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Machaeroidinae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Extinct subfamily of mammals

This article is about the extinct subfamily of carnivorous mammalsMachaeroidinae. For the similarly named subfamily of extinct cats, seeMachairodontinae.

Machaeroidinae Temporal range:52.4–39.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N early to middleEocene

skull cast ofMachaeroides eothen

lower jaw ofApataelurus kayi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Pan-Carnivora
Order:	†Oxyaenodonta
Family:	†Oxyaenidae
Subfamily:	†Machaeroidinae Matthew, 1909^[1]
Type genus
†Machaeroides Matthew, 1909
Genera
[seeclassification]

A map showing the fossil finds of machaeroidinid genera.
Synonyms
list of synonyms: Machaeroididae Machaeroidini(Van Valen, 1966)^[2] Machairoidinae(Matthew, 1909) Machaerodinae(Lavrov, 1999)^[3]

Machaeroidinae ("dagger-like") is anextinct subfamily of carnivoroussaber-toothed placental mammals, from the extinct familyOxyaenidae, that lived from the early to middleEocene ofAsia andNorth America.^[4] Traditionally classified ashyaenodonts, this group is now classified as a member of the family Oxyaenidae.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Classification and phylogeny

[edit]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Subfamily: †Machaeroidinae(Matthew, 1909)
- Genus: †Apataelurus(Scott, 1937)
  - †Apataelurus kayi(Scott, 1937)
  - †Apataelurus pishigouensis(Tong & Lei, 1986)
- Genus: †Diegoaelurus(Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)^[8]
  - Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae(Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)
- Genus: †Isphanatherium(Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
  - Isphanatherium ferganensis(Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
- Genus: †Machaeroides(Matthew, 1909)
  - †Machaeroides eothen(Matthew, 1909)
  - †Machaeroides simpsoni(Dawson, 1986)
- Incertae sedis:
  - †Machaeroidinae sp. [CM 2386](Zack, 2019)
  - †Machaeroidinae sp. [FMNH PM 1506](Tomiya, 2021)
  - †Machaeroidinae sp. [USNM 173514](Zack, 2019)

References

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^W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^L. Van Valen (1966.)"Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
^A. V. Lavrov (1999.)"Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell:Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten.Machaeroidinae
^Zack, S. (2014). "Saber-tooth origins: a new skeletal association and the affinities of Machaeroidinae (Mammalia, Creodonta)".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts:259–260.
^Shawn P. Zack (2019). "A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.17 (8):653–689.doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.S2CID 89934728.
^Shawn P. Zack (2019)."The first North AmericanPropterodon (Hyaenodonta: Hyaenodontidae), a new species from the late Uintan of Utah".PeerJ.7: e8136.doi:10.7717/peerj.8136.PMC 6876642.PMID 31772846.
^Zack, Shawn P.; Poust, Ashley W.; Wagner, Hugh (2022-03-15)."Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals".PeerJ.10: e13032.doi:10.7717/peerj.13032.ISSN 2167-8359.PMC 8932314.PMID 35310159.

Mammals of cladePan-Carnivora

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Infraclass:Placentalia
Superorder:Laurasiatheria
Clade:Scrotifera
Grandorder:Ferungulata
Mirorder:Ferae

Pan-Carnivora

Clade:
Pan-Carnivora

Clade:
Carnivoramorpha

SeeCarnivoramorpha below ↓

Order:
†Hyaenodonta

SeeHyaenodonta below ↓

Order:
†Oxyaenodonta

Family:
†Oxyaenidae

Subfamily:
†Machaeroidinae

†Apataelurus †Diegoaelurus †Isphanatherium †Machaeroides
Incertae sedis	†Machaeroidinae sp. (CM 2386) †Machaeroidinae sp. (FMNH PM 1506) †Machaeroidinae sp. (USNM 173514)

Subfamily:
†Oxyaeninae

Subfamily:
†Palaeonictinae

†Ambloctonus
†Dipsalodon^{(paraphyletic genus)}
†Palaeonictis

Subfamily:
†Tytthaeninae

†Tytthaena

other
representatives

†Altacreodus
Family: †Simidectidae	†Simidectes
Family: †Wyolestidae	†Wyolestes

Carnivoramorpha

Clade:
Carnivoramorpha

Clade:
Carnivoraformes
(i.e. Clade "A")

Clade "B"

Family:
†Quercygalidae

†Quercygale

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes
clade

†Eogale
†Gracilocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)}
†Oodectes^{(paraphyletic genus)}
†Paramiacis
†Paroodectes

Incertae sedis	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 &CM 77299)

Clade "C"

†Dormaalocyon
†Vulpavus clade	†Palaearctonyx †Vassacyon †Vulpavus^{(paraphyletic genus)} (including subgenus †Phlaodectes)
Incertae sedis	†"Miacis" deutschi †"Miacis" exiguus

