] It claims that theChedi king fled on listening Madanavarman's name, the king ofKashi remained friendly to him out of fear, the arrogant king ofMalava was quickly exterminated, and the other kings enjoyed supreme comfort by paying homage to him. While these are obvious exaggerations by a court poet, it appears that Madanavarman was able to exert political influence over these rulers.[3]
AKalanjara inscription states that Madanavarman defeated the Gurjara king in an instant, just likeKrishna defeatedKamsa. Gurjara here refers toGujarat, and its king is identified with theGujarat Chaulukya rulerJayasimha Siddharaja. The Chaulukya and the Chandela kingdoms were separated by theParamara territory, and the defeat of the Paramaras by Jayasimha probably led to a conflict between the two powers.[7]
ThePrithviraj Raso ofChand Bardai mentions the defeat of a Chaulukya ruler, which seems to corroborate the claim made in the Kalanjara inscription. However, the Gujarat chronicles state that it was Jayasimha who emerged victorious in this conflict. According to theKumarapala-Charita, Jayasimha defeated the king ofMahoba (that is, Madanavarman). TheKirti-Kaumudi states that Madanavarman paid a tribute to Jayasimha after seeing the fate of ruler ofDhara (the Paramara king).[7]
TheKumarapala-Prabandha narrates a similar legend: A bard once told Jayasimha that the Chandela king was a very wise, generous and pleasure-loving ruler, whose court was as splendid as that of Jayasimha. On hearing this, Jayasimha deputed another person to verify this claim. When the claim was confirmed, he marched against the Chandelas. After reaching the outskirts of Mahoba, he sent an emissary, asking Madanavarman to surrender. Madanavarman was busy celebrating the spring festival, and did not take the demand seriously. When the emissary reminded him about the fate of the Paramaras, he derisively asked his minister to make Jayasimha return by paying him some money. Jayasimha received the money, but when he heard about Madanavarman's nonchalance, he refused to return without meeting the Chandela king. He visited the Chandela palace with a large retinue. Only four of his attendants were allowed to accompany him inside the palace, but Madanavarman offered him a warm reception. Consequently, Jayasimha returned to his capital peacefully.[8]
According toK. M. Munshi, the above-mentioned legend is "fanciful", and Jayasimha did not achieve much success against the Chandelas.[8] Historian R. K. Dikshit theorizes that the conflict between Jayasimha and Madanavarman was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.[7]
A fragmentaryMahoba inscription dated 1240VS (1183-84 CE) contains a vague reference to wars withAnga,Vanga andKalinga. These probably refer to Madanavarman's campaign in eastern India.[5]
Compared to the other Chandela rulers, an unusually large number of coins and inscriptions are available from his reign.[9] The locations of their discoveries and the place names mentioned in the various inscriptions indicate that Madanavarman's kingdom roughly included theVindhyan region fromKaimur Range in the west to the Bhanrer Range in the east, between theBetwa and theYamuna rivers.[10][11]
Inscriptions from his reign have been found at Augasi (Banda district),Ajaygarh, Barigar (nearCharkhari),Kalanjara,Khajuraho,Mahoba,Mau, and Papaura (Tikamgarh district). The Augasi copper-plate inscription states that it was issued atBhilsa (Vidisha), which indicates that Bhilsa was also a part of his kingdom. The Barigar (Varidurga) inscription mentions several places which can be identified with parts of the present-dayDamoh, Jhansi, andSagar districts. A coin hoard found at Panwar inRewa district suggests that theBagelkhand area was also a part of his kingdom.[11]
Madanavarman's prime minister was Gadadhara, who had also served his father. TheMau inscription praises Gadadhara for his knowledge of theVedas and his pious acts, including the construction of aVishnu temple and a tank near Deddu village. Madanavarman's chief counsellor was a learnedBrahmin named Lahada, who was proficient in arts.[12]
Madanavarman'ssenapati (chief general) was Ajayapala, who is mentioned in Paramardi's Semra inscription as the son ofsenapati Kilhana. Hismaha-pratihara (chiefchamberlain) was Samgrama-Simha, who is mentioned in a Kalanjara inscription.[12]
Madanavarman issued gold, silver and copper coins featuring a seated goddess. He also issued copper coins featuring the deityHanuman. These coins mention his name asShriman Madana-Varma-Deva.[13]
According to theParamala-Raso, Madanavarman commissioned a large number of tanks and temples. He also gifted large amounts of gold, jewels, horses, and elephants toBrahmins.[14]
Madanavarman's name is found on the buildings atAjaygarh andKalanjara. The ruinedShiva andVishnu temples located around the lake at Mahoba are ascribed to him. The ruined temple of Madanesha-Sagara-Pura in Ahar (Tikamgarh district) also bears his name. Tanks named "Madana-Sagara" (or Madan Sagar) after him are located in Mahoba, Jatara and Ahar-Narayanpura area of Tikamgarh district. Temples commissioned by him were once located on the banks of these tanks. Several other places are named after Madanavarman; these include Madanpura inJhansi district and Madankhera nearMahoba.[15]
Several images ofJaintirthankaras from his reign have been found at Ahar, Khajuraho, Mahoba, Papaura and other places.[16]
An 1192 CE inscription of Madanavarman, now atBharat Kala Bhavan, mentions three of his queens:Maharani (chief queen) Valhana-Devi,Rajni Lakhamadevi andRajni Chaandala devi.[10]
According to a Kalanjara inscription, Pratapa-Varman was his younger brother.[17] Madanavarman's son wasYasho-Varman II, and his grandson wasParamardi-Deva. Yasho-Varman either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Historical evidence suggests that Madanavarman was succeeded by Paramardi.[2]