Clade "D"

Order:Carnivora
(i.e. Clade "E")

Suborder:Caniformia	(SeeCaniformia)
Suborder:Feliformia	(SeeFeliformia)

Incertae sedis

other
representatives

†Africtis
†Dawsonicyon
†Miacis

Incertae sedis	†"Miacis" boqinghensis †"Miacis" hookwayi †"Miacis" latidens †"Miacis" petilus †Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A †Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B
ichnotaxa of Carnivoraformes	†Falcatipes

Superfamily:
†Viverravoidea

Family:
†Viverravidae

Subfamily:
†Didymictinae

†Bryanictis
†Didymictis
†Intyrictis
†Pristinictis
†Protictis^{(paraphyletic genus)} (including subgenus †Protictoides)
†Raphictis

Incertae sedis	†"Deltatherium" durini

Subfamily:
†Ictidopappinae

†Ictidopappus

Subfamily:
†Viverravinae

Incertae sedis

†Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 &CM 71189)

Incertae sedis

†Hyaenodonta

Order:
†Hyaenodonta

Superfamily:
†Hyaenodontoidea

Family:
†Hyaenodontidae

†Cynohyaenodon/Quercytherium
clade

†Eurotherium clade

†Alienetherium
†Cartierodon
†Eurotherium^{(paraphyletic genus)}
†Paenoxyaenoides
†Prodissopsalis

†Leonhardtina clade

†Leonhardtina

†Matthodon clade

†Matthodon

†Oxyaenoides clade

†Oxyaenoides

Subfamily:
†Hyaenodontinae

†Consobrinus †Propterodon^{(paraphyletic genus)}
Tribe: †Hyaenodontini	†Hyaenodon (including subgenera †Neohyaenodon^{(paraphyletic subgenus)} and †Protohyaenodon^{(paraphyletic subgenus)})
Incertae sedis	†"Pterodon" hyaenoides

Clade:
†Proviverrinae

†Minimovellentodon †Morlodon †Parvagula
†Allopterodon/Proviverra clade	†Allopterodon †Lesmesodon †Proviverra

†Afro‑Arabian
clade

Superfamily:
†Hyainailouroidea
^{(polyphyletic superfamily)}

Family:
†Hyainailouridae
^{(paraphyletic family)}

Subfamily:
†Apterodontinae

†Apterodon
†Quasiapterodon

Subfamily:
†Hyainailourinae
^{(paraphyletic subfamily)}

†Akhnatenavus clade

†Maocyon/Orienspterodon
clade

†Maocyon
†Orienspterodon

Tribe:
†Hyainailourini
^{(polyphyletic tribe)}

†Bastetodon
†Exiguodon
†Falcatodon
†Hyainailouros^{(polyphyletic genus)}
†Parapterodon
†Sectisodon
†Sekhmetops
†Sivapterodon

Subtribe:
†Isohyaenodontina
^{(polyphyletic subtribe)}

†Isohyaenodon^{(polyphyletic genus)}

†Pterodon
clade

†Kerberos
Subtribe: †Pterodontina	†Pterodon

Incertae sedis

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

Tribe:
†Leakitheriini

†Leakitherium

Tribe:
†Metapterodontini

†Metapterodon

Tribe:
†Paroxyaenini

†Paroxyaena

Incertae sedis

Family:
†Prionogalidae

†Namasector
†Prionogale

Family:
†Teratodontidae

Subfamily:
†Teratodontinae

†Anasinopa †Brychotherium †Masrasector^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Metasinopa
Tribe: †Dissopsalini	†Buhakia †Dissopsalis
Tribe: †Teratodontini	†Teratodon
Incertae sedis	†Teratodontinae sp. (BC 2’08) †Teratodontinae sp. (CBI-1-614) †Teratodontinae sp. (Locality BQ-2, Fayum, Egypt)

other
representatives

†Furodon
†Glibzegdouia

†Kyawdawia clade

†Kyawdawia
†Paratritemnodon

†Lahimia clade

†Parvavorodon

Clade:
†Boualitominae
^{(paraphyletic clade)}

†Boualitomus †Lahimia
Incertae sedis	†Boualitominae sp. (Locality BQ-2, Fayum, Egypt) †Boualitominae sp. (Quarry L-41, Fayum, Egypt)

†Tritemnodon clade

†Tritemnodon

Clade:
†Koholiinae

†Koholia

Family:
†Indohyaenodontidae

†Indohyaenodon
†Yarshea

other
representatives

†Eoproviverra/Tinerhodon
clade

†Eoproviverra
†Tinerhodon

†Galecyon clade

Clade:
†Arfiinae

†Arfia

Clade:
†Limnocyoninae

†Iridodon †Limnocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Oxyaenodon †Prolaena †Prolimnocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Thinocyon
Incertae sedis	†"Thinocyon" sichowensis